霍晓兰2,
靳东升2,
刘平2,
霍晨1,
惠薇1,
李丽君2,,
1.山西大学生物工程学院 太原 030006
2.山西农业大学资源环境学院/山西省土壤环境与养分资源重点实验室 太原 030031
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0800105-5
第2次全国污染源普查项目091821103994212010
详细信息
作者简介:马琳杰, 主要研究方向为农业面源污染。E-mail:15143098957@163.com
通讯作者:李丽君, 主要研究方向为农业面源污染。E-mail:lilijun2005@163.com
中图分类号:S158计量
文章访问数:306
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2020-07-19
录用日期:2020-09-25
刊出日期:2021-01-01
Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching differs among cinnamon soil layers
MA Linjie1,,HUO Xiaolan2,
JIN Dongsheng2,
LIU Ping2,
HUO Chen1,
HUI Wei1,
LI Lijun2,,
1. School of Biological Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University/Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030031, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Projects of China2016YFD0800105-5
the Second National Survey of Pollution Sources of China091821103994212010
More Information
Corresponding author:LI Lijun, E-mail: lilijun2005@163.com
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摘要
摘要:农业氮磷淋溶已经成为地下水污染最普遍和突出的问题。为揭示氮磷在包气带不同土层的淋溶特征，以典型褐土的5个土壤发生层（耕层、淋溶层、钙积层、黏化层和母质层）为研究对象，采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验，在施肥量相同的条件下分析不同形态氮磷淋溶量，研究氮磷在不同土壤发生层中的迁移特征及其影响因素。结果表明：1）进行5次淋溶，耕层、淋溶层、钙积层、黏化层和母质层淋溶液中可溶性总氮总量分别为2412.63 mg·L-1、3028.94 mg·L-1、244.16 mg·L-1、3648.99 mg·L-1和3356.51 mg·L-1，淋溶层、黏化层和母质层可溶性总氮淋溶量显著高于耕层，而钙积层可溶性总氮淋溶量较耕层显著减少；耕层淋溶液中可溶性总磷总量为0.52 mg·L-1，且显著高于其他4层。2）在试验初期，耕层、淋溶层的硝态氮、可溶性总氮和正磷酸盐淋溶量显著高于黏化层和母质层，进行到第4、5次淋溶，黏化层、母质层的硝态氮和可溶性总氮淋溶量显著高于其他3层，而各发生层间正磷酸盐淋溶量无显著差异；单次淋溶黏化层和母质层铵态氮淋溶量均显著高于其他3层，而耕层可溶性总磷淋溶量始终显著高于其他各层。3）耕层和钙积层的淋溶液中硝态氮是氮素淋溶的主要形态，占可溶性总氮比例分别为69.0%和85.4%，而在淋溶层、黏化层和母质层中分别为41.3%、5.1%和4.6%；在可溶性磷中，以无机态正磷酸盐为主，最高占可溶性总磷的75.9%。4）土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、黏粒含量对土壤氮磷的迁移转化有明显主导作用。有机质与氮磷淋溶量呈显著正相关关系，有机质含量高，会增加淋溶初期氮磷的淋溶风险；而阳离子交换量和黏粒含量则与氮磷淋溶呈显著负相关关系，阳离子交换量大和黏粒多能减少氮磷素的淋溶风险。该试验结果说明，由于5种发生层土壤理化性质不同，各发生层氮磷淋溶特征及其淋溶形态也有差异，并且氮磷的淋溶受土壤本身阳离子交换量、黏粒和有机质含量的影响。
关键词:氮磷淋溶/
土壤发生层/
褐土/
淋溶量/
土壤性状/
地下水污染
Abstract:Leached agricultural N and P are the most prominent groundwater pollutants. Five cinnamon soil layers (cultivation, leaching, calcium, clay, and parent) were analyzed via leaching tests to investigate N and P migrations. After five tests, the amount of soluble total N in the leaching solutions were 2412.63 mg·L-1 in cultivation layer, 3028.94 mg·L-1 in leaching layer, 244.16 mg·L-1 in calcium layer, 3648.99 mg·L-1 in clay layer, and 3356.51 mg·L-1 in parent layer. The amount of soluble total N in the leaching, clay, and parent layers was significantly higher than that in the cultivation layer but that of soluble total N in the calcium layer was significantly lower than that in the cultivation layer. The amount of soluble total P in the cultivation layer leaching solution was 0.52 mg·L-1, which was significantly higher than that in all other layers. In the 1st to 3rd leaching time, the leached amounts of nitrate nitrogen, soluble total N, and orthophosphate in the cultivation and leaching layers were significantly higher than those in the clay and parent layers. However, in the 4th and 5th leaching time, the leached amounts of nitrate nitrogen and soluble total N in the clay and parent layers were significantly higher than those in the other layers, and the leached orthophosphate amount did not differ among layers. The amount of leached ammonium nitrogen in the clay and parent layers was significantly higher than that in the other layers after each test, and that of soluble total P in the cultivation layer was always significantly higher than that in the other layers. Nitrate nitrogen was the primary form of leached N in the cultivation and calcium layers, accounting for 69.0% and 85.4% of the total amount of N, respectively; the nitrate nitrogen percentages in the other layers were 41.3% (leaching layer), 5.1% (clay layer), and 4.6% (parent layer). Inorganic orthophosphate was the primary form of soluble P, accounting for 75.9% of the total amount of soluble P. The soil organic matter content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and clay content affected the migration and transformation of soil N and P. There was a significant positive correlation between organic matter and N and P leaching, and more organic matter content increased the leaching risk in the initial leaching stage. The CEC and clay content were negatively correlated with N and P leaching, and increased CEC and soil clay particles reduced the leaching risk. The physical and chemical properties and N and P leaching characteristics differed among soil layers, and leaching was affected by soil CEC, clay and organic matter contents.
Key words:Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching/
Soil occurrence layers/
Cinnamon soil/
Leaching amount/
Soil properties/
Groundwater pollution
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图1不同土壤发生层铵态氮(A)、硝态氮(B)和可溶性总氮(C)的淋溶量变化
同次淋溶不同小写字母表示不同土壤发生层间差异显著(P＜0.05)。
Figure1.Changes of ammonium nitrogen (A), nitrate nitrogen (B) and soluble total nitrogen (C) leaching amounts in different soil occurrence layers
Different lowercase letters in the same leaching indicate significant differences among soil occurrence layers at P＜0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2不同土壤发生层正磷酸盐(A)和可溶性总磷(B)淋溶量变化
同次淋溶不同小写字母表示不同土壤发生层间差异显著(P＜0.05)。
Figure2.Changes of orthophosphate (A) and soluble total phosphorus (B) leaching amounts in different soil occurrence layers
Different lowercase letters in the same leaching indicate significant differences among different soil occurrence layers at P＜0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1试验区石灰性褐土不同土壤发生层的理化性质
Table1.Physicochemical properties of different soil occurrence layers of calcareous cinnamon soil in the study area
| 土壤发生层 Soil occurrence layer | 容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3) | 阳离子交换量 Cation exchange capacity (cmol·kg-1) | CaCO3 (g·kg-1) | 机械组成 Mechanical components (g·kg-1) | pH | 土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg-1) | 全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1) | 全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg-1) | NO3--N (mg·kg-1) | NH4+-N (mg·kg-1) | 有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg-1) | ||
| 砂粒 Sand | 粉粒 Silt | 黏粒 Clay | |||||||||||
| 耕层 Cultivation layer | 1.30 | 38.04 | 33.58 | 64.97 | 22.41 | 12.62 | 7.63 | 30.60 | 1.73 | 1.23 | 6.87 | 2.84 | 12.40 |
| 钙积层 Calcium layer | 1.41 | 33.70 | 38.38 | 49.71 | 7.98 | 42.31 | 7.97 | 6.28 | 0.54 | 1.28 | 5.31 | 4.66 | 1.20 |
| 黏化层 Clay layer | 1.43 | 16.30 | 22.82 | 39.68 | 20.33 | 39.99 | 7.53 | 0.85 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 12.52 | 7.73 | 1.20 |
| 淋溶层 Leaching layer | 1.34 | 29.02 | 49.85 | 69.11 | 5.96 | 24.93 | 7.78 | 25.77 | 1.60 | 0.64 | 4.87 | 4.68 | 2.00 |
| 母质层 Parent layer | 1.46 | 20.54 | 26.09 | 35.56 | 20.24 | 44.20 | 7.68 | 1.57 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 16.42 | 3.08 | 2.80 |
下载: 导出CSV表2每次试验不同土壤形成层收集的淋溶液量
Table2.Leachate amounts of different soil occurrence layers in each leaching test ?
| 土壤发生层 Soil occurrence layer | 第1次淋溶 First leaching | 第2次淋溶 Second leaching | 第3次淋溶 Third leaching | 第4次淋溶 Fourth leaching | 第5次淋溶 Fifth leaching |
| 耕层Cultivation layer | 850 | 573 | 630 | 503 | 502 |
| 钙积层Calcium layer | 397 | 477 | 485 | 525 | 537 |
| 黏化层Clay layer | 505 | 458 | 497 | 527 | 528 |
| 淋溶层Leaching layer | 517 | 502 | 402 | 418 | 417 |
| 母质层Parent layer | 563 | 470 | 520 | 532 | 543 |
| 每次的淋洗水量为700 mL。The water for each leaching is 700 mL. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV表3间歇淋溶试验5次淋洗的可溶性总氮和可溶性总磷的淋溶总量
Table3.Leaching amount of soluble total nitrogen and soluble total phosphorus for five leaches of the intermittent leaching test
| 土壤发生层 Soil occurrence layer | 可溶性总氮Soluble total nitrogen | 可溶性总磷Soluble total phosphorus | |||
| 淋溶量 Leaching amount (mg·L-1) | 占施氮比 Ratio to nitrogen fertilizer (%) | 淋溶量 Leaching amount (mg·L-1) | 占施磷比 Ratio to phosphorus fertilizer (%) | ||
| 耕层Cultivation layer | 2412.63±19.69c | 20.7 | 0.52±0.06a | 0.0092 | |
| 钙积层Calcium layer | 244.16±15.91d | 2.1 | 0.27±0.01c | 0.0047 | |
| 黏化层Clay layer | 3648.99±12.58a | 31.3 | 0.25±0.02c | 0.0044 | |
| 淋溶层Leaching layer | 3028.94±20.50b | 26.0 | 0.37±0.07b | 0.0064 | |
| 母质层Parent layer | 3356.51±58.45ab | 28.8 | 0.30±0.03bc | 0.0052 | |
| 同列不同小写字母表示不同土壤发生层间差异显著(P＜0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same line indicate significant differences among different soil occurrence layers at P＜0.05 level. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV表4不同发生层土壤氮磷淋溶形态特征
Table4.Morphology of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in different soil occurrence layers
| 土壤发生层 Soil occurrence layer | 铵态氮NH4+-N | 硝态氮NO3--N | 正磷酸盐PO43+-P | |||||
| 淋溶量 Leaching amount (mg·L-1) | 占可溶性总氮比 Ratio to soluble total nitrogen (%) | 淋溶量 Leaching amount (mg·L-1) | 占可溶性总氮比 Ratio to soluble total nitrogen (%) | 淋溶量 Leaching amount (mg·L-1) | 占可溶性总磷比 Ratio to soluble total phosphorus (%) | |||
| 耕层 Cultivation layer | 1.55±0.17b | 0.06 | 1663.78±16.65a | 68.96 | 0.33±0.01a | 63.25 | ||
| 钙积层 Calcium layer | 2.33±0.36b | 0.95 | 208.45±14.97c | 85.38 | 0.19±0.01b | 71.47 | ||
| 黏化层 Clay layer | 25.73±1.58a | 0.71 | 185.35±3.05c | 5.08 | 0.19±0.01b | 75.94 | ||
| 淋溶层 Leaching layer | 2.95±0.40b | 0.10 | 1250.15±14.61b | 41.27 | 0.18±0.02b | 49.74 | ||
| 母质层 Parent layer | 22.28±4.72a | 0.66 | 154.00±17.06c | 4.59 | 0.21±0.02b | 69.55 | ||
| 不同小写字母表示不同土壤发生层间差异显著(P＜0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil occurrence layers at P＜0.05 level. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表5不同淋溶试验土壤氮磷淋溶量与土壤性状的相关性
Table5.Correlation between nitrogen and phosphorus leaching and soil properties of different leaching test
| 土壤养分 Soil nutrient | 第1次淋溶 First leaching | 第2次淋溶 Second leaching | 第3次淋溶 Third leaching | 第4次淋溶 Fourth leaching | 第5次淋溶 Fifth leaching | 第1次淋溶 First leaching | 第2次淋溶 Second leaching | 第3次淋溶 Third leaching | 第4次淋溶 Fourth leaching | 第5次淋溶 Fifth leaching | |
| CaCO3 | 阳离子交换Cation exchange | ||||||||||
| NH4+-N | -0.184 | -0.742 | -0.778 | -0.804 | -0.821 | -0.869 | -0.956* | -0.963** | -0.938* | -0.921* | |
| NO3--N | 0.578 | 0.696 | 0.823 | 0.489 | -0.715 | 0.784 | 0.653 | 0.355 | -0.273 | -0.969** | |
| TDN | 0.803 | 0.508 | -0.336 | -0.766 | -0.814 | 0.295 | 0.213 | -0.844 | -0.961** | -0.913* | |
| PO43+-P | 0.117 | 0.408 | 0.310 | 0.397 | 0.391 | 0.794 | 0.642 | -0.306 | -0.219 | 0.327 | |
| TDP | 0.697 | 0.676 | 0.713 | 0.526 | 0.540 | 0.808 | 0.756 | 0.488 | 0.669 | 0.689 | |
| 土壤养分 Soil nutrient | 黏粒Clay | 有机质Organic matter | |||||||||
| NH4+-N | 0.773 | 0.661 | 0.605 | 0.571 | 0.635 | -0.714 | -0.771 | -0.750 | -0.738 | -0.771 | |
| NO3--N | -0.977** | -0.932* | -0.667 | -0.218 | 0.605 | 0.990** | 0.987** | 0.798 | 0.322 | -0.720 | |
| TDN | -0.638 | -0.794 | 0.199 | 0.581 | 0.628 | 0.763 | 0.808 | -0.276 | -0.720 | -0.760 | |
| PO43+-P | -0.828 | -0.963** | 0.576 | 0.033 | -0.905* | 0.740 | 0.905* | -0.355 | 0.132 | 0.869 | |
| TDP | -0.861 | -0.945* | -0.823 | -0.987** | -0.970** | 0.953* | 0.999** | 0.912* | 0.986** | 0.985** | |
| *: P＜0.05; **: P＜0.01; TDN:可溶性总氮; TDP:可溶性总磷; PO43+-P正磷酸盐。TDN: soluble total nitrogen; TDP: soluble total phosphorus; PO43+-Porthophosphate | |||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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