赵海岚^1,,
李冰^1,,,
王昌全¹,
龙思帆¹,
李斌²,
鲜顺志¹,
曾林浩¹,
肖美娟¹,
刘奇鑫¹
1.四川农业大学资源学院 成都 611130
2.中国烟草总公司四川省公司 成都 610041
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2018YFD0200704
四川省科技厅应用基础重大前沿项目2018JY0002
四川省烟草公司重点科技项目SCYC201705
四川省烟草公司重点科技项目SCYC201803

详细信息

作者简介:赵海岚, 主要研究方向为生物质炭环境效应。E-mail:zhlwills@163.com

通讯作者:李冰, 主要研究方向为土壤元素迁移转化与生物有效性。E-mail:benglee@163.com

中图分类号:S156.2

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收稿日期:2020-04-13
录用日期:2020-09-16
刊出日期:2020-12-01

The effects of biochars on humus composition in acidic purplish soil

ZHAO Hailan^1,,
LI Bing^1,,,
WANG Changquan¹,
LONG Sifan¹,
LI Bin²,
XIAN Shunzhi¹,
ZENG Linhao¹,
XIAO Meijuan¹,
LIU Qixin¹
1. College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
2. Sichuan Provincial Company of China National Tobacco Corporation, Chengdu 610041, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2018YFD0200704
the Applied Basic Research Programs of Sichuan Science and Technology Department2018JY0002
the Key Program of Sichuan Provincial Company of China National Tobacco CorporationSCYC201705
the Key Program of Sichuan Provincial Company of China National Tobacco CorporationSCYC201803

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Corresponding author:LI Bing, E-mail:benglee@163.com

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摘要
摘要:生物质炭的性状与原料中木质纤维含量密切相关，为探明不同原料生物质炭对土壤腐殖质组成的影响，选取玉米秸秆和紫茎泽兰分别作为纤维类和木质类原材料制备生物质炭，向酸性紫色土分别添加5%玉米秸秆生物质炭（MB）和5%紫茎泽兰生物质炭（EB），测定90 d室内培养期间土壤胡敏酸（HA）、富里酸（FA）、胡敏素（HM）含量以及HA光学性质和元素组成变化。结果表明：MB和EB的比表面积分别为2.32 m²·g^-1和0.72 m²·g^-1，总孔体积分别为42.71 mm³·g^-1和12.59 mm³·g^-1，碳与氢元素摩尔比（C/H）分别为1.91和1.46，氧、硫之和与碳元素摩尔比[（O+S）/C]分别为0.09和0.16，玉米秸秆生物质炭的吸附能力更强、有机质成分的缩合度更大且氧化度更小。与对照（不添加生物质炭，CK）相比，培养结束后，施入生物质炭的土壤HA、FA和HM含量分别显著增加（P < 0.05）65.59%~102.82%、85.87%~118.54%和137.25%~161.23%，MB处理对这3种腐殖质含量的增加效应较EB处理更明显。培养结束时添加生物质炭的土壤HA/土壤有机碳（SOC）降低13.53%~27.06%，FA/SOC降低6.81%~18.03%，其中EB处理的降低效应达显著水平；HM/SOC则增加4.58%~11.40%，其中MB处理的增加效应达显著水平。添加生物质炭的土壤HA色调系数（ΔlgK）增加2.40%~5.60%，HA的缩合度（C/H）降低3.51%~11.81%，（O+S）/C增加1.51%~8.74%。总体来看，施入生物质炭均能相对增加腐殖质各组分含量，降低C/H，提高HA的氧化度[（O+S）/C]，且纤维类原料（玉米秸秆）生物质炭的效果更明显。纤维类原料（玉米秸秆）生物质炭显著提高了稳定性较高的土壤胡敏素碳比例（HM/SOC），但降低了土壤HA的稳定性[HA的C/H降低，（O+S）/C增加]；木质类原料（紫茎泽兰）生物质炭显著降低土壤胡敏酸碳比例（HA/SOC）和富里酸碳比例（FA/SOC），对HM/SOC增加效益不显著，反之提高了土壤易分解有机碳比例。
关键词:玉米秸秆生物质炭/
紫茎泽兰生物质炭/
腐殖质组成/
腐殖质稳定性/
腐殖质碳
Abstract:Biochar characteristics are similar to feedstock lignin and cellulose contents. Two kinds of biochar were produced from cellulosic (maize straw) and ligneous (Eupatorium adenophorum) feedstocks, respectively, to evaluate how lignocellulosic feedstock biochar influence the humus composition in acidic purplish soil. Acidic purplish soil was treated with 5% maize straw biochar (MB) or 5% E. adenophorum biochar (EB) for 90 days, and the humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and humin (HM) contents, chemical elements, and HA color tonal coefficient were analyzed. The biochar specific surface areas were 2.32 m²·g^-1 (MB) and 0.72 m²·g^-1 (EB), and the total pore volumes were 42.71 mm³·g^-1(MB) and 12.59 mm³×g^-1 (EB). The carbon to hydrogen molar ratios (C/H) were 1.91 (MB) and 1.46 (EB), and the oxygen and sulfur to carbon molar ratios[(O+S)/C] were 0.09 (MB) and 0.16 (EB), indicating that the MB had a stronger adsorption capacity, a higher organic matter, condensation degree, and a lower oxidation degree. Biochar application significantly increased the soil HA, FA, and HM contents (P < 0.05) compared to no application (CK). After 90 days, biochar amendment increased the HA content by 65.59%-102.82%, increased the FA content by 85.87%-118.54%, and increased the HM content by 137.25%-161.23%. The MB increased the humus composition contents more than EB, and both treatments reduced the soil HA/soil organic carbon (SOC) values by 13.53%-27.06% and the FA/SOC values by 6.81%-18.03% (EB treatment P < 0.05). Both treatments also increased the HM/SOC values by 4.58%-11.40% (MB treatment P < 0.05). Biochar amendment increased the HA color tonal coefficient (ΔlgK) degree by 2.40%-5.60%, reduced the C/H of HA by 3.51%-11.81%, and increased the (O+S)/C by 1.51%-8.74%. The biochar application increased the content of each humic component, reduced the C/H condensation degree, and improved the HA oxidation degree; the effect was more prominent when MB was applied. MB application significantly increased the proportion and stability of HM/SOC, but reduced the stability of HA[C/H decreased, (O+S)/C increased]. EB biochar significantly reduced the proportion of HA/SOC and FA/SOC, and had no effect on the proportion of HM/SOC, and increased the proportion of labile organic carbon.
Key words:Maize straw biochar/
Eupatorium adeophorum biochar/
Composition of humus/
Stability of humus/
Humus carbon

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图1玉米秸秆生物质炭(a)和紫茎泽兰生物质炭(b)的电镜扫描图
Figure1.Electron microscopies of maize straw biochar (a) and Eupatorium adeophorum biochar (b)


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图2玉米秸秆生物质炭和紫茎泽兰生物质炭对土壤胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏素(HM)含量和HA/FA的影响
CK:不添加生物质炭; MB:添加玉米秸秆生物质炭; EB:添加紫茎泽兰生物质炭。
Figure2.Effects of maize straw biochar and Eupatorium adeophorum biochar application on soil humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), humin (HM) contents and HA/FA values
CK: no biochar application; MB: maize straw biochar application; EB: Eupatorium adeophorum biochar application.


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图3玉米秸秆生物质炭和紫茎泽兰生物质炭对土壤胡敏酸色调系数(ΔlgK)的影响
CK:不添加生物质炭; MB:添加玉米秸秆生物质炭; EB:添加紫茎泽兰生物质炭。
Figure3.Effects of maize straw biochar and Eupatorium adeophorum biochar application on the color tonal coefficient (ΔlgK) of soil humic acid
CK: no application; MB: maize straw biochar application; EB: Eupatorium adeophorum biochar application.


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表1供试两种生物质炭的基本理化性质
Table1.Basic physical and chemical properties of biochars

生物质炭类型 Biochar type	产率 Productive rate (%)	灰分 Ash content (%)	pH	阳离子交换量 CEC (cmol·kg-1)	C (%)	碱提取酸不溶物 Acid-insoluble fraction of alkaline extract (%)	碱提取酸溶物 Acid-soluble fraction of alkaline extract (%)	碱提取残渣 Residues of alkaline extract (%)
玉米秸秆生物质炭 Maize straw biochar	46.27	36.27	10.30	128.25	58.00	4.39	5.78	20.99
紫茎泽兰生物质炭 Eupatorium adeophorum biochar	52.44	43.54	9.82	96.22	55.85	3.10	3.62	16.84

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表2玉米秸秆生物质炭和紫茎泽兰生物质炭的比表面积、总孔体积及元素摩尔比
Table2.Specific surface area, total pore volume and molar ratio of chemical elements of maize straw biochar and Eupatorium adeophorum biochar

生物质炭类型 Biochar type	比表面积 Specific surface area (m2·g-1)	总孔体积 Total pore volume (mm3·g-1)	元素摩尔比 Molar ratio
			C/H	(O+S)/C
玉米秸秆生物质炭 Maize straw biochar	2.32	42.71	1.91	0.09
紫茎泽兰生物质炭 Eupatorium adeophorum biochar	0.72	12.59	1.46	0.16

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表3玉米秸秆生物质炭和紫茎泽兰生物质炭对土壤腐殖质组分相对含量的影响
Table3.Effects of maize straw biochar and Eupatorium adeophorum biochar application on relative contents of soil humus composition ?%

腐殖质组分 Humus composition	处理 Treatment	培养时间 Incubation time (d)
		1	3	5	7	15	30	60	90
胡敏酸 Humic acid	CK	17.69±0.54a	17.76±0.66a	18.47±0.90a	20.07±0.71a	22.09±0.88a	19.75±0.71a	20.10±0.95a	19.44±0.82a
	MB	14.50±0.40b	14.45±0.45b	15.18±0.50b	15.74±0.46b	18.03±0.62b	17.43±0.49b	16.63±0.66b	16.81±0.50b
	EB	12.46±0.58c	12.28±0.46c	13.14±0.37c	13.85±0.59c	15.95±0.56c	15.27±0.65c	14.25±0.69c	14.18±0.57c
富里酸 Fulvic acid	CK	10.47±0.41a	11.50±0.51a	12.22±0.38a	13.96±0.35a	14.01±0.49a	11.19±0.56a	10.64±0.38a	9.54±0.33a
	MB	9.67±0.26a	10.01±0.25b	10.75±0.37b	11.28±0.54b	10.31±0.48b	9.69±0.28b	9.12±0.37b	8.89±0.30a
	EB	8.45±0.39b	8.76±0.24c	9.72±0.29b	10.43±0.33c	9.49±0.44c	8.88±0.31b	7.92±0.29c	7.82±0.38b
胡敏素 Humin	CK	37.03±1.79a	37.02±1.08a	36.81±1.75a	36.45±1.13a	33.74±1.21a	34.25±1.28a	35.67±1.30a	38.24±1.80a
	MB	40.70±1.12b	40.91±0.98b	40.93±0.90b	40.53±1.29b	39.00±0.78b	39.10±1.16b	40.90±1.06b	42.60±1.31b
	EB	37.19±0.95a	37.42±1.60a	37.43±0.85a	37.61±1.09c	36.74±1.08c	36.95±1.02b	38.32±1.18b	39.99±1.08ab
??CK:不添加生物质炭; MB:添加玉米秸秆生物质炭; EB:添加紫茎泽兰生物质炭。表中同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。CK: no biochar application; MB: maize straw biochar application; EB: Eupatorium adeophorum biochar application. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments (P < 0.05).

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表4玉米秸秆生物质炭和紫茎泽兰生物质炭对土壤胡敏酸元素组成的影响
Table4.Effects of maize straw biochar and Eupatorium adeophorum biochar application on elements composition of soil humic acid

培养时间 Incubation time (d)	处理 Treatment	含量 Content (%)						元素摩尔比 Molar ratio of elements
		C	H	O	N	S		C/H	(O+S)/C
1	CK	48.86	4.23	37.94	3.51	5.46		0.96	0.62
	MB	57.70	4.79	29.21	3.87	4.43		1.00	0.41
	EB	58.35	4.56	27.58	3.48	6.03		1.07	0.39
90	CK	54.64	4.30	34.02	3.41	3.63		1.06	0.47
	MB	52.06	4.65	34.50	3.54	5.26		0.93	0.50
	EB	53.72	4.38	34.32	3.36	4.22		1.02	0.48
??CK:不添加生物质炭; MB:添加玉米秸秆生物质炭; EB:添加紫茎泽兰生物质炭。CK: no application; MB: maize straw biochar application; EB: Eupatorium adeophorum biochar application.

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