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不同矿化度微咸水灌溉冬小麦对下季作物产量和周年土壤盐分平衡的影响

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高聪帅1, 2,,
邵立威1,
闫宗正1, 2,
李璐1, 2,
陈素英1,
张喜英1,,
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省节水农业重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
基金项目: 中国科学院科技服务网络计划项目和河北省重点研发计划项目20326422D

详细信息
作者简介:高聪帅, 主要从事农田节水机理与技术研究。E-mail: gaocongshuai18@mails.ucas.ac.cn
通讯作者:张喜英, 主要从事农田节水机理与技术研究。E-mail: xyzhang@sjziam.ac.cn
中图分类号:S153.4

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-08-26
录用日期:2021-01-28
刊出日期:2021-05-01

Annual soil salt balance and crop performance under brackish water irrigation during the winter wheat season

GAO Congshuai1, 2,,
SHAO Liwei1,
YAN Zongzheng1, 2,
LI Lu1, 2,
CHEN Suying1,
ZHANG Xiying1,,
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-saving, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijng 100049, China
Funds: the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Hebei Key R & DInitiative Project20326422D

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Corresponding author:ZHANG Xiying, E-mail: xyzhang@sjziam.ac.cn


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摘要
摘要:冬小麦夏玉米一年两熟是环渤海低平原主要粮食作物种植模式，该区淡水资源匮乏，但浅层微咸水相对丰富，在降水较少的冬小麦生长季，适当利用微咸水代替淡水灌溉对维持冬小麦稳产高产有重要作用。冬小麦季实施微咸水灌溉后土壤盐分累积如何影响下季作物夏玉米生长以及对土壤周年盐分平衡影响，是微咸水能否长期安全利用的关键。为探究上述问题，于2015—2019年连续4年在环渤海低平原中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉定点试验，共设置含盐量为1 g·L-1淡水（F）、3 g·L-1微咸水（S3）、4 g·L-1微咸水（S4）、5 g·L-1微咸水（S5）4个梯度，在拔节期灌水1次，灌水量均为70 mm；另以生育期不灌水作为对照（旱作，CK）。结果表明，不同矿化度微咸水灌溉处理间冬小麦产量没有显著差异，但平均比CK显著增产31.6%。同时，冬小麦生长季微咸水灌溉均增加了收获时1 m以上土层的含盐量，并随灌溉水含盐量增加而增加；对1 m以下土层含盐量影响不明显。夏玉米播种时灌溉70 mm淡水不仅解决了土壤墒情不足问题，并可使0~20 cm土层盐分控制在1 g·kg-1以下，保证夏玉米出苗和群体建立，对夏玉米产量没有显著影响。经过夏季降雨的淋洗，S3、S4和S5处理0~40 cm土层含盐量降低幅度超过30%，深层土壤含盐量变化不明显，1 m以上土层可以实现周年盐分平衡。本研究表明冬小麦-夏玉米一年两季种植，冬小麦耐盐能力较强的特征使其生育期可以通过不大于5 g·L-1的微咸水灌溉维持稳产，在保证夏玉米出苗水进行灌溉的条件下，夏玉米季通过雨季降水淋盐维持0~1 m主要根层土壤不发生明显积盐过程，可实现长期微咸水灌溉下土壤和作物安全。
关键词:微咸水灌溉/
冬小麦/
夏玉米/
作物产量/
土壤盐分/
盐分平衡
Abstract:The annual double cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize is a stable cropping system in the low plain of the Bohai Sea. Owing to the shortage of fresh water and the relative abundance of shallow saline water in this region, saline water is used to irrigate winter wheat. The accumulated salt in the soil after the winter wheat season affects the following summer maize season, and the annual soil salt balance is affected by saline irrigation. To address these issues, a continuous 4-year field study was conducted at the Nanpi Eco-agriculture Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences from 2015 to 2019. Four treatments were set up to irrigate winter wheat once using irrigation water (70 mm) with different total salt contents at the jointing stage, i.e., freshwater 1 g·L-1 (F), 3 g·L-1 brackish water (S3), 4 g·L-1 brackish water (S4), and 5 g·L-1 brackish water (S5). There was also a treatment without irrigation (rain-fed, CK). The results showed that there was no significant difference in winter wheat yield among the four irrigation treatments, and the average yield with irrigation was 31.6% greater than that of CK. Irrigation using brackish water increased the soil salt content of the top 1 m soil profile during winter wheat harvesting. The soil salt content increase was proportional to the salt content of irrigation water. There were no significant differences in the soil salt contents below 1 m. The necessary irrigation using 70 mm freshwater for the seedling establishment of summer maize after winter wheat harvest reduced the salt content of the top 20 cm soil layer, which created favorable soil conditions for maize growth. No significant differences in summer maize yield were observed among different treatments. With concentrated rainfall during the summer monsoon season, the salt content in the top soil layer (0-40 cm) for the S3, S4, and S5 treatments decreased by more than 30% due to leaching, but the salt content of deep soil did not change. The results showed that the high salt tolerance of winter wheat maintained a stable yield with saline water irrigation. With irrigation at maize sowing and the subsequent summer rainfall, the accumulated salt is leached out of the major root zone to enable the continued use of saline water irrigation for winter wheat in this region.
Key words:Brackish water irrigation/
Winter wheat/
Summer maize/
Yield of crop/
Salt content of soil/
Soil salt balance

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图12015—2019年试验地0~40 cm平均土壤含水量变化
: 冬小麦拔节期灌水Irrigation at winter wheat jointing stage; : 夏玉米播种后灌水Irrigation after sowing summer maize.
Figure1.Soil moisture dynamics for the top 40 cm soil layer from 2015 to 2019 of the experimental field


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图22016—2019年冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉对冬小麦收获后土壤盐分剖面分布特征的影响
Figure2.Distribution of salinity along soil profile at winter wheat harvest under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities in winter wheat season during 2016?2019


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图32016—2019年冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉对夏玉米播种水灌溉前后0~20 cm土壤含盐量的影响
不同小写字母代表同一调查时间各处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure3.Changes in soil salt content in 0?20 cm soil layer before and after irrigation at sowing of summer maize under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities in winter wheat season during 2016?2019
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments in the same investigation time (P < 0.05).


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图42015—2019年冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉对冬小麦和下季作物夏玉米产量的影响
不同小写字母代表同一年份各处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure4.Yields of winter wheat and summer maize under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities in winter wheat season during 2015?2019
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).


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图5冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉下2017年(a、b、c、d、e)和2018年(f、g、h、i、j)雨季前后土壤盐分剖面分布
Figure5.Distribution of soil salt before and after summer rainfall in 2017 (a, b, c, d, e) and 2018 (f, g, h, i, j) under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities in winter wheat season


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图62016—2019年冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉下不同土层含盐量动态变化趋势
Figure6.Changes in soil salt contents at different soil layers under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities in winter wheat season from 2016 to 2019


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表1不同矿化度灌溉水离子含量
Table1.Soluble ions concentrations in irrigation water withdifferent salinities used for the experiment?g?L?1
灌溉水Irrigation water矿化度Salinity (g?L?1)${\rm{HCO}}_3^ - $Cl-${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$Ca2+Mg2+K++Na+
淡水Fresh water10.340.160.200.010.020.25
微咸水Brackish water30.401.290.210.020.031.03
40.431.830.280.020.051.38
50.452.300.350.030.071.81


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表22015—2019年冬小麦和夏玉米生育期气象因素
Table2.Weather conditions during winter wheat and summer maize growing seasons from 2015?2019
气象要素Meteorological factor冬小麦Winter wheat夏玉米Summer maize
2015—20162016—20172017—20182018—2019多年平均Annual average2016201720182019多年平均Annual average
降水Precipitation (mm)115.262.1163.756110.5376.4315.4461.6441.3417.2
日照时数Sunshine hours (h)1422.11493.51585.51623.31674.5558.5677.1776.0721.2774.9
日均温度Daily mean temperature (℃)8.39.48.58.97.526.026.426.526.324.9
≥10 ℃积温Accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ (℃)1771.71852.81886.91837.81642.12805.92854.32861.72838.42673.1


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表32015—2019年不同矿化度微咸水灌溉对冬小麦产量构成及收获指数
Table3.Yield composition and harvest index of winter wheat under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities during 2015?2019
年份Year处理Treatment穗数Spike number (spikes·m?2)穗粒数Kernels per spike千粒重1000-seed weight (g)收获指数Harvest index
2015—2016淡水Fresh water515.6±44.4a29.5±2.0a36.4±0.9a0.432±0.007a
3 g?L?1552.2±37.5a32.7±0.5a37.7±1.1a0.441±0.024a
4 g?L?1584.5±65.0a30.0±1.1a39.0±2.1a0.423±0.044a
5 g?L?1538.9±42.2a29.1±0.9a38.4±0.7a0.440±0.023a
旱作Rain-fed457.8±61.9a29.9±3.7a37.5±0.8a0.393±0.019a
2016—2017淡水Fresh water723.4±35.0a26.7±0.8a36.4±0.9a0.402±0.013ab
3 g?L?1740.6±39.8a28.1±1.2a37.0±1.8a0.411±0.016a
4 g?L?1771.7±46.4a28.7±0.6a38.7±1.6a0.412±0.008a
5 g?L?1721.7±18.9a26.7±1.3a35.6±0.7a0.383±0.009b
旱作Rain-fed720.0±46.5a26.8±1.1a37.6±1.5a0.382±0.015b
2017—2018淡水Fresh water728.1±63.9a23.6±0.9a34.6±0.4c0.390±0.021a
3 g?L?1705.3±88.9a22.5±1.2a37.2±1.8b0.388±0.022a
4 g?L?1638.3±48.2a22.2±2.9a38.5±0.6ab0.379±0.021a
5 g?L?1609.3±53.5a22.3±5.7a40.1±0.4a0.372±0.022a
旱作Rain-fed558.2±102.8a20.7±0.4a39.4±0.7a0.391±0.008a
2018—2019淡水Fresh water756.7±19.7a31.1±3.9a34.7±1.9a0.417±0.078a
3 g?L?1792.3±40.7a27.3±1.1ab36.1±0.3a0.393±0.032a
4 g?L?1730.6±40.0a24.1±1.4bc34.7±1.2a0.334±0.017a
5 g?L?1785.9±19.2a20.6±3.7c35.0±1.1a0.324±0.037a
旱作Rain-fed641.7±76.0b20.7±2.6c36.0±1.7a0.325±0.079a
不同小写字母代表同一年份各处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).


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表42016—2019年冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉对下茬作物夏玉米产量构成及收获指数的影响
Table4.Yield composition and harvest index of summer maize under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities in winter wheat season during 2016?2019
年份Year处理Treatment穗数Spike number (spikes?m?2)穗粒数Kernels per spike百粒重100-seed weight (g)收获指数Harvest index
2016淡水Fresh water6.3±0.11a487.1±11.7a33.6±0.66a0.495±0.026a
3 g?L?16.0±0.08a493.3±36.1a33.4±0.40a0.494±0.022a
4 g?L?16.3±0.29a491.3±32.0a32.5±1.51a0.497±0.021a
5 g?L?16.6±0.57a476.1±27.5a32.0±0.74a0.495±0.022a
旱作Rain-fed6.1±0.28a497.1±35.7a32.7±0.41a0.502±0.026a
2017淡水Fresh water6.8±0.44a522.0±45.2a32.9±1.42a0.497±0.006a
3 g?L?17.2±0.28a520.7±49.7a32.8±0.85a0.500±0.020a
4 g?L?17.0±0.07a523.3±7.3a32.9±0.72a0.513±0.006a
5 g?L?16.7±0.57a489.7±25.3a32.7±0.80a0.515±0.005a
旱作Rain-fed7.4±0.19a513.6±11.2a32.7±1.72a0.520±0.010a
2018淡水Fresh water6.4±0.47a557.2±34.7a31.8±0.62a0.520±0.325a
3 g?L?16.4±0.42a501.0±35.9a32.3±.65a0.512±0.439a
4 g?L?17.0±0.43a514.7±5.6a31.2±.56a0.505±0.076a
5 g?L?16.4±0.30a544.3±20.7a32.3± 0.52a0.498±0.035a
旱作Rain-fed6.4±0.48a502.6±41.2a32.2±0.72a0.515±0.008a
2019淡水Fresh water5.9±0.39a563.2±29.3a30.5±1.74a0.469±0.002a
3 g?L?15.1±0.20a543.8±28.8a31.4±1.23a0.470±0.001a
4 g?L?15.8±0.96a546.0±11.5a30.3±1.36a0.473±0.003a
5 g?L?15.7±0.57a569.0±11.5a30.2±0.71a0.471±0.002a
旱作Rain-fed5.5±0.58a523.5±39.4a30.2±0.87a0.472±0.002a
不同小写字母代表同一年份各处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).


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