林松明^{1, 2,},
孟维伟²,
南镇武²,
徐杰²,
李林^1,,,
张正^{2, 3},
李新国²,
郭峰²,
万书波^{1, 2,,}
1.湖南农业大学农学院 长沙 410128
2.山东省农业科学院/山东省作物遗传改良与生态生理重点实验室 济南 250100
3.山东师范大学生命科学学院 济南 250000
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2018YFD0201000
山东省农业重大应用技术创新项目SD2019ZZ011
山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目CXGC2018E01
山东省重点研发计划项目2017GNC13107

详细信息

作者简介:林松明, 主要从事花生高产优质栽培生理生态研究。E-mail:linsm6312@163.com

通讯作者:李林, 主要从事花生栽培研究, E-mail:lilindw@163.com
万书波, 主要从事花生栽培生理研究, E-mail:wansb@saas.ac.cn

中图分类号:S565.2;S344.2

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-07-13
录用日期:2019-10-08
刊出日期:2020-01-01

Canopy microenvironment change of peanut intercropped with maize and its correlation with pod yield

LIN Songming^{1, 2,},
MENG Weiwei²,
NAN Zhenwu²,
XU Jie²,
LI Lin^1,,,
ZHANG Zheng^{2, 3},
LI Xinguo²,
GUO Feng²,
WAN Shubo^{1, 2,,}
1. College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
2. Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Ecological Physiology of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, China
3. College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250000, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2018YFD0201000
the Major Agricultural Applied Technological Innovation Projects of Shandong ProvinceSD2019ZZ011
the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesCXGC2018E01
Shandong Key Research and Development Program2017GNC13107

More Information

Corresponding author:LI Lin, E-mail: lilindw@163.com;WAN Shubo, E-mail: wansb@saas.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:种植模式是影响花生冠层内透光率、光照度、温度、湿度等微环境的重要因素。本试验分别在2015年度和2016年度田间试验中设花生单作、玉米/花生宽幅间作2个处理，监测不同种植模式下花生结荚期后冠层透光率、光照度、冠层温、湿度的变化规律，并分析其与荚果产量的相关性。结果表明：1）与花生单作相比，玉米/花生宽幅间作显著降低了花生冠层的光照度、冠层顶部和中部的透光率及上午9：00-11：00的平均温度；增加了冠层平均湿度。2）花生冠层光照强度在晴天随时间推延而呈先升后降的单峰曲线，且单作显著高于间作；在上午光照强度上升期和下午光照强度下降期，单作和间作光照强度差值较大，而中午太阳直射期二者差值减小。间作降低了花生夜间和中午前后的冠层环境温度，二者温差最高可达4.9℃；增加了白天冠层相对湿度，二者湿度差最高达21.03%。3）本试验条件下，结荚期冠层环境温度、冠层光照度及饱果期冠层环境温度、冠层光照度均与花生荚果产量呈极显著正相关；冠层环境湿度则与荚果产量呈负相关关系，其中结荚期达到极显著水平。多元线性逐步回归分析得出，影响产量的重要环境因素为结荚期冠层光照度、结荚期冠层相对湿度、饱果期冠层相对湿度。通径分析得出，光照度除了直接影响产量外还有很大部分效应是通过影响冠层环境湿度进而影响花生荚果产量，说明间作条件下协调好光照度和冠层湿度的关系可提高光照度对产量的正面影响效应。本试验条件下，间作花生冠层光照度、透光率下降，冠层相对湿度升高，是限制花生荚果产量提高的主要气候生态因子。建议生产中间作为东西向种植，从而提高间作花生冠层上午9：00-11：00的有效光照度、适当降低冠层相对湿度，以期提高间作花生荚果产量。
关键词:花生/玉米间作/
花生关键生育期/
宽幅间作/
冠层微环境/
花生荚果产量
Abstract:Field trials of the single cropping of peanuts and broad-sown intercropping of maize and peanuts were conducted in 2015 and 2016. Changes in peanut canopy transmittance, light intensity, canopy temperature, and humidity after the podding stage under different planting modes were monitored, and the correlations between them and pod yield were analyzed. Our results showed that, first, compared with a peanut monoculture, maize/peanut intercropping significantly reduced the light intensity of the canopy, the transmittance of the top and middle canopy, and the average temperature of the canopy from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m., and increased the average humidity of the canopy. Second, peanut canopy light intensity exhibited a single peak curve on sunny days, and the canopy light intensity of monocultured peanuts was significantly higher than that of intercropping. The difference in light intensity between a monoculture and intercropping was greater in the morning (when light intensity increased) and the afternoon (when light intensity decreased), while the difference between the two values decreased at noon during the direct-sunlight period. The ambient canopy temperature of peanuts decreased under intercropping in the night and before and after noon, compared with monoculture, with an observed highest difference of 4.9℃. Intercropping increased the relative humidity of the canopy during daytime, with a recorded highest difference of 21.03%. Third, under experimental conditions, the canopy environmental temperature and illumination at the podding stage were positively correlated with peanut pod yield, while the canopy environmental humidity was negatively correlated with pod yield, especially at the podding stage. Multivariate linear stepwise regression analysis showed that the most important environmental factors affecting peanut yield were canopy illumination and circumferential humidity at podding stage, and canopy circumferential humidity at the full-fruit stage. Path analysis showed that, besides directly affecting yield, illumination had a high impact on peanut pod yield by affecting canopy environmental humidity, indicating that the positive effect of illumination on yield can be improved by coordinating the relationship between illumination and humidity under intercropping conditions. In this experiment, the decrease in canopy light intensity and transmittance of intercropping and the increase in canopy relative humidity of intercropping were the main climatic factors limiting pod yield. It is possible that the yield of intercropped peanuts could be increased by planting them from east to west, which will increase the effective illuminance of the canopy at 9:00-11:00 a.m. and reduce the relative humidity.
Key words:Maize/peanut intercropping/
Key growth stages of peanut/
Wide row-spacing intercropping/
Canopy micro-environment/
Peanut pod yield

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图1玉米/花生间作3:4模式田间种植布局图
Figure1.Field layout of maize/peanut intercropping with 3/4 lines ratio


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图22015年和2016年玉米/花生宽幅间作对花生关键生育期冠层光照强度日变化的影响
MP表示单作花生, IP表示间作花生。MP is mono-cropping peanut, IP is intercropping peanut.
Figure2.Effect of maize and peanut intercropping with 3/4 lines ratio on diurnal variation of canopy light intensity of peanut at key growth stages in 2015 and 2016


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图32015年和2016年玉米/花生宽幅间作对花生关键生育期冠层温度日变化的影响
MP表示单作花生, IP表示间作花生。MP is mono-cropping peanut, IP is intercropping peanut.
Figure3.Effect of maize and peanut intercropping with 3/4 lines ratio on diurnal variation of canopy temperature of peanut canopy at key growth stages in 2015 and 2016


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图42015年和2016年玉米/花生宽幅间作对花生关键生育期冠层相对湿度日变化的影响
Figure4.Effect of maize and peanut intercropping with 3/4 lines ratio on diurnal variation of canopy relative humidity of peanut at key growth stages in 2015 and 2016


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表1玉米/花生宽幅间作对花生关键生育期冠层透光率的影响
Table1.Effect of maize and peanut intercropping with 3/4 lines ratio on canopy light transmittance rate of peanut at key growth stages ?%

部位 Position	种植模式 Planting pattern	结荚期 Pod-setting stage	饱果期 Pod-filling stage
冠层顶部Canopy top	单作花生 Mono-cropping peanut	100.00±0.69a	100.00±5.69a
	间作花生 Intercropping peanut	61.43±6.70b	66.00±4.91b
冠层中部Mid canopy	单作花生 Mono-cropping peanut	28.78±2.23a	28.33±6.53a
	间作花生 Intercropping peanut	22.46±1.23b	10.29±2.42b
冠层下部Lower canopy	单作花生 Mono-cropping peanut	7.35±1.43a	9.37±4.02a
	间作花生 Intercropping peanut	4.62±1.12a	3.17±0.97a
不同小写字母单作和间作间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between intercropping and mono-cropping at 0.05 level.

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表22015年和2016年玉米/花生宽幅间作对花生关键生育期冠层光照强度的影响
Table2.Effect of maize and peanut intercropping with 3/4 lines ratio on light intensities of peanut canopy at key growth stages in 2015 and 2016 ?Lux

年份 Year	种植模式 Planting pattern	结荚期 Pod-setting stage	饱果期 Pod-filling stage	成熟期 Maturation stage
2015	单作花生Mono-cropping peanut	60 631.7±1 105.4a	53 600.3±1 665.0a	52 146.3±6 465.5a
	间作花生Intercropping peanut	42 029.7±2 924.0b	35 792.0±872.6b	28 233.0±1 704.9b
2016	单作花生Mono-cropping peanut	62 178.0±310.6a	51 628.3±1 361.3a	46 179.7±962.7a
	间作花生Intercropping peanut	48 369.7±2 071.8b	34 383.7±1 220.1b	30 536.7±1 348.1b
不同小写字母单作和间作间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between intercropping and mono-cropping at 0.05 level.

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表32015年和2016年玉米/花生宽幅间作对花生关键生育期冠层温度的影响
Table3.Effect of maize and peanut intercropping with 3/4 lines ratio on canopy temperature of peanut at key growth stages in 2015 and 2016 ?℃

年份 Year	种植模式 Planting pattern	结荚期 Pod-setting stage	饱果期 Pod-filling stage	成熟期 Maturation stage
2015	单作花生 Mono-cropping peanut	28.79±0.63a	29.42±0.53a	26.61±0.49a
	间作花生 Intercropping peanut	26.78±0.37b	27.45±0.31b	24.92±0.74b
2016	单作花生 Mono-cropping peanut	26.77±0.55a	29.19±0.29a	22.81±0.19a
	间作花生 Intercropping peanut	25.24±0.67b	27.80±0.24b	20.92±0.26b
不同小写字母单作和间作间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between intercropping and mono-cropping at 0.05 level.

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表42015年和2016年玉米花生宽幅间作对花生关键生育期冠层相对湿度的影响
Table4.Effect of maize and peanut intercropping with 3/4 lines ratio on canopy relative humidity of peanut at key growth stages in 2015 and 2016 ?%

年份 Year	种植模式 Planting pattern	结荚期 Pod-setting stage	饱果期 Pod-filling stage	成熟期 Maturation stage
2015	单作花生 Mono-cropping peanut	65.95±2.54b	63.66±2.79b	62.93±2.11b
	间作花生 Intercropping peanut	79.21±1.56a	70.67±2.79a	68.10±2.18a
2016	单作花生 Mono-cropping peanut	61.33±2.58b	59.80±1.28b	48.61±1.47b
	间作花生 Intercropping peanut	71.04±1.82a	68.52±0.71a	55.51±1.81a
不同小写字母单作和间作间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between intercropping and mono-cropping at 0.05 level.

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表52015年和2016年玉米/花生宽幅间作的花生产量和构成因素及其相关性
Table5.Effect of maize and peanut intercropping with 3/4 lines ratio on yield and its components of peanut in 2015 and 2016, and correlation among yield and its components

年份 Year	种植模式 Planting pattern	株数 Plant density (×104plants?hm-2)	单株饱果数 Full pod number per plant	百果重 100-berry weight (g)	百仁重 100-kernel weight (g)	出仁率 Kernel rate (%)	荚果产量 Pod yield (kg·hm-2)
2015	MP	21.57±0.55a	14.58±0.90a	155.56±2.74b	66.61±2.11a	68.78±0.61a	4 691.67±212.61a
	ERIP	20.59±1.39a	10.83±0.85b	162.80±7.97ab	68.45±3.74a	69.74±0.25a	3 376.47±176.00b
	MRIP	21.58±0.81a	11.08±0.34b	169.84±4.42a	70.72±2.22a	70.07±1.18a	3 592.16±219.87b
2016	MP	21.86±0.40a	13.67±1.01a	161.20±1.94a	67.09±1.46a	69.53±0.61a	4 593.14±253.22a
	ERIP	20.98±1.60a	10.25±0.59b	165.83±3.49a	69.09±2.03a	70.14±0.24a	3 400.00±225.58b
	MRIP	21.76±1.05a	10.75±0.59b	168.92±5.72a	70.36±1.27a	71.00±1.23a	3 622.55±223.98b
单作相关性分析 Relevance analysis of mono-cropping	株数Plant number	1.000
	单株饱果数Full pod number per plant	-0.582	1.000
	百果重100-berry weight	-0.113	-0.365	1.000
	百仁重100-kernel weight	0.795	-0.750	-0.113	1.000
	出仁率Kernel rate	0.415	-0.242	0.603	0.064	1.000
	荚果产量Pod yield	-0.582	0.945**	-0.160	-0.685	-0.183	1.000
间作相关性分析 Relevance analysis of intercropping	株数Plant number	1.000
	单株饱果数Full pod number per plant	-0.713**	1.000
	百果重100-berry weight	0.552	-0.263	1.000
	百仁重 100-kernel weight	-0.183	0.454	-0.206	1.000
	出仁率Kernel rate	0.073	0.157	0.692*	-0.028	1.000
	荚果产量Pod yield	0.406	0.027	0.809**	0.047	0.768**	1.000
不同小写字母单作和间作间差异显著(P < 0.05)。**和*分别表示相关性极显著水平(P < 0.01)和显著水平(P < 0.05)。MP表示单作花生, ERIP表示间作边行花生, MRIP表示间作中间行花生。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between intercropping and mono-cropping at 0.05 level. ** and * mean significant correlation at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively. MP is mono-cropping peanut, ERIP is edge row of intercropping peanut, MRIP is middle row of intercropping peanut.

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表6单作和间作花生荚果产量与关键生育期冠层微环境因子的相关性分析
Table6.Correlation analysis between pod yield of mono-cropping and intercropping peanut and canopy microenvironment factors at key growth stages

种植模式 Planting pattern	环境因子 Environmental factor	结荚期Pod-setting stage					饱果期Pod-filling stage
		温度 Temperature	相对湿度 Relative humidity	光照强度 Light intensity	荚果产量 Pod yield		温度 Temperature	相对湿度 Relative humidity	光照强度 Light intensity	荚果产量 Pod yield
单作花生 Mono-cropping peanut	温度 Temperature	1.000					1.000
	相对湿度 Relative humidity	-0.607	1.000				-0.345	1.000
	光照强度 Light intensity	0.087	-0.425	1.000			0.259	0.257	1.000
	荚果产量 Pod yield	0.495	-0.958**	0.331	1.000		0.148	0.750	0.099	1.000
间作花生 Intercropping peanut	温度Temperature	1.000					1.000
	相对湿度 Relative humidity	-0.960**	1.000				-0.268	1.000
	光照强度 Light intensity	0.481	-0.505	1.000			-0.705	-0.468	1.000
	荚果产量 Pod yield	0.872*	-0.965**	0.370	1.000		-0.562	0.288	0.337	1.000
综合 Comprehensive	温度 Temperature	1.000					1.000
	相对湿度 Relative humidity	-0.819**	1.000				-0.709**	1.000
	光照强度 Light intensity	0.620*	-0.788**	1.000			0.738**	-0.670*	1.000
	荚果产量 Pod yield	0.714**	-0.903**	0.939**	1.000		0.721**	-0.569	0.905**	1.000
**和*分别表示相关性极显著水平(P < 0.01)和显著水平(P < 0.05)。** and * mean significant correlation at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.

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表7单作和间作花生荚果产量与冠层环境因子回归模型系数
Table7.Coefficient of regression models between pod yield of mono-cropping and intercropping peanut and canopy environmental factors

种植模式 Planting pattern	模型 Model	非标准化系数 Un-standardized coefficient			标准系数 Standardized coefficient
		B	Std. error		Beta	t	Sig.
单作花生 Mono-cropping peanut	常量Constant	7 093.231	370.474			19.146	0.000
	结荚期冠层湿度(X2) Relative humidity at pod-setting stage (X2)	-40.505	6.101		-0.958	-6.640	0.003
间作花生 Intercropping peanut	常量Constant	7 253.638	354.157			20.481	0.000
	饱果期冠层湿度(X2) Relative humidity at pod-setting stage (X2)	?40.645	2.611		-1.109	-15.568	0.001
	饱果期冠层湿度(X2) Relative humidity at pod-filling stage (X2)	?12.424	3.149		-0.281	-3.946	0.029
综合 Comprehensive	常量Constant	8 474.331	1 145.321			7.399	0.000
	结荚期冠层光照度(X3) Light intensity at pod-setting stage (X3)	0.011	0.004		0.327	2.429	0.041
	结荚期冠层湿度(X2) Relative humidity at pod-setting stage (X2)	-50.344	9.197		-0.593	-5.474	0.001
	饱果期冠层湿度(X5) Relative humidity at pod-filling stage (X5)	-22.447	8.133		-0.234	-2.760	0.025
因变量为荚果产量(Y)。Dependent variable is pod yield.

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表8不同冠层微环境因子与花生荚果产量的通径系数
Table8.Path coefficients of different canopy microenvironment factors and peanut pod yield

自变量 Variable	综合作用 Comprehensive effect	通径系数(直接作用) Path coefficient (direct effect)	间接通径系数(间接作用)Indirect effect
			X2	X3	X5	合计Total
结荚期冠层湿度(X2) Relative humidity at pod-setting stage (X2)	-0.902 7	-0.592 9	—	-0.257 5	-0.052 3	-0.309 8
结荚期冠层光照度(X3) Light intensity at pod-setting stage (X3)	0.939 1	0.326 6	0.467 5	—	0.145 0	0.612 5
饱果期冠层湿度(X5) Relative humidity at pod-filling stage (X5)	-0.568 8	-0.234 2	-0.132 4	-0.202 2	—	-0.334 6

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