龙武赐^1,,
李天依¹,
黎淳¹,
谢冰一¹,
任少鹏²,
金树权²,
宇振荣³,
刘云慧^{3, 4},
段美春^{1, 4,,}
1.西南大学农学与生物科技学院 重庆 400715
2.宁波市农业科学研究院 宁波 315040
3.中国农业大学资源与环境学院 北京 100193
4.北京市生物多样性与有机农业重点实验室 北京 100193
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目41901218
国家重点研发计划项目2018YFC0507203
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目SWU119074

详细信息

作者简介:龙武赐, 主要研究方向为农业生态经济效益评价。E-mail: 1411667566@qq.com

通讯作者:段美春, 主要研究方向为农业景观与生物多样性保护。E-mail: duanmc@swu.edu.cn

中图分类号:S154.5;F323

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-11-20
录用日期:2021-01-22
刊出日期:2021-03-01

Effects of management measures and soil factors on the diversity of ground spider communities in five agricultural habitat types

LONG Wuci^1,,
LI Tianyi¹,
LI Chun¹,
XIE Bingyi¹,
REN Shaopeng²,
JIN Shuquan²,
YU Zhenrong³,
LIU Yunhui^{3, 4},
DUAN Meichun^{1, 4,,}
1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
2. Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, China
3. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
4. Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing 100193, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China41901218
the National Key Research and Development Project of China2018YFC0507203
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of ChinaSWU119074

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Corresponding author:DUAN Meichun, E-mail: duanmc@swu.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:以往的研究表明有机管理有利于生物多样性保护，但在不同农业生境类型中是否都存在这个结论呢？基于此问题，本研究在一个多生境的有机管理农场与一个相邻的多生境常规集约化管理农区，采用陷阱法进行蜘蛛取样，对比有机和常规管理措施下大棚菜地、果园、稻田田埂、露天田块及农田边界等5种生境类型的农田蜘蛛多样性的差异，并分析土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性的影响。研究发现：1）有机管理与常规管理的蜘蛛物种数没有显著差异，但有机管理的果园中蜘蛛个体数比常规管理的果园中多139%，且差异显著。同一管理措施下，仅常规管理农田区的农田边界蜘蛛个体数和物种数分别显著高于其他生境均值104%和59%。2）有机管理农场比常规管理农田的蜘蛛物种组成差异略大，且在有机管理下不同生境间的蜘蛛群落组成差异更明显。3）土壤因子中有机质、全氮、全磷含量等对蜘蛛群落结构有显著影响，但对蜘蛛个体数和物种数没有显著影响，仅土壤Cu含量和蜘蛛个体数呈显著负相关。在本研究中虽然有机管理和土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性有一定影响，但不同生境间管理强度、植被结构等差异对蜘蛛多样性的影响更大。因此，发展多种农业生境类型的有机农业可提升物种β多样性。同时，在常规集约化管理农区，保留农田边界等半自然生境、适当减少化肥和农药等投入、降低农田内部的管理强度、防止土壤重金属污染等措施均有助于保护蜘蛛多样性。
关键词:有机管理/
土地利用类型/
农业生境/
蜘蛛多样性
Abstract:Empirical studies have demonstrated the positive effects of organic management on farmland biodiversity, but the consistency of this effect between different agricultural habitat types has not been explored. Therefore, a comparison study was conducted between two adjacent farmlands, both with multiple habitats but subjected to contrasting management measures (organic vs. conventional). We sampled spiders using pitfall traps and examined differences in their diversity across organically and conventionally managed farmlands for five different habitat types (vegetable greenhouses, orchards, open-air fields, field margins, and paddy ridges). We also examined how the soil factors affect spider diversity. No significant differences were detected in species richness between the organically and conventionally managed farmlands, but spider abundance in the organically managed orchards was 139% higher than in the conventionally managed orchards. Within the same management system, spider abundance and species richness in the field margins of conventionally managed agricultural areas were 104% and 59% higher than in other habitats, respectively. The difference in spider community composition in organically managed farmland was slightly larger than in conventionally managed farmlands. Meanwhile, the difference in spider community composition between different habitat types was greater in organically managed farmlands than in conventionally managed farmlands. The organic matter content, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the soil significantly affected the spider community structure, but these factors did not correlate with spider abundance or species richness. There was a significant negative correlation between total copper (Cu) and spider abundance. This study showed that the spider community is affected by many factors. The management intensity of different habitat types and the vegetation structure were more important than management practices and soil factors. Thus, it is important to create different agricultural habitats and develop organic management techniques to sustain beta-diversity at the landscape scale. Maintaining semi-natural habitats (such as field margins with rich vegetation), reducing agrochemical inputs and disturbances on farmlands, and preventing soil heavy metal pollution may help sustain spider diversity in conventionally managed farmlands.
Key words:Organic management/
Land use types/
Agricultural habitat/
Spider diversity

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图1有机管理和常规管理下不同生境类型的蜘蛛个体数(A)和物种数(B)
ALL: 总体(综合5种生境); DC: 大棚蔬菜; GY: 果园; LC: 露天田块; NB: 农田边界; SD: 水稻田埂。不同小写字母表示同一生境下有机管理和常规管理间差异显著(P < 0.05), 不同大写字母表示同一管理措施下不同生境间差异显著(P < 0.05)。ALL: integration of five types of habitats; DC: vegetable greenhouse; GY: orchard; LC: open-air field; NB: field margin; SD: paddy ridge. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between organic and conventional management practices in the same habitat type (P < 0.05). Different capital letters mean significant differences among different habitat types under the same management practice (P < 0.05).
Figure1.Individuals number (A) and species richness (B) of spiders in different habitats of farmlands under organic and conventional management practices


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图2有机管理和常规管理农田不同生境类型蜘蛛群落非度量多维度分析(NMDS)(stress=0.16)
第1个字母为C代表常规管理, O代表有机管理; DC为大棚蔬菜; GY为果园; LC为露天田块; NB为农田边界; SD为水稻田埂。The first letter of code represents management practice, C is conventional farming, and O is organic farming. DC is vegetable greenhouse; GY is orchard; LC is open-air field; NB is field margin; SD is paddy ridge.
Figure2.Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of spider community in different habitats of farmland under organic and conventional management practices (stress=0.16)


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图3土壤Cu含量与蜘蛛个体数相关性分析
Figure3.Correlation between soil copper content and spider individuals number


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表1有机农场和常规农田的蜘蛛群落组成
Table1.Composition of spider community in farmlands under organic and conventional management practices

科Family	物种Species	有机农场 Organic farming	常规农田 Conventional farming
跳蛛科Salticidae	乔氏蚁蛛Myrmarachne formicaria (De Geer, 1778)	1	1
	华南菱头蛛Bianor angulosus (Karsch, 1879)	4	1
	白斑猎蛛Evarcha albaria (L. Koch, 1878)	14	2
	狐拟伊蛛Orienticius vulpes Prószyński, 2016	1	1
	裂菱头蛛Bianor balius Thorell, 1890	1	0
	菱头蛛属Bianor hotingchlehi. Sp.1	0	2
	跳蛛科Sp.1	1	0
	跳蛛科Sp.2	0	1
	指状哈沙蛛Hasarius dactyloides (Xie, Peng & Kim, 1993)	2	3
球蛛科Theridiidae	球蛛Sp. 1	1	0
	日斯坦蛛Stemmops nipponicus (Yaginuma, 1969)	1	0
	八斑鞘腹蛛Coleosoma octomaculatum (B?senberg & Strand, 1906)	0	1
皿蛛科Linyphiidae	隆背微蛛Erigone prominens B?senberg & Strand, 1906	87	45
	皿蛛科Sp. 1	9	2
	皿蛛科Sp. 2	24	4
	皿蛛科Sp. 3	1	0
	皿蛛科Sp. 4	2	0
	食虫沟瘤蛛Ummeliata insecticeps (B?senberg & Strand, 1906)	24	9
	塔克额角蛛Gnathonarium taczanowskii (O. P.-Cambridge, 1873)	0	1
狼蛛科Lycosidae	沟渠豹蛛Pardosa laura Karsch, 1879	583	340
	己熊蛛Arctosa serrulata (Mao & Song, 1985)	1	2
	类奇异獾蛛Trochosa ruricoloides Schenkel, 1963	63	63
	类水小狼蛛Piratula piratoides (B?senberg & Strand, 1906)	143	260
	忠娲蛛Wadicosa fidelis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872)	248	87
	拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata (B?senberg & Strand, 1906)	205	120
	拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus (B?senberg & Strand, 1906)	3	11
	浙江豹蛛Pardosa tschekiangiensis Schenkel, 1963	63	61
	前凹小水狼蛛中华亚种Piratula procurva (B?senberg & Strand, 1906)	1	0
	细毛小水狼蛛Piratula tenuisetacea (Chai, 1987)	3	11
蟹蛛科Thomisidae	赫氏花蟹蛛Xysticus hedini Schenkel, 1936	5	1
	花蟹蛛Sp. 1	1	1
	三突伊氏蛛Ebrechtella tricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775)	3	0
平腹蛛Gnaphosidae	近狂蛛属Sp. 1	1	0
	平腹蛛属Sp. 1	2	0
	白岳粗狂蛛Trachyzelotes baiyuensis Xu, 1991	0	2
	赵氏平腹蛛Gnaphosa zhaoi Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992	1	0
管巢蛛Clubionidae	十字盾球蛛Orthobula crucifera B?senberg & Strand., 1906	1	0
	褶管巢蛛Clubiona corrugata B?senberg & Strand, 1906	5	1
园蛛科Araneidae	四点高亮腹蛛Hypsosinga pygmaea (Sundevall, 1831)	2	0
栉足蛛科Ctenidae	田野阿纳蛛Anahita fauna Karsch, 1879	0	1
栅蛛科Hahniidae	浙江栅蛛Hahnia zhejiangensis Song & Zheng, 1982	3	2
刺足蛛Phrurolithus	中华刺足蛛Phrurolithus sinicus Zhu & Mei, 1982	95	25
盗蛛科Pisauridae	赤条狡蛛Dolomedes saganus B?senberg & Strand, 1906	2	0
类球蛛科Nesticidae	底栖小类球蛛Nesticella mogera (Yaginuma, 1972)	20	6
猫蛛科Oxyopidae	类斜纹猫蛛Oxyopes sertatoides Xie & Kim, 1996	1	0
卵形蛛科Oonopidae	卵形蛛Sp. 1	0	1
隐石蛛Titanoecidae	白斑隐蛛Nurscia albofasciata (Strand, 1907)	1	0
	合计Total	1629	1068

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表2土壤因子与蜘蛛群落组成NMDS轴得分的相关性分析
Table2.Correlation analysis of soil factors and scores of NMDS axle based on spiders' community composition data

	轴1 Coordinate 1	轴2 Coordinate 2	有机质 Organic matter	全氮 Total nitrogen	全磷 Total phosphorus	碱解氮 Available nitrogen
有机质Organic matter	-0.496**	-0.190
全氮Total nitrogen	-0.498**	-0.212	0.999**
全磷Total phosphorus	-0.406*	-0.122	0.464**	0.462*
碱解氮Available nitrogen	-0.497**	-0.207	1.000**	1.000**	0.463**
Pb	-0.468**	0.014	0.462*	0.459*	0.409*	0.460*
*和**分别表示P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平显著相关。* and ** indicate significant correlation at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively.

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