张树兰2,
党廷辉1,
郭李萍3,
李丽君4,
高鹏程2,
王蕊1
1.西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所 杨凌 712100
2.西北农林科技大学资源环境学院 杨凌 712100
3.中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所 北京 100081
4.山西农业大学资源环境学院/山西省土壤环境与养分资源重点实验室 太原 030031
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0800105
详细信息
作者简介:郭胜利, 研究方向为农田生态系统土壤碳氮素循环。E-mail:slguo@ms.iswc.ac.cn
中图分类号:S145.6计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2020-08-04
录用日期:2020-09-01
刊出日期:2021-01-01
Effects of field management practices on nitrogen and phosphate leaching in the cinnamon soil area of China
GUO Shengli1,,,ZHANG Shulan2,
DANG Tinghui1,
GUO Liping3,
LI Lijun4,
GAO Pengcheng2,
WANG Rui1
1. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
3. Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
4. College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources, Taiyuan 030031, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0800105
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Corresponding author:GUO Shengli, E-mail: slguo@ms.iswc.ac.cn
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摘要
摘要:自20世纪90年代以来，持续过量氮磷化肥投入导致农业面源污染日益严重，了解农田土壤氮磷淋溶特征是降低地下水污染的基础。基于田间调查、长期定位肥料试验和田间试验，分析褐土区氮磷的盈余状况，阐明该区农田土壤氮磷的盈余变化、淋溶特征；评价田间管理措施对农田土壤氮磷淋溶的影响。结果表明，典型褐土区关中平原过量施氮的土壤达到83%以上，大量土壤硝态氮已经迁移到100 cm土层以下，15%的水井地下水的硝态氮含量超过10 mg·L-1（WHO饮用水标准）；80%耕层土壤有效磷（Olsen-P）含量已超过20 mg·kg-1，富磷土壤已出现可溶性磷素向耕层以下迁移的现象。氮肥和磷肥的投入量、氮磷吸收量和土壤氮磷残留量之间存在着3个发展阶段：环境友好-资源高效阶段、环境低风险-资源低效阶段和环境有害-资源无效阶段。与当地常规水肥投入量相比，在保证产量的前提下，化肥减量、降低灌溉量、施用生物炭或秸秆还田都可以降低氮磷淋失量；其中化肥减量、降低灌溉可显著降低氮磷的淋失，其次是施用生物炭和秸秆。施用秸秆条件下，阻控硝态氮淋失与微生物生物量碳氮的提高、土壤硝化势降低或反硝化势升高有关。此外，需要关注褐土区粮果复合系统中土壤氮磷淋溶的环境效应、地下水硝酸盐污染的溯源等问题。
关键词:褐土区/
农田土壤/
蔬菜地土壤/
氮磷淋失/
阻控措施
Abstract:Excessive application of nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) fertilizers have increasingly caused agricultural nonpoint source pollution and groundwater contamination in China since the 1990s. Understanding N and P leaching is critical for reducing groundwater contamination. Field survey data, long-term experimental data, and recent experimental results were used to investigate N and P leaching from arable cinnamon soil across northern China. The results suggested that wheat and corn yield decreased with increasing N or P fertilization in a wheat-corn rotation system. Large amounts of nitrate accumulated in the soil across the region, and the accumulation amount and its downward movement was a potential risk to groundwater. The Olsen-P surplus (>20 mg·kg-1) accounted for 80% of the arable soils in the region. There were strong relationships between NP fertilization rates, crop yield, and residual NP amounts and were into three phases: efficient NP-environmentally friendly phase, low NP efficiency-environmentally low risk phase, and inefficient NP-environmentally harmful phase. Optimized water and fertilizer use ensured crop yield, improved nitrogen use efficiency, and reduced nitrogen leaching losses, but the effects of biochar application and straw incorporation were inconsistent. The nitrate leaching-preventing effects of crop straw incorporation was resulted from soil microbial biomass increase, nitrification potential decreased or denitrification potential increase. Other issues also require investigation, such as tracing regional sources of underground water nitrate pollution, the effects of legacy NP accumulation from excess river anthropogenic inputs, and the environmental consequences of legacy NP accumulation in crop-fruit ecological agriculture.
Key words:Cinnamon soil area/
Cropland soil/
Vegetable land soil/
NP leaching/
Mitigation measures
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图1关中盆地不同氮磷肥施用量冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系的作物产量
Figure1.Crops yields of wheat-corn rotation system under different application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in Guanzhong Basin
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2关中盆地农田土壤硝态氮剖面分布与耕层土壤有效磷含量分布
Figure2.Nitrate nitrogen content in soil profile and available phosphorus (Olsen-P) content in topsoil in Guanzhong Basin
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3关中盆地地下水中氮磷含量分布
Figure3.Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and distribution in underground water in Guanzhong Basin
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4长期氮磷投入条件下作物产量、土壤氮磷残留量和吸收量的关系
a)不同施氮水平下作物产量、地上部氮素吸收量和土体硝态氮残留量, N0、N45、N90、N135和N180指施纯氮量0 kg·hm-2、45 kg·hm-2、90 kg·hm-2、135 kg·hm-2和180 kg·hm-2处理; b)不同施氮水平下产量与土壤硝态氮残留量的制约关系; c)不同施磷水平下作物产量、地上部磷素吸收量和土壤有效磷, P0、P45、P90、P135和P180指施P2O5量0 kg·hm-2、45 kg·hm-2、90 kg·hm-2、135 kg·hm-2和180 kg·hm-2处理; d)土壤有效磷含量与作物产量的关系。
Figure4.Relationships among crop yield, soil nitrogen and phosphorus residual and uptake by crops under long-term fertilization
a) Crop yield, nitrogen uptake in aboveground and nitrate nitrogen accumulation under long-term different nitrogen application rates; N0, N45, N90, N135 and N180 are nitrogen application rates of 0 kg·hm-2, 45 kg·hm-2, 90 kg·hm-2, 135 kg·hm-2 and 180 kg·hm-2, respectively. b) Relationship between crop yield and soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation under long-term different nitrogen application rates. c) Crop yield, phosphorus uptake in aboveground and soil Olsen-P content under long-term different phosphorus application rates; P0, P45, P90, P135 and P180 are phosphorus (P2O5) application rates of 0 kg·hm-2, 45 kg·hm-2, 90 kg·hm-2, 135 kg·hm-2 and 180 kg·hm-2, respectively. d) Relationship between crop yield and soil Olsen-P accumulation.
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图5春玉米种植体系中添加秸秆条件下土壤微生物量碳、氮和硝化潜势的响应
ConF、ConF+S、OptF和OptF+S分别为常规施肥、常规施肥+秸秆还田、优化施肥和优化施肥+秸秆还田处理, 详细介绍见表 1。第1行图为施肥后3 d的测定值, 第2行图是玉米吐丝期测定值。
Figure5.Response of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents and nitrification potential to straw incorporation in spring corn cropping system
ConF, ConF+S, OptF and OptF+S are treatments of conventional fertilization, conventional fertilization + straw incorporation, optimized fertilization and optimized fertilization + straw incorporation; the detail description of each treatment is shown in the table 1. The first row figures show the data of 3 days after fertilization; the second row figures show the data at the silking stage of corn.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图6秸秆还田对春玉米种植体系中0~300 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量影响(陕西长武)
ConF、ConF+S、OptF和OptF+S为常规肥、常规肥+秸秆还田、优化施肥、优化施肥+秸秆还田处理, 详细介绍见表 1。
Figure6.Effects of straw incorporation on NO3--N accumulation in 0-300 cm soil profile of spring corn copping system (Changewu, Shaanxi Province)
ConF, ConF+S, OptF and OptF+S are treatments of conventional fertilization, conventional fertilization + straw incorporation, optimized fertilization and optimized fertilization + straw incorporation; the detail description of each treatment are shown in the table 1.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图7阻控措施对设施蔬菜地土壤硝态氮分布的影响
Con、Con-F、Con-W、Con+B和Opt+B分别为常规水肥、减量施肥+常规灌溉、减量灌溉+常规肥和常规水肥+生物炭和优化水肥+生物炭处理, 各处理的详细介绍见表 1。
Figure7.Effects of mitigation measures on NO3--N distribution in soil profile of greenhouse vegetable cropping system
Con, Con-F, Con-W, Con+B and Opt+B are treatments of conventional practice, reduced fertilization + conventional irrigation, reduced irrigation + conventional fertilization, conventional practice + biochar, and optimum practice + biochar; the detail description of each treatment is shown in the table 1.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1褐土区农田土壤氮磷淋失阻控措施试验方案
Table1.Experiment design of the mitigations measures of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in arable soils in cinnamon soil areas
| 种植体系/地点 Cropping system/site | 处理 Treatment | 施氮量1) N application rate1) [kg(N)·hm–2] | 施磷量1) P application rate1) [kg(P2O5)·hm–2] | 灌溉量 Irrigation | 秸秆 Straw (t·hm–2) | 生物炭 Biochar (t·hm–2) | 产量 Yield (t·hm–2) |
| 冬小麦-夏玉米轮作/陕西杨凌 Winter wheat- summer maize/Yangling, Shaanxi | 常规水肥 Conventional practice (Con) | 490 | 225 | 常规灌溉 Conventional irrigation | — | — | 16.0 |
| 常规肥+减量灌溉 Conventional fertilization + reduced irrigation (Con-W) | 490 | 225 | 80%常规灌溉 80% conventional irrigation | — | — | 15.0 | |
| 常规灌溉+减量施肥 Conventional irrigation + reduced fertilization (Con-F) | 330 | 120 | 常规灌溉 Conventional irrigation | — | — | 14.0 | |
| 优化水肥 Optimum practice (Opt) | 330 | 120 | 80%常规灌溉 80% conventional irrigation | 15 | 14.0 | ||
| 优化水肥+生物炭 Optimum practice + biochar (Opt+B) | 150 | 120 | 15 | 14.5 | |||
| 春玉米连作/陕西长武 Spring maize/ Changwu, Shaanxi | 常规肥 Conventional fertilization (ConF) | 250 | 120 | 雨养Rainfed | — | — | 13.1 |
| 优化施肥 Optimized fertilization (OptF) | 200 | 120 | 雨养Rainfed | — | — | 13.9 | |
| 常规肥+秸秆 Conventional fertilization + straw incorporation (ConF+S) | 100 | 120 | 雨养Rainfed | 全部秸秆2) All straws2) | — | 14.3 | |
| 优化施肥+秸秆80% Optimized fertilization + 80% straw incorporation (OptF+S) | 130 | 120 | 雨养Rainfed | 80%秸秆2) 80% straw2) | — | 14.9 | |
| 露地菜地/河北保定Open-field vegetable/Baoding, Hebei | 常规肥 Conventional fertilization (ConF) | 1100 | 200 | 常规灌溉 Conventional irrigation | — | — | 195.0 |
| 优化施肥 Optimized fertilization (OptF) | 880 | 200 | — | 193.0 | |||
| 优化施肥+生物炭 Optimized fertilization + biochar (OptF+B) | 880 | 200 | 28 | — | 177.0 | ||
| 优化施肥+秸秆 Optimized fertilization + straw (OptF+S) | 880 | 200 | 6 | — | 282.0 | ||
| 优化施肥+减量灌溉 Optimized practice (Opt) | 880 | 200 | 70%常规灌溉 70% conventional irrigation | — | — | 175.0 | |
| 设施菜地/山西太谷 Facility vegetable/Taigu, Shanxi | 常规水肥 Conventional practice (Con) | 403 | 257 | 常规灌溉 Conventional irrigation | — | — | 144.0 |
| 减量施肥+常规灌溉 Reduced fertilization + conventional irrigation (Con-F) | 322 | 206 | — | — | 141.8 | ||
| 减量灌溉+常规肥 Reduced irrigation + conventional fertilization (Con-W) | 403 | 257 | 80%常规灌溉 80% conventional irrigation | — | — | 141.3 | |
| 常规水肥+生物炭 Conventional practice + biochar (Con+B) | 403 | 257 | 常规灌溉 Conventional irrigation | — | 30 | 144.5 | |
| 优化水肥+生物炭 Optimum practice + biochar (Opt+B) | 322 | 206 | 80%常规灌溉 80% conventional irrigation | — | 30 | 144.8 | |
| 1)供试氮肥为尿素(含氮46.4%), 磷肥为过磷酸钙(含P2O5 16%); 2)春玉米种植体系中, 秸秆利用当地秋收后的全部玉米秸秆, 开沟整秸埋入30 cm深度土壤, 与当地农机旋耕深度一致。1) Nitrogen fertilizer is urea (containing 46% N), phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate form (containing 16% P2O5). 2) In the spring maize cropping system, aboveground of harvested maize are incorporated into the 30 cm deep soil, which is the plowing depth of the local machine. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表22016—2018年度水肥管理对小麦-玉米轮作系统周年氮素淋失量的影响
Table2.Effects of water and nutrient management on annual nitrogen leaching loss of winter wheat and summer maize rotation in 2016–2018 ?
| 处理 Treatment | 2016—2017 | 2017—2018 | |||||||
| NO3--N | NO4+-N | 有机氮 Organic nitrogen | 总氮 Total nitrogen | NO3--N | NO4+-N | 有机氮 Organic nitrogen | 总氮 Total nitrogen | ||
| 常规水肥 Conventional practice (Con) | 1.16 | 0.15 | 77.63 | 78.9 | 1.01 | 0.02 | 10.81 | 11.84 | |
| 减量灌溉 Conventional fertilization + reduced irrigation (Con-W) | 1.71 | 0.16 | 59.97 | 61.8 | 1.23 | 0.02 | 9.80 | 11.05 | |
| 减量施肥 Conventional irrigation + reduced fertilization (Con-F) | 0.93 | 0.25 | 63.87 | 65.1 | 0.96 | 0.02 | 9.99 | 10.97 | |
| 优化水肥 Optimum practice (Opt) | 1.04 | 0.20 | 64.10 | 65.3 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 10.20 | 10.65 | |
| 优化水肥+生物炭 Optimum practice + biochar (Opt+B) | 0.75 | 0.09 | 41.64 | 42.5 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 8.52 | 8.67 | |
| 每个处理的详细介绍见表 1。The detail description of each treatment is shown in the table 1. | |||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表3不同管理措施下露地菜地氮肥在土壤剖面的残留和淋溶特征
Table3.Nitrogen residue and leaching under different management practices in soil profile of open vegetable field ?
| 处理 Treatment | 氮输入 Nitrogen input | 氮输出和残留 Nitrogen output and residue | ||||||
| 肥料氮 Fertilizer nitrogen | 氮沉降 Nitrogen deposition | 非共生固氮 Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation | 地上部吸收 Aboveground uptake | 淋溶 Leached nitrogen | 0~80 cm土壤残留 Residual in 0-80 cm soil | 80~200 cm土壤残留 Residual in 80-200 cm soil | ||
| 常规施肥 Conventional fertilization (ConF) | 1100 | 31.4 | 15 | 573.6 | 171.7 | 151.0 | 221.2 | |
| 优化施肥 Optimized fertilization (OptF) | 880 | 31.4 | 15 | 529.2 | 130.7 | 122.4 | 134.4 | |
| 优化施肥+生物炭 Optimized fertilization + biochar (OptF+B) | 880 | 31.4 | 15 | 635.0 | 97.8 | 156.3 | 237.4 | |
| 优化施肥+秸秆 Optimized fertilization + straw (OptF+S) | 880 | 31.4 | 15 | 562.3 | 112.8 | 142.6 | 165.8 | |
| 优化施肥+减量灌溉 Optimum practice (Opt) | 880 | 31.4 | 15 | 554.0 | 97.7 | 165.1 | 196.2 | |
| 每个处理的详细介绍见表 1。The detail description of each treatment is shown in the table 1. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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