焦云飞,
李强,
高洪军,
王周,
张秀芝,
朱平,
彭畅^,
吉林省农业科学院 长春 130033
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2016YFD0800101
国家重点研发计划课题2016YFD0300803
吉林省重大科技专项课题20200503004SF

详细信息

作者简介:焦云飞, 主要研究方向为农业面源污染控制。E-mail: jyf20151029@163.com

通讯作者:彭畅, 主要研究方向为黑土资源保护与农业面源污染控制。E-mail: pengchang2005@163.com

中图分类号:S157.1

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-07-14
录用日期:2020-09-17
刊出日期:2021-01-01

Effects of rainfall on nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in rainfed spring maize black soil farmland in Jilin Province, China

JIAO Yunfei,
LI Qiang,
GAO Hongjun,
WANG Zhou,
ZHANG Xiuzhi,
ZHU Ping,
PENG Chang^,
Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0800101
the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0300803
the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province20200503004SF

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Corresponding author:PENG Chang E-mail: pengchang2005@163.com

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摘要
摘要:吉林省黑土区是我国玉米生产的重要基地, 农业集约化程度较高, 农业面源污染风险较大。因此, 掌握吉林省黑土区降雨与农田氮磷淋溶的关系, 对区域生态农业可持续发展意义重大。本研究基于吉林省4个面源污染监测点, 于2016—2019年春玉米季对降雨情况、淋溶量、淋溶液氮磷浓度及淋溶强度等进行了动态监测, 系统分析了吉林省黑土区自然降雨与农田氮磷淋溶的关系。结果表明: 1)吉林省黑土区降雨年际间和监测点间差异较大, 年际间波动在424~554 mm, 春玉米全生育期平均降雨量为475 mm; 不同监测点降雨量大小依次为通化(593~785 mm)>公主岭(512~699 mm)>梨树(305~434 mm)>农安(197~342 mm)。2)淋溶量和降雨强度呈极显著正相关关系, 降雨强度每增加10 mm·(24h)^-1, 淋溶量增加1.81 mm。全生育期(4—10月)降雨量与淋溶次数、淋溶概率分别呈极显著和显著正相关, 降雨量每增加100 mm, 淋溶次数约增加3次, 淋溶概率上升6%。当全生育期降雨量超过74 mm时, 淋溶概率增加, 可能引起淋溶; 而当全生育期降雨量达到217 mm时, 淋溶次数增加, 可以发生淋溶。产生淋溶的降雨等级一般以中雨(10~24.9 mm)和大雨(25~49.9 mm)为主。3)淋溶量和淋溶液总氮浓度呈极显著正相关, 与总磷浓度无明显相关关系。4)总氮淋溶强度与降雨强度呈极显著正相关, 降雨强度每增加10 mm·(24h)^-1, 总氮淋溶强度增加0.73 kg·hm^-2, 而总磷淋溶强度与降雨强度无明显相关性。由此可见, 吉林省黑土区农田在春玉米雨养条件下以氮素淋溶为主, 且与降雨密切相关, 应因地制宜采取农艺措施在源头上阻控农业面源污染的发生, 为农业生态可持续发展提供有效途径。
关键词:黑土区/
降雨/
氮磷淋溶/
春玉米
Abstract:The black soil area of Jilin Province is important for maize production in China, where agricultural development and nonpoint source pollution risks are intensifying. Understanding the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching from rainfed spring maize farmland is important for the sustainable development of the region. This study investigated rainfall and leaching amounts, nitrogen and phosphorus leachate concentrations, and leaching intensity from 2016 to 2019 at four nonpoint source pollution monitoring stations in Jilin Province, China, and analyzed the relationship between rainfall and farmland nitrogen and phosphorus leaching. The results showed that the inter-annual and inter-regional rainfall differences were large, ranging from 424 to 554 mm. The average rainfall during spring maize growth season was 475 mm. Tonghua monitoring station had the most rain (593–785 mm), followed by Gongzhuling station (512–699 mm) and Lishu station (305–434 mm); Nong'an station had the least rain (197–342 mm). Tonghua and Nong'an growth seasons had primarily light and moderate rain, and Gongzhuling and Lishu had moderate and heavy rain and thunderstorms. There was a significant positive correlation between the leaching amount and rain intensity (P < 0.01). For every 10 mm·(24h)^-1 increase in rain intensity, the leaching amount increased by 1.81 mm. Rainfall during the spring maize growth season (April to October) was also significantly correlated with the leaching amount (P < 0.05). For every 100 mm rain increase, the leached sample number and the leaching probability increased (3 times and 6%, respectively). When the growing season rainfall exceeded 74 mm, the leaching probability increased, and when it exceeded 217 mm, leaching could occur. Leaching occurred when rain levels were 10.0–24.9 mm (moderate rain) and 25.0–49.9 mm (heavy rain). There was a significant positive correlation between leaching amount and total nitrogen concentration, but no correlation with total phosphorus concentration. The total nitrogen leaching intensity had a strong positive correlation (P < 0.01) with rain intensity; for every 10 mm·(24h)^-1 increase in rain intensity, the total nitrogen leaching intensity increased by 0.73 kg·hm^-2. The total phosphorus leaching intensity did not correlate with rain intensity. Nitrogen primarily leached from black soil area farmland in Jilin Province during the rainfed spring maize growth season and was correlated with rainfall. Agronomic measures should be adopted to prevent agricultural nonpoint source pollution at the source.
Key words:Black soil area/
Rainfall/
Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching/
Spring maize

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图1吉林省雨养春玉米氮磷淋溶监测点位分布图
Figure1.Distribution of monitoring stations for nitrogen and phosphorus leaching of rainfed spring maize in Jilin Province


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图2田间渗滤池(地下部分)及取水装置(地上部分)示意图
Figure2.Schematic diagram of field leakage pond (underground part) and water intake device (aboveground part)


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图32016—2019年吉林省4个监测点雨养春玉米生育期降雨量变化
Figure3.Variations of rainfall during rainfed spring maize growth season in four monitoring stations in Jilin Province from 2016 to 2019


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图4吉林省4个监测点春玉米生育期降雨量与淋溶概率(a)和淋溶次数(b)的关系及不同降雨强度下淋溶次数分布(c)
Figure4.Relationship between rainfall and leaching probability (a) and leaching times (b), and proportions of leaching times of different rainfall levels to total leaching times (c) during rainfed spring maize growth season in four monitoring stations of Jilin Province


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图52016—2019年吉林省4个监测点春玉米生育期淋溶量与淋溶液总磷浓度的关系(a)及总磷浓度比较(b)
Figure5.Relationship between leaching amount and total phosphorus (TP) concentration of leachate (a) and TP concentration of leachate (b) during rainfed spring maize growth season in four monitoring stations in Jilin Province from 2016 to 2019


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表1吉林省春玉米氮磷淋溶监测点基本情况
Table1.Basic information of spring maize nitrogen and phosphorus leaching monitoring stations in Jilin Province

监测点Monitoring station	小区面积Plot area (m2)	小区数量Plot number	面积Total area (m2)	化肥施用量Fertilization rate (kg·hm-2)			基本情况Basic situation
				N	P	K2O
农安Nong’an	54	3	162	219	67.5	67.5	属中温带大陆性气候。主要土壤类型为黑土、黑钙土。It has a mid-temperate continental climate. The main soil types are black soil and chernozem.
梨树Lishu	38	3	114	270	139.5	139.5	属北温带半湿润大陆季风性气候, 主要土壤类型有黑土、黑钙土、淡黑钙土、棕壤、白浆土等。It is a semi-humid northern temperate continental monsoon climate. The main soil types are black soil, chernozem, light chernozem, brown earth, albic soil, etc.
公主岭Gongzhuling	2	3	6	240	90	90	属中温带湿润地区大陆性季风气候。主要土壤类型为黑土、黑钙土。It has a humid temperate continental monsoon climate. The main soil types are black soil and chernozem.
通化Tonghua	54	3	162	240	114	120	属中温带湿润气候区, 主要土壤类型为黑土、暗棕壤。It is in the humid middle temperate zone. The main soil types are black soil and dark brown soil.

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表22016—2019年吉林省4个监测点雨养春玉米生育期降雨统计
Table2.Statistical analysis of rainfall during rainfed spring maize growth season in different monitoring stations in Jilin Province from 2016 to 2019

监测点Monitoring station	等级Level	年均降雨次数Annual average rainfall times	年均降雨量Annual mean rainfall (mm)	最大日降雨量Max daily rainfall (mm)
公主岭Gongzhuling	小雨Light rain	16.8	87.9	9.7
	中雨Moderate rain	8.8	134.9	24.4
	大雨Heavy rain	5.8	191.0	43.8
	暴雨Thunderstorm	2.8	155.4	81.0
	大暴雨Torrential rain	0.3	27.4	109.7
梨树Lishu	小雨Light rain	3.3	21.7	9.7
	中雨Moderate rain	6.0	98.3	24.0
	大雨Heavy rain	2.5	80.9	40.0
	暴雨Thunderstorm	2.8	183.3	86.7
农安Nong’an	小雨Light rain	6.0	48.2	9.8
	中雨Moderate rain	9.0	139.7	23.9
	大雨Heavy rain	1.0	30.0	33.0
	暴雨Thunderstorm	0.5	28.4	63.5
通化Tonghua	小雨Light rain	19.0	181.7	9.7
	中雨Moderate rain	12.0	251.9	24.8
	大雨Heavy rain	1.5	76.0	33.8
	暴雨Thunderstorm	1.2	118.1	52.5
除通化为2019年降雨数据外, 其他监测点均为2016—2019年数据。The rainfall data are from 2016 to 2019 except Tonghua, where the rainfall data is in 2019.

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表32016—2019年吉林省4个监测点春玉米生育期降雨强度(x)与淋溶量(y)的关系
Table3.Relationship between rainfall intensity (x) and leaching amount (y) during rainfed spring maize growth season in four monitoring stations in Jilin Province from 2016 to 2019

监测点Monitoring station	拟合方程Fitted equation	样本量Sample size	r
公主岭Gongzhuling	y=0.0348x+1.7318	61	0.5102**
梨树Lishu	y=0.1079x+6.7734	11	0.2980
农安Nong’an	y=0.2427x+5.5176	14	0.6963**
通化Tonghua	y=0.0946x+5.0444	43	0.3829*
所有点Four stations	y=0.1810x+2.4433	133	0.5460**
**和*分别表示拟合方程在P < 0.01和P < 0.05水平显著。** and * mean significance at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 levels of the fitted equations, respectively.

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表42016—2019年吉林省4个监测点春玉米生育期淋溶量(x)与淋溶液总氮浓度(y)的关系
Table4.Relationship between leaching amount (x) and total nitrogen concentration of leachate (y) during rainfed spring maize growth season in four monitoring stations in Jilin Province from 2016 to 2019

监测点Monitoring station	拟合方程Fitted equation	样本量Sample size	r
公主岭Gongzhuling	y=1.4092x+5.0456	63	0.2771
梨树Lishu	y=0.6281x+44.842	9	0.1691
农安Nong’an	y=?0.2984x+24.682	15	0.7345
通化Tonghua	y=0.2073x+12.934	42	0.1153
所有点Four stations	y=1.2910x+8.9103	128	0.4548**
*表示拟合方程在P < 0.05水平显著。* means significance at P < 0.05 level of the fitted equations.

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表52016—2019年吉林省4个监测点春玉米生育期降雨强度(x)与总氮及总磷淋溶强度(y)的关系
Table5.Relationship between rainfall intensity (x) and total nitrogen or total phosphorus leaching intensity (y) during rainfed spring maize growth season in four monitoring stations in Jilin Province from 2016 to 2019

监测点Monitoring station	总氮淋溶强度Total nitrogen leaching intensity				总磷淋溶强度Total phosphorus leaching intensity
	拟合方程Fitted equation	样本量Sample size	r		拟合方程Fitted equation	样本量Sample size	r
公主岭Gongzhuling	y=0.0027x+0.19	63	0.2119		y=4E-05x+0.0015	63	0.2575
梨树Lishu	y=0.0899x+1.5586	9	0.3531		y=4E-05x+0.0092	11	0.0566
农安Nong’an	y=0.0280x+2.7903	12	0.4126		y=-9E-05x+0.0124	14	0.1562
通化Tonghua	y=0.0167x+0.6838	9	0.2993		y=-1E-05x+0.0095	42	0.0283
所有点Four stations	y=0.0732x-0.2046	122	0.4950**		y=4E-05x+0.0053	126	0.1030

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