刘静,
朱鑫宇,
李顺江,
康凌云,
马茂亭,
杜连凤^,
北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所 北京 100097
基金项目: 国家“十三五”重点研发计划项目2016YFD0800104
国家自然科学基金项目41907078
北京市自然科学基金项目8202020

详细信息

作者简介:刘静, 研究方向为农田面源污染防控。E-mail:liujing9712@163.com

通讯作者:杜连凤, 研究方向为农田面源污染防控。E-mail:dulianfengyzs@163.com

中图分类号:S273

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-08-31
录用日期:2020-09-29
刊出日期:2021-01-01

Effects of groundwater fluctuation on nitrate nitrogen transport after nitrogen application in cropland soil

LIU Jing,
ZHU Xinyu,
LI Shunjiang,
KANG Lingyun,
MA Maoting,
DU Lianfeng^,
Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0800104
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41907078
Beijing Natural Science Foundation8202020

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Corresponding author:DU Lianfeng, E-mail: dulianfengyzs@163.com

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摘要
摘要:明确地下水位波动对农田土壤剖面和地下水NO₃^--N运移的影响，可为减少土壤氮素淋失、降低地下水硝酸盐污染风险提供依据。本研究采用大型土柱温室种植甘蓝，研究2种水位波动（水位不变、水位每隔10 d波动20 cm）和3种施氮量[0 kg（N）·hm^-2、225 kg（N）·hm^-2、450 kg（N）·hm^-2]对土壤含水量、土壤溶液NO₃^--N浓度、地下水NO₃^--N浓度和作物产量的影响。结果表明，水位波动和施氮肥对NO₃^--N运移的影响与土壤剖面深度有关。0~20 cm包气带土壤NO₃^--N含量受施氮量影响，过量施氮肥[450 kg（N）·hm^-2]导致该剖面NO₃^--N累积。20~60 cm水位波动带土壤NO₃^--N含量受施氮量和水位波动的共同作用：施氮量增加提高NO₃^--N含量；水位波动降低剖面土壤NO₃^--N含量，水位上升和下降均促进土壤NO₃^--N随着水流运动向下层迁移；剖面土壤硝态氮含量高，增加NO₃^--N进入地下水的风险。60~80 cm淹水区剖面土壤NO₃^--N含量较低。作物产量受水位波动影响不显著。在地下水位埋深较浅的农业区进行氮素污染防控时，不可忽视水位波动对NO₃^--N运移的影响。
关键词:水位波动/
施氮量/
土壤溶液/
硝态氮/
运移/
地下水/
产量
Abstract:Understanding the effects of groundwater fluctuations on nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) transport in the soil vertical profile is important for reducing nitrogen (N) leaching and nitrate pollution in croplands with shallow groundwater. This study investigated effects of groundwater fluctuations and nitrogen application rate in a greenhouse cabbage with large soil column experimental devices. Two groundwater fluctuation levels (W0, stable; W1, 20 cm fluctuation per 10 days) and three levels of nitrogen application (N0, 0 kg(N)·hm^-2; N1, 225 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2, 450 kg(N)·hm^-2) were tested to determine water contents and NO₃^--N concentration changes at different soil depths, NO₃^--N concentration in groundwater, and crop yield. The results showed that fluctuating groundwater affected NO₃^--N transport depending on the soil depth and nitrogen application rate. At 0–20 cm depth (part of the vadose zone), excessive N application led to NO₃^--N accumulation in soil, but there was no correlation with groundwater fluctuation. At 20–60 cm depth (groundwater fluctuation zone), increased N fertilizer increased the soil NO₃^--N, and groundwater level changes promoted NO₃^--N migration into deeper soil, increasing the NO₃^--N groundwater pollution risk (especially in soil with already high NO₃^--N concentrations). At 60–80 cm depth (the flooding area), there was less NO₃^--N in soil, mainly due to denitrification. Crop yield did not significantly correlate with groundwater level changes. Groundwater fluctuations affected = NO₃^--N transport and should be considered in agricultural areas with shallow groundwater levels to prevent and control nitrogen pollution.
Key words:Groundwater fluctuation/
Nitrogen application rate/
Soil solution/
Nitrate nitrogen/
Transport/
Groundwater/
Yield

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图1水位波动模拟试验土柱装置图
Figure1.Schematic diagram of soil column device for simulation test of groundwater level fluctuation


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图2水位波动下不同施氮量农田的土壤剖面体积含水率变化
W0:水位稳定在80 cm; W1:水位每10 d变化20 cm, 10 d、20 d、30 d、40 d、50 d、60 d的水位分别为80 cm、100 cm、80 cm、60 cm、40 cm、60 cm; N0:施氮量为0 kg(N)·hm^-2; N1:施氮量为225 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2:施氮量为450 kg(N)·hm^-2。N1和N2处理第1 d施底肥, 第21 d和41 d追施氮肥。
Figure2.Volumetric water contents at different depths in soil vertical profile under different treatments of nitrogen application rate and groundwater level
W0: groundwater level is 80 cm; W1: groundwater level is 80 cm, 100 cm, 80 cm, 60 cm, 40 cm and 60 cm on the 10^th, 20^th, 30^th, 40^th, 50^th and 60^th days, respectively. N0: 0 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer; N1: 225 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer; N2: 450 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer. For N1 and N2, base fertilizer was applied on the 1^st day, and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was applied on the 21^th and 41^th days, respectively.


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图3水位波动下不同施氮量农田土壤剖面溶液NO₃^--N含量变化
W0:水位稳定在80 cm; W1:水位每10 d变化20 cm, 10 d、20 d、30 d、40 d、50 d、60 d的水位分别为80 cm、100 cm、80 cm、60 cm、40 cm、60 cm; N0:施氮量为0 kg(N)·hm^-2; N1:施氮量为225 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2:施氮量为450 kg(N)·hm^-2。N1和N2处理第1 d施底肥, 第21 d和41 d追施氮肥。
Figure3.NO₃^--N contents of soil solution at different depths in soil vertical profile under different treatments of nitrogen application rate and groundwater level
W0: groundwater level is 80 cm; W1: groundwater level is 80 cm, 100 cm, 80 cm, 60 cm, 40 cm and 60 cm on the 10^th, 20^th, 30^th, 40^th, 50^th and 60^th days, respectively. N0: 0 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer; N1: 225 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer; N2: 450 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer. For N1 and N2, base fertilizer was applied on the 1^st day, and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was applied on the 21^th and 41^th days, respectively.


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图4水位波动下不同施氮量农田地下水NO₃^--N浓度变化
W0:水位稳定在80 cm; W1:水位每10 d变化20 cm, 10 d、20 d、30 d、40 d、50 d、60 d的水位分别为80 cm、100 cm、80 cm、60 cm、40 cm、60 cm; N0:施氮量为0 kg(N)·hm^-2; N1:施氮量为225 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2:施氮量为450 kg(N)·hm^-2。N1和N2处理第1 d施底肥, 第21 d和41 d追施氮肥。
Figure4.NO₃^--N concentrations of farmland groundwater under different treatments of nitrogen application rate and groundwater level
W0: groundwater level is 80 cm; W1: groundwater level is 80 cm, 100 cm, 80 cm, 60 cm, 40 cm and 60 cm on the 10^th, 20^th, 30^th, 40^th, 50^th and 60^th days, respectively. N0: 0 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer; N1: 225 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer; N2: 450 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer. For N1 and N2, base fertilizer was applied on the 1^st day, and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was applied on the 21^th and 41^th days, respectively.


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图5水位波动下不同施氮量农田的作物产量
W0:水位稳定在80 cm; W1:水位每10 d变化20 cm, 10 d、20 d、30 d、40 d、50 d、60 d的水位分别为80 cm、100 cm、80 cm、60 cm、40 cm、60 cm; N0:施氮量为0 kg(N)·hm^-2; N1:施氮量为225 kg(N)·hm^-2; N2:施氮量为450 kg(N)·hm^-2。N1和N2处理第1 d施底肥, 第21 d和41 d追施氮肥。
Figure5.Crop yields under different treatments of nitrogen application rate and groundwater level
W0: groundwater level is 80 cm; W1: groundwater level is 80 cm, 100 cm, 80 cm, 60 cm, 40 cm and 60 cm on the 10^th, 20^th, 30^th, 40^th, 50^th and 60^th days, respectively. N0: 0 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer; N1: 225 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer; N2: 450 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer. For N1 and N2, base fertilizer was applied on the 1^st day, and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was applied on the 21^th and 41^th days, respectively.


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