基于扩散理论的华北春玉米生理成熟后籽粒脱水过程分析

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王金涛^1,,
董心亮¹,
肖宇²,
刘青松²,
张冬梅³,
韩金玲⁴,
刘毅⁵,
高广瑞⁶,
刘占卯⁶,
孙宏勇^1,,
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心石家庄 050022
2.河北省沧州市农林科学院沧州 061000
3.山西省农业科学院旱地农业研究中心太原 030000
4.河北科技师范学院昌黎 066600
5.沧州市南大港管理区农业科学研究所沧州 061000
6.国家半干旱农业工程技术研究中心石家庄 050051
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300305
河北省重点研发计划项目18227008D
河北省重点研发计划项目19227004D

详细信息

作者简介:王金涛, 主要从事作物水盐生理及调控研究。E-mail:jtwang@sjziam.ac.cn

通讯作者:孙宏勇, 主要从事农田水盐运移过程机理与调控研究。E-mail:hysun@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号:S157.1

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收稿日期:2020-01-01
录用日期:2020-02-11
刊出日期:2020-04-01

Analysis of kernel dry down process after physiological maturity of spring maize based on diffusion theory in the North China

WANG Jintao^1,,
DONG Xinliang¹,
XIAO Yu²,
LIU Qingsong²,
ZHANG Dongmei³,
HAN Jinling⁴,
LIU Yi⁵,
GAO Guangrui⁶,
LIU Zhanmao⁶,
SUN Hongyong^1,,
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061000, China
3. Research Center for Drying Farming, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, China
4. Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Changli 066600, China
5. Agricultural Science Institute of Nandagang Management Zone, Cangzhou 061000, China
6. The Semi-arid Agriculture Engineering & Technology Research Center of P. R. China, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
Funds: This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0300305
the Key Research and Development Project of Hebei Province18227008D
the Key Research and Development Project of Hebei Province19227004D

More Information

Corresponding author:SUN Hongyong, E-mail:hysun@sjziam.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:玉米机收籽粒可以显著提高玉米的生产效率，是玉米生产的发展方向。生理成熟后的籽粒含水率是决定机收质量的关键，受品种、密度和气候等多种因素影响。准确估算生理成熟后玉米籽粒含水率，进而分析其主要影响因素，最终确定玉米收获时间和筛选适宜机收的品种，对玉米主产区华北的春玉米籽粒机收发展具有重要意义。因此，于2017年和2018年在河北省泊头、南大港、玉田和山西榆次进行了两年田间春玉米试验，每年设置7个共性品种，每个品种3个密度，对生理成熟后籽粒含水率、品种性状、气象和管理要素进行了监测，并利用基于扩散理论考虑空气温湿度的脱水模型对籽粒含水率进行了模拟，进而计算脱水曲线下的面积（AUDDC），用以筛选脱水优异的玉米品种。结果表明，基于扩散理论的籽粒脱水模型对玉米生理成熟后籽粒含水率的模拟效果较好；年份、地点和品种对生理成熟时籽粒含水率（M₀）和水分扩散速率（k）具有显著影响，密度对脱水参数影响不显著。逐步线性回归分析得到灌浆期参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET₀）、最高气温和灌水量对M₀具有显著的正效应，生理成熟后30 d内ET₀和灌浆中后期降雨对k具有显著的正效应，全生育期降雨对k具有显著的负效应。品种性状中对M₀影响最大的为苞叶层数（正效应），对k影响最大的为叶片数（负效应）。通过模型计算得到，生理成熟后10 d华北地区春玉米籽粒含水率可以下降到28%，籽粒含水率下降到25%的概率为50%。由模型计算得到各品种生理成熟后10 d内的AUDDC，与AUDDC平均值比较发现‘京农科728’‘张1453’‘华农887’‘广德5’和‘金科玉3306’为脱水表现优异的品种。
关键词:华北春玉米/
籽粒机收/
生理成熟/
籽粒含水率/
籽粒脱水/
扩散理论
Abstract:The moisture content of grains after physiological maturity (MCAM) is the key determinant of the quality of mechanical grain harvesting (MGH), which can significantly improve the production efficiency of maize. Therefore, the aim of this study was to accurately estimate MCAM, analyze the main influencing factors, and determine the harvest time of maize, and select appropriate varieties for MGH. In 2017 and 2018, spring maize field experiments were carried out in Botou, Nandagang, and Yutian of Hebei Province; and Yuci of Shanxi Province. Seven common maize varieties and three densities of each variety were set up each year to monitor MCAM. Variety characteristics, management, meteorological data, and grain moisture content after physiological maturity were determined. A model based on the diffusion theory was used to simulate MCAM considering the atmospheric temperature and humidity. The area under the dry down curve (AUDDC) was used to select the varieties that performed well in the grain dry down. The results showed that the model based on diffusion theory could simulate MCAM well. The year, site, and variety had significant influence on the grain moisture content at physiological maturity (M₀) and the moisture diffusion rate (k), which were parameters of the model. However, the planting density had no significant effect on these two parameters. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that ET₀, the maximum temperature, and irrigation amount at grain-filling stage had significant positive effects on M₀. The ET₀ during the 30 days after physiological maturity and the rainfall in the middle-late grain-filling stage had significant positive effects on k. In contrast, rainfall during the entire growth period had a significant negative effect on k. The number of husk layers had the greatest influence on M₀ (positive effect), and the number of leaves had the greatest influence on k (negative effect). Ten days after physiological maturity, the MCAM of spring maize in North China could be reduced to 28% in almost all circumstances and to 25% in half of the circumstances. The AUDDC during the 10 days after physiological maturity of each variety, was calculated using the model. Compared with the average AUDDC, it was found that 'Jingnongke 728' 'Zhang1453' 'Huanong 887' 'Guangde 5' and 'Jinkeyu 3306' displayed excellent dry down performance.
Key words:Spring maize in North China/
Mechanical grain harvesting/
Physiological maturity/
Moisture content of grains/
Grain dry down/
Diffusion theory

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图12017年不同试验地点不同密度(60 000株?hm^–2、75 000株?hm^–2和90 000株?hm^–2)下不同玉米品种生理成熟后籽粒脱水的模拟值(实线)与实测值(圆点)的对比(a、b、c分别代表泊头、南大港和榆次；1~7分别代表玉米品种‘郑单958’ ‘粒收1号’ ‘东单913’ ‘华农887’ ‘金科玉3306’ ‘广德5’和‘张1453’; M_e为籽粒平衡含水量, R²为决定系数, RRMSE为相对均方根误差）
Figure1.Comparison between the simulated (solid lines) and measured (dotted lines) grain moisture contents after physiological maturity of different spring maize varieties with different planting densities (60 000 plants-hm'2, 75 000 plants-hm'2 and 90 000 plants-hm'2) in different experiment sites in 2017. The a, b and c represent experiment sites of Botou, Nandagang, Yuci, respectively. The 1 to 7 represent maize varieties of 'Zhengdan 9585 4Lishou No. V 'Dongdan 9135 'Huanong 8875 'Jinkeyu 33065 'Guangde 55 and 'Zhang 1453'. Me is the grain equilibrium moisture content. R2 is the coefficient of deter- mination; RRMSE is the relative root mean square error.

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图22018年不同试验地点不同密度(60 000株?hm^–2、75 000株?hm^–2和90 000株?hm^–2)下不同玉米品种生理成熟后籽粒脱水的模拟值(实线)与实测值(圆点)的对比(a、b、c分别代表泊头、南大港和榆次；1~7分别代表玉米品种‘郑单958’ ‘粒收1号’ ‘东单913’ ‘华农887’ ‘金科玉3306’ ‘广德5’和‘京农科728’; M_e为籽粒平衡含水量, R²为决定系数, RRMSE为相对均方根误差）
Figure2.Comparison between the simulated (solid lines) and measured (dotted lines) grain moisture contents after physiological maturity of different spring maize varieties with different planting densities (60 000 plants-hm'2, 75 000 plants-hm'2 and 90 000 plants-hm'2) in different experiment sites in 2018. The a, b and c represent experiment sites of Botou, Nandagang, Yuci, respectively. The 1 to 7 represent maize varieties of 'Zhengdan 9585 4Lishou No. V 'Dongdan 9135 'Huanong 8875 'Jinkeyu 33065 'Guangde 55 and 'Jingnongke 728'. Me is the grain equilibrium moisture content. R2 is the coefficient of deter- mination; RRMSE is the relative root mean square error.

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图3不同试验地点玉米生理成熟后籽粒含水率到达28%(a)和25%(b)时的天数
Figure3.Days after physiological maturity when spring maize grain moisture drying to 28% (a) and 25% (b) at each experiment site

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图4春玉米生理成熟后籽粒平均脱水曲线(虚线为所有品种和地点两年平均脱水曲线, 实线为各品种所有地点两年平均脱水曲线)
Figure4.Average spring maize grain dry down curve after physiological maturity. (The dashed line represents the average maize grain dry down curve of all years, sites and varieties. The solid line represents the average maize grain dry down curve of all years and sites for each variety.)

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表14个春玉米试验地点的高程和气象条件
Table1.Elevation and meteorological conditions of the four spring maize experimental sites

地点Site	高程 Elevation (m)	多年平均降雨量 Average annual precipitation (mm)	多年平均蒸发量 Average annual evaporation (mm)	多年平均气温 Average temperature (℃)	多年平均相对湿度 Average relative humidity (%)	多年平均日照时数 Average sunshine hours (h)
泊头?Botou	13.2	583.0	1 862.7	14.5	57.9	6.7
南大港?Nandagang	6.6	575.7	1 977.0	14.0	61.3	7.8
榆次?Yuci	831.2	507.2	1 833.0	11.6	55.9	7.5
玉田?Yutian	14.4	569.0	1 576.8	11.5	64.3	6.8

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表22017年和2018年4个地点春玉米的耕作方式、播种日期、施肥量和灌溉措施
Table2.Tillage method, sowing date, fertilization and irrigation of the four spring maize experiment sites in 2017 and 2018

年份Year	地点Site	耕作方式Tillage method	播种日期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day)	施肥量 Fertilization rate (kg·hm^-2)			灌溉量 Irrigation
年份Year	地点Site	耕作方式Tillage method	播种日期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	时间(月-日) Date (month-day)	灌水量 Irrigation amount (mm)
2017	泊头 Botou	翻耕 Ploughing	05-13	225	113	113.0	05-13	75
	泊头 Botou	翻耕 Ploughing	05-13	225	113	113.0	06-18	75
	南大港 Nandagang	深翻旋耕 Deep ploughing and rotary tillage	05-27	180	210	0	05-27	80
	榆次 Yuci	深翻旋耕 Deep ploughing and rotary tillage	05-08	240	124	74.5	07-12	75
	榆次 Yuci	深翻旋耕 Deep ploughing and rotary tillage	05-08	240	124	74.5	08-10	60
	玉田Yutian	旋耕Rotary tillage	05-21	210	120	80.0	06-03	45
2018	泊头Botou	翻耕Ploughing	05-10	225	113	113.0	05-02	75
	南大港 Nandagang	深翻旋耕 Deep ploughing and rotary tillage	05-23	180	210	0	05-23	80
	榆次 Yuci	深翻旋耕 Deep ploughing and rotary tillage	04-24	240	125	73.5	06-24	52.5
							07-02	52.5
							08-03	52.5

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表32017年和2018年4个试验地点各春玉米品种不同密度下的吐丝日期和生理成熟日期(月-日)
Table3.Silking date (mouth-day) and physiological maturity date (mouth-day) of different spring maize varieties in different densities at four experiment sites in 2017 and 2018

年份 Year	地点 Site	密度 Plant density (plants·hm^-2)	郑单958 Zhengdan 958		粒收1号 Lishou No. 1		东单913 Dongdan 913		华农887 Huanong 887		金科玉3306 Jinkeyu 3306		广德5 Guangde 5		张1453 /京农科728 Zhang 1453 / Jingnongke 728
年份 Year	地点 Site	密度 Plant density (plants·hm^-2)	吐丝 Silking	生理成熟 Physiological maturity	吐丝 Silking	生理成熟 Physiological maturity	吐丝 Silking	生理成熟 Physiological maturity	吐丝 Silking	生理成熟 Physiological maturity	吐丝 Silking	生理成熟 Physiological maturity	吐丝 Silking	生理成熟 Physiological maturity	吐丝 Silking	生理成熟 Physiological maturity
2017	泊头	60 000	07-18	10-07	07-22	09-30	07-15	09-02	07-19	09-30	07-18	09-16	07-18	09-23	07-22	09-23
	Botou	75 000	07-19	10-07	07-22	09-30	07-16	09-02	07-19	09-30	07-18	09-16	07-18	09-23	07-22	09-23
		90 000	07-20	10-07	07-22	09-30	07-16	09-02	07-19	09-30	07-18	09-16	07-18	09-23	07-22	09-23
	南大港	60 000	08-02	09-14	08-01	09-12	07-30	09-09	07-29	09-10	07-28	09-08	08-03	09-11	07-29	09-07
	Nandagang	75 000	08-02	09-14	08-01	09-12	07-30	09-09	07-29	09-10	07-28	09-08	08-03	09-11	07-29	09-07
		90 000	08-02	09-14	08-01	09-12	07-30	09-09	07-29	09-10	07-28	09-08	08-03	09-11	07-29	09-07
	榆次	60 000	07-19	09-28	07-19	09-27	07-17	09-25	07-17	09-21	07-19	09-26	07-18	09-21	07-17	09-23
	Yuci	75 000	07-19	09-28	07-19	09-27	07-17	09-25	07-17	09-20	07-18	09-26	07-19	09-21	07-17	09-23
		90 000	07-22	09-28	07-20	09-27	07-18	09-26	07-18	09-20	07-19	09-26	07-20	09-21	07-18	09-23
	玉田	60 000	07-22	09-16	07-21	09-19	07-20	09-14	07-20	09-18	07-20	09-12	07-29	09-15	07-02	09-14
	Yutian	75 000	07-23	09-16	07-21	09-19	07-20	09-17	07-20	09-18	07-20	09-12	07-29	09-16	07-02	09-20
		90 000	07-24	09-16	07-21	09-20	07-20	09-16	07-20	09-18	07-20	09-12	07-29	09-16	07-02	09-20
2018	泊头	60 000	07-13	09-17	07-01	09-04	07-09	08-29	07-01	09-04	07-01	08-29	07-11	08-29	07-08	08-29
	Botou	75 000	07-13	09-17	07-01	09-04	07-09	08-29	07-01	09-04	07-01	08-29	07-11	08-29	07-09	08-29
		90 000	07-15	09-17	07-01	09-04	07-09	08-29	07-01	09-04	07-01	08-29	07-12	08-29	07-08	08-29
	南大港	60 000	07-22	09-21	07-25	09-19	07-21	09-17	07-21	09-16	07-22	09-19	07-21	09-19	07-22	09-13
	Nandagang	75 000	07-22	09-21	07-25	09-19	07-21	09-17	07-21	09-16	07-22	09-19	07-21	09-19	07-22	09-13
		90 000	07-22	09-21	07-25	09-19	07-21	09-17	07-21	09-16	07-22	09-19	07-21	09-19	07-22	09-13
	榆次	60 000	07-04	09-17	07-06	09-20	07-04	09-11	07-03	09-12	07-06	09-13	07-05	09-06	07-05	09-06
	Yuci	75 000	07-05	09-17	07-06	09-20	07-04	09-11	07-04	09-12	07-06	09-13	07-05	09-06	07-05	09-06
		90 000	07-05	09-17	07-06	09-20	07-03	09-11	07-03	09-12	07-06	09-13	07-05	09-06	07-05	09-06

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表4影响春玉米生理成熟后脱水参数的气象-管理因素
Table4.Meteorological and management factors influencing dry down parameters of spring maize grain after physiological maturity

因素 Factor	全生育期 Whole growth period	灌浆期 Grain-filling stage	灌浆中后期 Middle-late grain-filling stage	成熟后30 d 30 days after maturity
累积降雨量Cumulative precipitation	P1	P2	P3	P4
累积ET₀ Cumulative ET₀	ET₀1	ET₀2	ET₀3	ET₀4
积温Cumulative temperature	GDD1	GDD2	GDD3	GDD4
平均气温Average temperature	T1	T2	T3	T4
平均最高气温Average maximum temperature	MaxT1	MaxT2	MaxT3	MaxT4
平均最低气温Average minimum temperature	MinT1	MinT2	MinT3	MinT4
平均风速Average wind speed	u1	u2	u3	u4
平均日照时数Average sunshine hours	Sunhour1	Sunhour2	Sunhour3	Sunhour4
平均相对湿度Average relative humidity	RH1	RH2	RH3	RH4
灌水量Irrigation amount	IRRI1	IRRI2	IRRI3	IRRI4
水分输入Water input	WATER1	WATER2	WATER3	WATER4
水分输入/ET₀ Water input / ET₀	WATER1ET₀1	WATER1ET₀2	WATER1ET₀3	WATER1ET₀4

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表5年份、地点、品种和密度对春玉米生理成熟时籽粒含水率(M₀)和生理成熟后脱水速率(k)影响的方差分析
Table5.Analysis of variance on the effect of year, site, variety and density on spring maize grain moisture content at physiological maturity (M₀) and grain dry down rate after physiological maturity (k)

差异来源 Sources of variance	P (Sig.)
差异来源 Sources of variance	M₀	k
年份Year (Y)	0.000^**	0.034^*
地点Site (S)	0.003^**	0.006^**
品种Variety(G)	0.000^**	0.000^**
密度Density(D)	0.891^ns	0.392^ns
Y × S	0.243^ns	0.000^**
Y × G	0.008^**	0.540^ns
Y × D	0.548^ns	0.715^ns
S × G	0.014^*	0.013^*
S × D	0.897^ns	0.794^ns
G × D	0.984^ns	1.000^ns
Y × S × G	0.000^**	0.018^*
Y × S × D	0.855^ns	0.787^ns
Y × G × D	0.997^ns	0.999^ns
S× G × D	1.000^ns	1.000^ns
ns表示在P=0.05水平不显著; 表示在P < 0.05水平显著; 表示在P < 0.01水平显著。ns: nonsignificant at P < 0.05 probability level; : significant at P < 0.05 probability level; **: significant at P < 0.01 probability level.

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表6春玉米生理成熟时籽粒含水率(M₀)和生理成熟后脱水速率(k)与气象-管理因素和品种性状逐步回归分析结果
Table6.Results of stepwise regression analysis of spring maize grain moisture content at physiological maturity (M₀) and grain dry down rate after physiological maturity (k) with the meteorological-management factors and the variety characteristics

因变量 Dependent variable	自变量类型 Independent variable type	模型 Model	非标准化系数 Non standardized coefficient	标准化系数 Standardized coefficient	t	Sig.	ANOVA Sig.	R²
M₀	气象-管理参数Meteorological- management factors	常量Constant	71.782		9.376	0.000	0.000	0.310
		ET₀2	-0.023	-0.325	-3.790	0.000
		MaxT2	-1.143	-0.415	-4.353	0.000
		IRRI2	-0.042	-0.339	-3.096	0.002
	品种性状 Variety characteristics	常量Constant	34.941		6.458	0.000	0.045	0.168
		叶片数Leaf number	-0.012	-0.012	-0.086	0.932
		株高Plant height	-0.028	-0.290	-1.261	0.211
		穗位高Ear height	0.002	0.015	0.063	0.950
		茎粗Stem diameter	0.042	0.026	0.200	0.842
		苞叶层数Layers of husks	0.228	0.136	1.028	0.307
		生理成熟时果穗下垂比例 Hanging-ear proportion at physiological maturity	-0.029	-0.101	-0.471	0.639
		生理成熟时植株倒伏比例 Lodging-plant proportion at physiological maturity	-0.042	-0.191	-0.854	0.396
k	气象-管理参数 Meteorological- management factors	常量Constant	0.031		3.073	0.003	0.000	0.444
		ET₀4	0.000	0.363	4.393	0.000
		P1	0.000	-0.545	-8.287	0.000
		u3	0.017	0.258	3.256	0.001
	品种性状 Variety characteristics	常量Constant	0.102		3.147	0.003	0.019	0.296
		叶片数Leaf number	-0.002	-0.638	-3.905	0.000
		株高Plant height	0.000	-0.077	-0.298	0.767
		穗位高Ear height	0.000	-0.264	-0.934	0.355
		茎粗Stem diameter	-0.001	-0.139	-0.797	0.429
		苞叶层数Layers of husks	0.000	-0.079	-0.443	0.659
		生理成熟时果穗下垂比例 Hanging-ear proportion at physiological maturity	0.000	-0.055	-0.215	0.830
		生理成熟时植株倒伏比例 Lodging-plant proportion at physiological maturity	0.000	0.163	0.582	0.563
		生理成熟后果穗下垂比例 Hanging-ear proportion after physiological maturity	0.000	-0.154	-0.105	0.917
		生理成熟后植株倒伏比例 Lodging-plant proportion after physiological maturity	0.000	0.283	0.192	0.849
ET₀2为灌浆期ET₀, MaxT2为灌浆期平均最高气温, IRRI2为灌浆期灌水量, ET₀4为生理成熟后30 d的ET₀, P1为全生育期降雨量, u3为灌浆中后期的平均风速。ET₀2: cumulative ET₀ during grain-filling stage; MaxT2: average maximum temperature during grain-filling stage; IRRI2: irrigation amount during grain-filling stage; ET₀4: cumulative ET₀ at 30 days after physiological maturity; P1: cumulative precipitation during the whole growth period; u3: average wind speed during the middle-late grain-filling stage.

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表7各春玉米品种生理成熟时籽粒含水率(M₀)和生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率(k)的平均值
Table7.Average grain moisture at physiological maturity (M₀) and grain dry down rate after physiological maturity (k) of each cultivar of spring maize

品种?Variety	M₀ (%)	k
郑单958 ?Zhengdan 958	31.89	0.023
粒收1号?Lishou No.1	32.32	0.043
东单913 ?Dongdan 913	30.93	0.036
华农887 ?Huanong 887	29.26	0.036
金科玉3306?Jinkeyu 3306	31.27	0.044
广德5?Guangde 5	30.68	0.043
张1453?Zhang 1453	29.83	0.057
京农科728?Jingnongke 728	26.67	0.032
平均?Average	30.59	0.039

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