王上,
李康利,
聂江文,
杨亚东,
臧华栋,
曾昭海^,
中国农业大学农学院/农业农村部农作制度重点实验室 北京 100193
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300205-01
国家自然科学基金项目31671640
国家自然科学基金项目31901470
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金2019TC217

详细信息

作者简介:王上, 主要研究方向为新型种植制度构建。E-mail:wangshang@cau.edu.cn

通讯作者:曾昭海, 主要研究方向为豆禾轮作与土壤微生态。E-mail:zengzhaohai@cau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S344.13;S512.1+1

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-12-27
录用日期:2020-02-03
刊出日期:2020-06-01

Economic benefits and carbon footprint of a spring mung bean-summer maize cropping system in the North China Plain

WANG Shang,
LI Kangli,
NIE Jiangwen,
YANG Yadong,
ZANG Huadong,
ZENG Zhaohai^,
College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0300205-01
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31671640
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31901470
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China2019TC217

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Corresponding author:ZENG Zhaohai, E-mail:zengzhaohai@cau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:华北平原是我国重要的粮食生产基地，长期集约化的冬小麦-夏玉米种植导致氮肥施用过量、地下水超采及碳排放增加等生态环境问题日益突出。因此，调整现有种植结构，构建资源节约型种植制度对缓解该区域生态环境问题具有重要意义。为明确新型春绿豆-夏玉米模式的可行性，本研究基于大田试验和生命周期评价方法（life cycle assessment，LCA），定量评估了春绿豆-夏玉米模式与冬小麦-夏玉米模式的产量、经济效益、碳排放和碳足迹。结果表明，春绿豆-夏玉米模式中绿豆与玉米的产量分别为1 760.1 kg·hm^-2和8 775.8 kg·hm^-2，当量产量（换算为玉米产量）为18 833.4 kg·hm^-2，比冬小麦-夏玉米模式低20.4%（P < 0.05）；周年净收入为27 085 ￥·hm^-2（包括每年7 500 ￥·hm^-2的冬季休耕补贴），比冬小麦-夏玉米模式高20.2%；周年碳排放为4 642.1 kg（CO₂-eq）·hm^-2，比冬小麦-夏玉米模式低36.1%；单位产值碳足迹为0.17 kg（CO₂-eq）·￥^-1，比冬小麦-夏玉米模式低48.5%（P < 0.01）。综合来看，在华北平原引入春绿豆-夏玉米模式部分替代传统冬小麦-夏玉米模式，能够改善种植结构，同时提高农民收入、降低农业生产系统碳排放和碳足迹。
关键词:春绿豆-夏玉米/
冬小麦-夏玉米/
经济当量产量/
碳排放/
碳足迹/
生命周期评价
Abstract:The North China Plain is an area of major grain production in China. The intensive winter wheat-summer maize cropping system has led to increasingly excessive nitrogen fertilization, over-exploitation of groundwater, and increased carbon emissions. Therefore, adjusting the existed planting structure and constructing a resource-saving planting system is critical to alleviate the ecological problems of the region. Here, the yield, economic benefits, carbon emissions, and carbon footprint were evaluated between spring mung bean-summer maize (MM) and winter wheat-summer maize (WM) cropping systems based on a field experiment and life cycle assessment (LCA). The yields of mung bean and maize were 1 760.1 kg·hm^-2 and 8 775.8 kg·hm^-2 under the MM treatment, respectively. The annual economic equivalent yield and annual net income of the MM treatment were 18 833.4 kg·hm^-2 and 27 085 ￥·hm^-2, respectively, which were 20.4% lower (P < 0.05) and 20.2% higher than those under the WM treatment, respectively. The annual carbon emission from the MM treatment was 4 642.1 kg(CO₂-eq)·hm^-2, which was 36.1% lower than that from the WM. Additionally, the carbon footprint per unit of economic benefit of the MM treatment was 0.17 kg(CO₂-eq)·￥^-1, 48.5% lower (P < 0.01) than that of WM. Therefore, the introduction of MM systems to replace some WM systems could potentially increase the net income of farmers, as well as reduce carbon emissions and carbon footprint.
Key words:Spring mung bean-summer maize/
Winter wheat-summer maize/
Economic equivalent yield/
Carbon emission/
Carbon footprint/
Life cycle assessment

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图1试验周期内研究区日平均气温和降水量
Figure1.Daily mean air temperature and precipitation during the experiment period in the study area


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图2春绿豆-夏玉米与冬小麦-夏玉米模式周年生产碳足迹计算边界
Figure2.System boundary for calculating carbon footprint in spring mung bean-summer maize and winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems


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图3春绿豆-夏玉米和冬小麦-夏玉米模式的投入产出
柱状图上的误差线为标准误(n=3)。
Figure3.Input and output values comparison of spring mung bean-summer maize and winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems
The error bars represent the standard error of the mean value (n= 3).


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图4春绿豆-夏玉米和冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式的碳排放来源
Figure4.Composition of carbon emission in spring mung bean-summer maize and winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems


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表1春绿豆-夏玉米与冬小麦-夏玉米模式农资投入量及价格
Table1.Amounts and prices of agricultural materials input in spring mung bean-summer maize and winter wheat-summer maize cropping systems

农资 Agricultural material	投入量Amount		价格Price
	春绿豆-夏玉米 Spring mung bean-summer maize	冬小麦-夏玉米 Winter wheat-summer maize
尿素Urea	430 kg·hm–2	574 kg·hm–2	1.8 ￥·kg–1
磷酸二铵(NH4)2HPO4	235 kg·hm–2	535 kg·hm–2	3.5 ￥·kg–1
过磷酸钙Ca(H2PO4)2	375 kg·hm–2	0	0.8 ￥·kg–1
硫酸钾K2SO4	525 kg·hm–2	450 kg·hm–2	3.0 ￥·kg–1
电力Electricity	1 200 kWh·hm–2	3 600 kWh·hm–2	0.55 ￥·kWh–1
农用地膜Mulch film	41 kg·hm–2	0	4.0 ￥·kg–1
柴油Diesel	139 kg·hm–2	196 kg·hm–2	7.6 ￥·kg–1
农药Pesticides	1.19 kg·hm–2	4.75 kg·hm–2	7.5 ￥·kg–1
小麦种子Wheat seeds	0	300 kg·hm–2	7.0 ￥·kg–1
玉米种子Maize seeds	30 kg·hm–2	30 kg·hm–2	20.0 ￥·kg–1
绿豆种子Mung bean seeds	37.5 kg·hm–2	0	22.0 ￥·kg–1

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表2春绿豆-夏玉米与冬小麦-夏玉米模式农资的碳排放参数
Table2.Index of greenhouse gas emission of different agricultural materials input in spring mung bean-summer maize and winter wheat-summer maize cropping systems

项目Item	排放参数Index of carbon emission
氮肥N fertilizer1)	1.53 kg(CO2-eq)·kg–1
磷肥P fertilizer	1.14 kg(CO2-eq)·kg–1[17]
钾肥K fertilizer	0.66 kg(CO2-eq)·kg–1[17]
农药Pesticides	6.58 kg(CO2-eq)·kg–1[17]
电力Electricity	0.92 kg(CO2-eq)·kW·h-1[17]
柴油Diesel	3.32 kg(CO2-eq)·kg–1[17]
农用地膜Mulch film2)	22.72 kg(CO2-eq)·kg–1
小麦种子Wheat seeds	1.16 kg(CO2-eq)·kg–1[17]
玉米种子Maize seeds	1.22 kg(CO2-eq)·kg–1[17]
绿豆种子Mung bean seeds3)	0
1)数据来源为CLCD (中国生命周期基础数据库) v0.7; 2)数据来源为Ecoinvent v0.2; 3)绿豆种子属自繁种, 故认为碳排放记为0。1) The data is from CLCD v0.7; 2) The data is from Ecoinvent v0.2; 3) Mung bean seeds are self-breeding, so the index of carbon emission is zero.

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表3春绿豆-夏玉米与冬小麦-夏玉米模式的作物产量及当量产量
Table3.Grain yield and economic equivalent yield of spring mung bean-summer maize and winter wheat-summer maize cropping systems

作物生长季Crop season	产量Grain yield (kg·hm-2)			经济当量产量Economic equivalent yield [kg(maize)·hm-2]
	春绿豆-夏玉米 Spring mung bean-summer maize	冬小麦-夏玉米 Winter wheat- summer maize		春绿豆-夏玉米 Spring mung bean- summer maize	冬小麦-夏玉米 Winter wheat- summer maize
非玉米季Non-maize season	1 760.1±126.8	7 902.7±376.7		10 057.7±724.6a	12 418.6±592.0a
玉米季Maize season	8 775.8±445.4	11 251.0±571.7		8 775.8±445.4b	11 251.0±571.7a
周年Rotation system	—	—		18 833.4±1 155.8b	23 669.6±1 068.7a
由于两种轮作模式的作物种类不同, 产量直接相加无实际意义, 故实际周年产量一栏空缺; 按照小麦/玉米/绿豆=2.2/1.4/8.0的经济价值将冬小麦和春绿豆的实际产量换算为玉米经济当量产量。表中数值为平均值±标准误(n=3), 每行不同小写字母表示不同种植模式之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Due to the different crop types of the two rotation systems, the direct addition of the grain yield has no practical significance, so the rotation system grain yield column is vacant. The grain yield of winter wheat and spring mung bean were converted to maize economic equivalent yield according to the economic value of wheat/maize/mung bean=2.2/1.4/8.0. The values in the table are the mean ± standard error (n = 3). Different lowercase letters in the same line represent significant differences between two rotation systems (P < 0.05).

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表4春绿豆-夏玉米和冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式的单位面积碳排放和碳足迹
Table4.Carbon emission and footprint of spring mung bean-summer maize and winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems

种植模式 Rotation system	作物生长季 Crop season	单位面积碳排放 Carbon emission per unit area [kg(CO2-eq)·hm–2]	单位产量碳足迹 Carbon footprint per unit yield [kg(CO2-eq)·kg–1]	单位产值碳足迹 Carbon footprint per unit output value [kg(CO2-eq)·￥–1]
春绿豆-夏玉米 Spring mung bean-summer maize	非玉米季Non-maize season	2 867.0	1.65±0.12	0.16±0.01
	玉米季Maize season	1 775.1	0.30±0.01	0.20±0.02
	周年Rotation system	4 642.1	0.44±0.02	0.17±0.01
冬小麦-夏玉米 Winter wheat- summer maize	非玉米季Non-maize season	4 349.5	0.55±0.03	0.40±0.03
	玉米季Maize season	2 913.3	0.26±0.01	0.26±0.02
	周年Rotation system	7 262.8	0.38±0.01	0.33±0.02

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