焉莉1,,,
韦大明2,,
1.吉林农业大学资源与环境学院 长春 130118
2.生态环境部环境规划院总量控制与排放交易研究中心 北京 100012
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2018YFD0800100
详细信息
作者简介:张藤丽, 主要研究方向为农业面源污染。E-mail:15754368647@163.com
通讯作者:焉莉, 主要从事农业环境管理与农业面源污染研究, E-mail:yanlijau@163.com
韦大明, 主要从事污染物总量控制和管理研究, E-mail:lunwen201906@163.com
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出版历程
收稿日期:2019-12-05
录用日期:2020-02-18
刊出日期:2020-05-01
Characteristic distribution of livestock manure and warning analysis of environmental carrying capacity based on the consumption of cultivated land in China
ZHANG Tengli1, 2,,YAN Li1,,,
WEI Daming2,,
1. College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
2. Research Center for Total Amount Control and Emission Trading of Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2018YFD0800100
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Corresponding author:YAN Li, E-mail:yanlijau@163.com;WEI Daming, E-mail:lunwen201906@163.com
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摘要
摘要:为加快畜禽养殖行业粪污资源化利用，促进畜牧业可持续发展，及时掌握畜禽粪便的特征分布，对有效防控养殖区域环境的污染尤为重要。目前多数畜禽粪便污染研究都是基于省市区域尺度，而进行全国尺度的研究相对较少。本文运用排污系数法，以中国畜牧年鉴数据为计算基础，估算出2016年全国31个省份畜禽粪便的产生量、污染物产生量及污染物流失量。在此基础上，分析全国2016年畜禽粪便的排放分布特征，并将不同畜种的粪尿产生量统一换算为猪粪当量，计算出单位耕地面积猪粪当量承载负荷及预警值，参照相关标准得到2016年全国各省所对应的预警级别。结果表明：2016年全国畜禽粪便总产生量为246 836万t，其中牛粪产量最多，家禽粪产生量最少；所研究的31个省份中四川省、河南省、山东省的粪便产生量较多。假设产生的粪便可以利用当年的有效耕地消纳，则2016年31个省份畜禽粪便平均单位耕地面积猪粪当量承载力负荷为19.55，单位耕地面积猪粪当量预警均值为0.49。本文所测算的31个省份中大部分省份预警值处于无环境威胁预警级别（Ⅰ级），但北京市处于有环境威胁预警级别（Ⅲ级），西藏自治区处于很严重环境威胁预警级别（Ⅵ级），青海处于严重环境威胁预警级别（Ⅴ级）。根据计算得出的预警级别，各省应根据自身情况充分利用畜禽粪便资源，尤其是在预警值较高地区应及时做好畜禽养殖总量控制及污染防控。
关键词:畜禽粪污/
猪粪当量/
排污系数法/
耕地负荷/
负荷预警
Abstract:In order to speed up the utilization of excrement and waste resources in the livestock and poultry breeding industry, and to promote the sustainable development of animal husbandry, it is particularly important to timely grasp the characteristic distribution of excrement and waste for effectively preventing and controlling environmental pollution in the breeding area. At present, most of the researches focus on livestock and poultry feces pollution, based on the level of provinces and cities, while the researches on the national scale are relatively few. In this paper, manure production, pollutant production and pollutant loss in the livestock and poultry industry in 2016 were estimated with the pollution factor method and based on the calculation of China Animal Husbandry Yearbook data. The pig feces equivalent bearing load and early warning, and the value per unit cultivated land area were calculated on the basis of the above analysis and by converting feces and urine produced by different kinds of livestock into pig feces equivalent. Furthermore, the corresponding early warning level of 31 provinces in 2016 was obtained by referring to relevant standards. The results showed that in 2016, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure was 2 468 million tons, of which cattle manure was the most and poultry manure was the least; among the 31 provinces studied, Sichuan Province, Henan Province and Shandong Province had relatively more manure. Assuming that the manure could be effectively consumed by the farmland in the same year, the bearing capacity load of pig feces equivalent per unit cultivated area in 2016 was 19.55; and the early warning value of pig feces equivalent per unit cultivated area was 0.49. Most of the 31 provinces measured in this paper were at level Ⅰ, among which Beijing was at level Ⅲ, Tibet was at level Ⅵ, and Qinghai was at level Ⅴ. According to the result of early warning level, each province should make full use of the livestock and poultry manure according to its own situation. Timely control of the total amount of livestock and poultry breeding, and pollution prevention and control measures should be taken in areas with high early warning value.
Key words:Livestock and poultry manure/
Pig manure equivalent/
Emission coefficient method/
Cultivated land load/
Load warning
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图12016年中国31个省份(市、自治区)畜禽养殖数量
Figure1.Livestock and poultry breeding number in 31 provinces (cities, autonomous regions) of China in 2016
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图22016年中国31个省(市、自治区)畜禽粪便产生量
Figure2.Livestock and poultry manure production in 31 provinces (cities, autonomous regions) of China in 2016
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图32016年中国31省(市、自治区)畜禽粪尿污染物产生量(a)和流失量(b)
Figure3.Production (a) and loss (b) of pollutants of livestock and poultry manure in 31 provinces (cities, autonomous regions) of China in 2016
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同种类畜禽粪便日排放系数及污染物参数[16]
Table1.Daily pollutant discharge coefficients and pollutants parameters of different species of livestock and poultry[16]
| 污染物 Pollutant | 牛粪 Cow dung | 牛尿 Cow urine | 猪粪 Pig manure | 猪尿 Pig urine | 羊粪 Sheep manure | 家禽粪 Poultry dung |
| 排放系数Excretion coefficient (kg?d–1) | 20.00 | 10.00 | 2.00 | 3.30 | 2.60 | |
| 化学需氧量Chemical oxygen demand (kg?t–1) | 31.00 | 6.00 | 52.00 | 9.00 | 4.63 | 45.65 |
| 总氮Total nitrogen (kg?t–1) | 4.37 | 8.00 | 5.88 | 3.30 | 7.50 | 10.42 |
| 总磷Total phosphorus (kg?t–1) | 1.18 | 0.40 | 3.41 | 0.52 | 2.60 | 5.79 |
下载: 导出CSV表2畜禽粪便污染物进入水体的流失率[16]
Table2.Loss rates of manure pollutants of livestock and poultry entering water bodies[16]??
| 污染物 Pollutant | 牛粪 Cow dung | 牛尿 Cow urine | 猪粪 Pig manure | 猪尿 Pig urine | 羊粪 Sheep manure |
| 化学需氧量Chemical oxygen demand | 6.16 | 5.58 | 5.50 | 8.59 | 50.00 |
| 总氮Total nitrogen | 5.68 | 5.34 | 5.30 | 8.47 | 50.00 |
| 总磷Total phosphorus | 5.50 | 5.25 | 5.20 | 8.42 | 50.00 |
下载: 导出CSV表3各类畜禽粪便的猪当量系数[16]
Table3.Equivalent coefficient of manure of various livestock and poultry[16]
| 指标 Index | 牛粪 Cow dung | 牛尿 Cow urine | 猪粪 Pig manure | 猪尿 Pig urine | 羊粪 Sheep manure | 家禽粪 Poultry dung |
| 氮百分含量Percentage of nitrogen (%) | 0.45 | 0.80 | 0.65 | 0.33 | 0.80 | 1.37 |
| 换算系数Conversion factor | 0.69 | 1.23 | 1.00 | 0.57 | 1.23 | 2.10 |
下载: 导出CSV表4畜禽粪便污染物负荷警报分级[23]
Table4.Warning classification of livestock and poultry pollutant load[23]
| 警报值Alarm value | ＜0.4 | 0.4~0.7 | 0.7~1.0 | 1.0~1.5 | 1.5~2.5 | > 2.5 |
| 级别Grade | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ |
| 对环境的威胁性 Threat to environment | 无 None | 稍有 Not obvious | 有 Obvious | 较严重 Serious | 严重 More serious | 很严重 Extremely serious |
下载: 导出CSV表52016年中国31个省(市、自治区)畜禽粪便中主要污染物总含量及流失量
Table5.Total contents and loss amounts of major pollutants in livestock and poultry manure of 31 provinces (cities or autonomousregions) of China in 2016??
| 指标 Index | 化学需氧量Chemical oxygen demand | 总氮Total nitrogen | 总磷Total phosphorus | |||||||
| 含量Content | 流失量Loss | 含量Content | 流失量Loss | 含量Content | 流失量Loss | |||||
| 猪粪Pig manure | 1 418 | 79 | 160 | 9 | 93 | 5 | ||||
| 猪尿Pig urine | 405 | 202 | 148 | 74 | 23 | 12 | ||||
| 牛粪Cow dung | 2 346 | 145 | 331 | 19 | 89 | 5 | ||||
| 牛尿Cow urine | 227 | 114 | 303 | 151 | 15 | 8 | ||||
| 羊粪Sheep manure | 132 | 7 | 21 | 1 | 74 | 4 | ||||
| 家禽粪Poultry dung | 1 483 | 127 | 338 | 29 | 188 | 16 | ||||
| 合计Total | 6 011 | 674 | 1 302 | 283 | 483 | 49 | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表6中国31省(市、自治区)耕地消纳畜禽粪便负荷及预警
Table6.Loads and early warning grade of livestock and poultry manure consumption of cultivated land in each province (city, autonomous region) of China
| 地区 Province | 耕地面积 Arable land (hm2) | 畜禽粪便猪当量 Pig manure equivalent (×104t) | 耕地畜禽粪便猪当量负荷 Pig manure equivalent load of cultivated land of livestock and poultry manure (t?hm–2?a–1) | 耕地理论最大适宜污染物承载量 Theory maximum suitable pollutant load of cultivated land (t?hm?2) | 单位面积耕地猪粪当量负荷警报值 Load alarm value of pig manure equivalent per unit area of arable land | 单位面积耕地猪粪当量负荷级别 Load level of pig manure per unit area of cultivated land |
| 北京市 Beijing City | 151 360 | 513.68 | 33.94 | 45 | 0.75 | Ⅲ |
| 天津市 Tianjin City | 479 170 | 661.85 | 13.81 | 45 | 0.31 | Ⅰ |
| 河北省 Hebei Province | 8 716 640 | 8 612.63 | 9.88 | 45 | 0.22 | Ⅰ |
| 山西省 Shanxi Province | 3 720 810 | 2 826.61 | 7.60 | 45 | 0.17 | Ⅰ |
| 内蒙古自治区 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | 7 921 900 | 11 004.60 | 13.89 | 45 | 0.31 | Ⅰ |
| 辽宁省 Liaoning Province | 4 064 100 | 7 809.22 | 19.22 | 45 | 0.43 | Ⅱ |
| 吉林省 Jilin Province | 5 676 320 | 4 994.80 | 8.80 | 45 | 0.20 | Ⅰ |
| 黑龙江省 Heilongjiang Province | 12 426 540 | 6 346.89 | 5.11 | 45 | 0.11 | Ⅰ |
| 上海市 Shanghai City | 294 700 | 262.20 | 8.90 | 30 | 0.30 | Ⅰ |
| 江苏省 Jiangsu Province | 7 676 920 | 4 956.31 | 6.46 | 30 | 0.22 | Ⅰ |
| 浙江省 Zhejiang Province | 2 274 440 | 1 475.11 | 6.49 | 30 | 0.22 | Ⅰ |
| 安徽省 Anhui Province | 8 893 610 | 5 122.25 | 5.76 | 30 | 0.19 | Ⅰ |
| 福建省 Fujian Province | 2 327 310 | 2 635.99 | 11.33 | 30 | 0.38 | Ⅰ |
| 江西省 Jiangxi Province | 5 560 670 | 5 432.40 | 9.77 | 30 | 0.33 | Ⅰ |
| 山东省 Shandong Province | 10 973 180 | 13 041.43 | 11.88 | 45 | 0.26 | Ⅰ |
| 河南省 Henan Province | 14 472 320 | 17 346.63 | 11.99 | 45 | 0.27 | Ⅰ |
| 湖北省 Hubei Province | 7 843 510 | 8 010.21 | 10.21 | 30 | 0.34 | Ⅰ |
| 湖南省 Hunan Province | 8 793 280 | 10 964.89 | 12.47 | 30 | 0.42 | Ⅱ |
| 广东省 Guangdong Province | 4 830 830 | 6 296.08 | 13.03 | 30 | 0.43 | Ⅱ |
| 广西壮族自治区 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | 6 145 310 | 7 549.52 | 12.29 | 30 | 0.41 | Ⅱ |
| 海南省 Hainan Province | 823 260 | 1 354.60 | 16.45 | 30 | 0.55 | Ⅱ |
| 重庆市 Chongqing | 3 600 740 | 3 965.34 | 11.01 | 30 | 0.37 | Ⅰ |
| 四川省 Sichuan Province | 9 728 610 | 16 441.57 | 16.90 | 30 | 0.56 | Ⅱ |
| 贵州省 Guizhou Province | 5 596 810 | 5 863.74 | 10.48 | 30 | 0.35 | Ⅰ |
| 云南省 Yunnan Province | 7 164 460 | 9 966.37 | 13.91 | 30 | 0.46 | Ⅱ |
| 西藏自治区 Tibet Autonomous Region | 257 900 | 4 817.02 | 186.78 | 45 | 4.15 | Ⅵ |
| 陕西省 Shaanxi Province | 4 276 920 | 3 210.88 | 7.51 | 45 | 0.17 | Ⅰ |
| 甘肃省 Gansu Province | 4 253 840 | 5 570.07 | 13.09 | 45 | 0.29 | Ⅰ |
| 青海省 Qinghai Province | 561 330 | 4 271.54 | 76.10 | 45 | 1.69 | Ⅴ |
| 宁夏回族自治区 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region | 1 275 240 | 1 414.72 | 11.09 | 45 | 0.25 | Ⅰ |
| 新疆维吾尔自治区 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region | 5 867 520 | 5 892.51 | 10.04 | 45 | 0.22 | Ⅰ |
| 平均值 Average | 19.55 | 0.49 |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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