闫桂权^1,,
何玉成¹,
张晓恒^1,,,
陈国庭²
1.华中农业大学经济管理学院/华中农业大学湖北农村发展研究中心 武汉 430070
2.华中农业大学信息学院/作物遗传改良国家重点实验室 武汉 430070
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目71573098
国家自然科学基金项目71173085
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项CARS-21

详细信息

作者简介:闫桂权, 主要研究方向为农业资源与环境经济。E-mail:otayu@webmail.hzau.edu.cn

通讯作者:张晓恒, 主要研究方向为农业生产与农产品贸易研究。E-mail:xuyizxh@163.com

中图分类号:F062.2

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-04-23
录用日期:2020-07-15
刊出日期:2020-11-01

Biased green technology progress in China's scale pig breeding

YAN Guiquan^1,,
HE Yucheng¹,
ZHANG Xiaoheng^1,,,
CHEN Guoting²
1. College of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University/Research Centre of Hubei Rural Development, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2. College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan 430070, China
Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China71573098
National Natural Science Foundation of China71173085
Special Fund for the Industrial System Construction of Modern Agriculture of ChinaCARS-21

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Corresponding author:ZHANG Xiaoheng, E-mail:xuyizxh@163.com

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摘要
摘要:近年来中国生猪养殖面临粮食价格驱动的饲料成本上升、劳动力成本上升以及规模化经营趋势下粪污处理等现实挑战。中国生猪产业能否克服上述问题，实现可持续发展呢？理论上，有偏技术进步在优化资源配置、提升生猪养殖效率、促进规模生产和污染减排方面大有可观。本文基于2007—2017年中国小、中、大3种规模生猪养殖成本收益数据，计算考虑5种非合意产出的生猪养殖的投入偏向型技术进步指数；针对各区域生猪养殖可持续发展面临的现实问题和环境规制目标，划分多个中观地理单元；在此基础上，探讨技术进步所倚重的要素是否与区域资源禀赋相协调，进一步为各区域诱致生猪养殖技术进步方向和优化规模生产路径提供支持性证据。研究结果表明，1）不同规模生猪养殖均存在投入偏向型技术进步，且偏向型技术进步能够在中性技术进步的基础上促进绿色全要素生产率的提高；2）小、中、大3种规模生猪养殖的绿色技术进步的要素投入偏向呈现节约劳动力而使用精饲料趋势；3）大规模生猪养殖技术进步偏向性最高，对生猪养殖的绿色全要素生产率增长所发挥的正面作用最强。本文认为生猪养殖技术进步要素偏向主要由区域资源禀赋所决定，各区域应当基于其资源禀赋和环境规制目标诱致技术变迁。
关键词:规模生猪养殖/
技术进步偏向/
绿色全要素生产率/
资源禀赋
Abstract:Operation scales are an important aspect of modern livestock and poultry breeding programs in China. However, intensive breeding scales often increase the contradiction between pig breeding scale and eco-environmental factors. Thus, the future development of China's pig breeding industry depends on boosting the scale of operations and curbing the associated environmental pollution. Technological progress, especially green-biased technology, is highly beneficial and optimizes resource allocation, improves pig breeding efficiency, promotes scaled production, and abates pollution. Therefore, it is important to broaden our understanding of the green-biased technological progress in scale of pig breeding operations. This study used data from China's small-, medium-and large-scale pig breeding operations from 2007 to 2017 and systematically calculated the emission of five pollutants generated during the breeding process, which were included as undesirable outputs in the green total factor productivity (GTFP) accounting system. This study also aimed to increase the following marginal contributions to academic discussion. First, the GTFP and the biased technology progress were combined, and not only was the green-biased technological progress in the scale of pig breeding operations in China identified but also the input-oriented green technological progress index was calculated. Second, the input bias of green technology progress was discussed considering the labor force and the concentrated feed input, which affected the long-term survivability and profitability of the pig breeding scale. Third, this study divided the Mainland of China into several meso-geographical units (i.e., key development areas, restricted development areas, potential development areas, and moderate development areas) and discussed whether the green technology progress bias was in harmony with the regional factor endowments. We also presented supporting evidence for the direction of the technological progressions in each area. This paper documented an input-oriented technology progress bias in various scales of pig breeding operations across different areas, and notably, the biases in all areas did not lead to lower GTFP. However, GTFP improvement may stem from a bias for neutral technology progress. The uptrend of technology progress bias in large-scale pig breeding was significant; i.e., the positive effects of technology progress bias on GTFP in pig breeding were increasing. The green technology progress bias for small-, medium-and large-scale pig breeding saved labor by substitutive adoption of concentrated feed. The information presented here indicated that the regional resource endowments determined the biases of technological progress factors in the scale of pig breeding operations in China. Thus, each region should adopt changes in technology based on its resource endowment and environmental regulation objectives.
Key words:Scale pig breeding/
Biased technology progress/
Green total factor productivity/
Resource endowment

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表1不同规模生猪养殖绿色全要素生产率指标说明及描述性统计
Table1.Index description and descriptive statistics for green total factor productivity of pig breeding at different scales

准则层 Rule layer	指标层 Index layer	操作层 Operational layer	小规模 Small-scale			中规模 Medium-scale			大规模 Large-scale
			均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation		均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation		均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
投入 Input	劳动力 Labor forces	用工数量 Number of employment (persons·head?1)	3.61	1.42		2.38	0.90		1.33	0.75
	仔猪 Piglets	仔猪重量 Piglets weight (kg·head?1)	17.01	5.37		17.24	5.07		18.39	5.39
	精饲料 Concentrated feed	精饲料数量 Number of concentrated feed (kg·head?1)	299.10	31.91		302.55	31.82		285.04	33.50
	医疗防疫 Medical treatment and epidemics prevention	医疗防疫费 Expense for medical treatment and epidemics prevention (￥ ·head?1)	9.78	3.25		10.49	3.45		12.98	5.82
合意产出 Desirable output	主产品净产量 Net output of main products	主产品产量?仔猪重量 Output weight of main products piglets weight (kg·head ?1)	97.64	10.41		98.37	10.36		93.15	10.81
非合意产出 Unde-sirable output	面源污染 Non-point source pollution	化学需氧量、总氮、总磷等标排放量 Standardized emissions of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus (104g·head?1)	847.55	268.68		537.90	202.13		441.40	178.82
	重金属污染 Heavy metal pollu-tion	铜、锌排放量 Emissions of Cu and Zn (104g·head?1)	4.30	1.26		3.20	1.18		2.80	1.02
	甲烷 Methane (CH4)	排放量 Emission (kg·head?1)	6.75	0.14		6.73	0.12		6.62	0.15
	氧化亚氮 Nitrous oxide (N2O)	排放量 Emission (kg·head?1)	0.99	0.11		1.00	0.11		0.95	0.11

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表2我国不同区域规模生猪养殖绿色全要素生产率指数及其分解
Table2.Green total factor productivity indexes and its decomposition of the scale pig breeding in different pig-breeding developing areas of China

养殖规模 Breeding scale	指数 Index	区域 Area
		全国 Nationwide	重点发展区 Key development areas	约束发展区 Restricted development areas	潜在增长区 Potential development areas	适度发展区 Moderate development areas
大规模 Large-scale	绿色全要素生产率 Malmquist-Luenbeger index (ML)	0.989	0.990	0.986	0.996	0.984
	技术效率 Technical efficiency change indexs (EC)	1.000	1.001	1.002	0.999	1.004
	技术进步 Technical change index (TC)	0.989	0.989	0.985	0.997	0.981
	产出偏向型技术进步 Output-biased technical change index (OBTC)	1.006	1.006	1.004	1.005	1.008
	投入偏向型技术进步 Input-biased technical change index (IBTC)	1.032	1.033	1.036	1.013	1.030
	规模技术进步 Scale technical change index (MTC)	0.955	0.954	0.950	0.980	0.947
中规模 Me-dium-scale	绿色全要素生产率 Malmquist-Luenbeger index (ML)	1.007	0.995	1.003	1.006	0.998
	技术效率 Technical efficiency change index (EC)	0.999	1.000	1.002	1.006	1.002
	技术进步 Technical change index (TC)	1.008	0.994	1.001	1.001	0.996
	产出偏向型技术进步 Output-biased technical change index (OBTC)	1.004	1.004	1.002	1.003	1.007
	投入偏向型技术进步 Input-biased technical change index (IBTC)	1.023	1.017	1.013	1.014	1.043
	规模技术进步 Scale technical change index (MTC)	0.983	0.974	0.987	0.986	0.950
小规模 Small-scale	绿色全要素生产率 Malmquist-Luenbeger index (ML)	1.003	0.992	1.001	1.000	1.001
	技术效率 Technical efficiency change index (EC)	1.000	1.000	0.999	1.000	0.997
	技术进步 Technical change index (TC)	1.003	0.991	1.001	1.000	1.005
	产出偏向型技术进步 Output-biased technical change index (OBTC)	1.005	1.013	1.007	0.999	1.006
	投入偏向型技术进步 Input-biased technical change index (IBTC)	1.022	1.025	1.016	1.005	1.024
	规模技术进步 Scale technical change index (MTC)	0.978	0.957	0.979	0.996	0.978

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表3我国规模生猪养殖技术进步节约要素偏向的省份分布
Table3.Province distribution of saving labor force or concentrated feed in the technology progress bias of scale pig breeding

年份 Year	大规模 Large-scale			中规模 Medium-scale			小规模 Small-scale
	精饲料 Concentrated feed	劳动力 Labor force		精饲料 Concentrated feed	劳动力 Labor force		精饲料 Concentrated feed	劳动力 Labor force
2008	9	20		11	17		6	19
2009	13	16		10	18		9	16
2010	17	12		12	16		8	17
2011	8	19		17	11		14	11
2012	14	14		11	17		6	19
2013	14	15		14	14		13	12
2014	11	18		10	18		12	13
2015	15	14		10	18		13	12
2016	18	11		11	17		9	16
2017	11	18		7	21		8	17
平均 Mean	13	16		11	17		10	15
??表中的数字表示节约某项投入要素的省份数量, 由作者计算而得。 The data in the table are the number of provinces in which the technology progress bias of scale pig breeding tends to save labor force or concentrated feed, which is calculated by the author.

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表4我国不同区域不同时期不同规模生猪养殖技术进步节约要素偏向的省份分布
Table4.Province distribution of saving labor force or concentrated feed in the technology progress bias of pig breeding at different scales across different pig-breeding developing areas of China in different periods

区域Area	年份Year	大规模Large-scale			中规模Medium-scale			小规模Small-scale
		精饲料Concentrated feed	劳动力Labor force		精饲料Concentrated feed	劳动力Labor force		精饲料Concentrated feed	劳动力Labor force
重点发展区 Key development areas	2008—2012	3	3		3	4		3	4
	2013—2017	3	4		2	5		3	4
约束发展区 Restricted development areas	2008—2012	3	7		4	5		3	4
	2013—2017	5	5		4	5		3	4
潜力增长区 Potential development areas	2008—2012	3	3		3	3		1	5
	2013—2017	3	3		2	4		1	5
适度发展区 Moderate development areas	2008—2012	2	3		2	4		1	4
	2013—2017	3	2		2	4		3	2
??表中数字为节约某项投入要素的省份数量, 由作者计算而得。 The data in the table are the number of provinces in which the technology pro-gress bias of scale pig breeding tends to save labor force or concentrated feed, which is calculated by the author.

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