施氮量对潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田氮磷淋溶的影响

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骆晓声^1,,
寇长林^1,,,
王小非¹,
李太魁¹,
王洪媛^2,,
1.河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所郑州 450002
2.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所北京 100081
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0800101
河南省农业科学院优秀青年科技基金项目2020YQ22

详细信息

作者简介:骆晓声, 主要从事农业生态环境研究。E-mail: luoxiaosheng630@163.com

通讯作者:寇长林, 主要从事农业生态环境研究，E-mail: koucl@126.com
王洪媛, 主要从事农业面源污染防治研究, E-mail: wanghongyuan@caas.cn

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-07-07
录用日期:2020-09-02
刊出日期:2021-01-01

Effects of nitrogen application on nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in fluvo-aquic soil on a winter wheat-summer maize rotation farmland

LUO Xiaosheng^1,,
KOU Changlin^1,,,
WANG Xiaofei¹,
LI Taikui¹,
WANG Hongyuan^2,,
1. Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
2. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0800101
the Science-Technology Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientists of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences2020YQ22

More Information

Corresponding author:KOU Changlin, E-mail: koucl@126.com;WANG Hongyuan, E-mail: wanghongyuan@caas.cn

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摘要
摘要:潮土是我国华北地区主要土壤类型之一, 潮土区是我国冬小麦-夏玉米作物的主要产区, 研究不同施氮量潮土氮磷淋溶特征对于指导区域农田面源污染防控具有重要意义。本研究设置3个施肥处理, 即传统施氮(CON)、优化施氮(OPT)和优化再减氮(OPTJ), 利用田间渗漏池法, 研究潮土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田硝态氮及总磷淋溶特征。结果表明: 2016—2018年, 冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周年不同施肥处理90 cm土层年淋溶水量79.0~102.5 mm, 不同淋溶事件间土壤淋溶液硝态氮浓度波动较大, CON、OPT和OPTJ处理单次淋溶事件硝态氮浓度分别为18.9~208.7(平均为72.7) mg·L^-1、9.0~99.2(平均为33.8) mg·L^-1、4.7~55.5(平均为15.4) mg·L^-1。本研究区域冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式的氮素淋溶风险较高, 磷素淋溶风险较低。传统施氮处理(CON)下农田硝态氮的平均淋溶量和表观淋失系数分别为66.4 kg·hm^-2和10.3%, 而总磷(TP)为0.06 kg·hm^-2和0.04%。氮肥减施会显著降低氮素淋失, OPT和OPTJ处理的氮素淋溶减排率可达56.3%和78.9%。两个年度CON、OPT和OPTJ处理硝态氮平均表观淋失溶系数分别为10.3%、6.2%和4.9%, 随着施氮量的增加, 硝态氮淋失溶系数动态增加。氮淋溶具有较大的年际变化, 降雨量高的2018年比降雨少的2017年硝态氮淋溶量多57.0%。两个年度CON、OPT和OPTJ处理总磷平均淋溶量分别为0.06 kg·hm^-2、0.06 kg·hm^-2和0.08 kg·hm^-2。适量减施氮肥会增加作物产量, OPT处理的作物产量是CON处理的1.08倍。然而, 过量减施则会带来减产风险, OPTJ处理氮肥减施56%, 作物产量比CON处理降低2.0%~8.1%。总之, 潮土区农田硝态氮淋溶风险较大, 适量减施氮肥能够在保证作物产量的基础上显著降低氮素淋失损失。
关键词:潮土/
施氮量/
淋溶/
冬小麦-夏玉米轮作/
硝态氮/
总磷/
产量
Abstract:Fluvo-aquic soil is predominant in the North China Plain, where a large amount of wheat and corn are grown in China. Understanding the relationship between nitrogen and phosphorus leaching and nitrogen application is important for preventing and controlling nonpoint source pollution in this area. The field seepage pool method was used to explore nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus leaching in fluvo-aquic soil on a winter wheat and summer maize rotation farmland. Three fertilization treatments were tested: traditional nitrogen application (CON), optimized nitrogen application (OPT), and optimized nitrogen plus nitrogen reduction (OPTJ). The results showed that from 2016 to 2018, the annual leachate volume from the 90 cm soil layer was between 79.0 and 102.5 mm (all treatments). The leached nitrate nitrogen concentrations were 18.9-208.7 (average 72.7) mg·L^-1 (CON), 9.0-99.2 (average 33.8) mg·L^-1 (OPT), and 4.7-55.5 (average 15.4) mg·L^-1 (OPTJ), fluctuating among leaching events. The nitrogen leaching risk was higher, and the phosphorus leaching risk was lower in the fluvo-aquic soil area. The average leaching amount was 66.4 kg·hm^-2 and apparent leaching loss coefficient was 10.3% for nitrate nitrogen; these values for total phosphorus were 0.06 kg·hm^-2 and 0.04%, respectively. Reducing nitrogen fertilizer decreased nitrogen leaching by 56.3% (OPT) and 78.9% (OPTJ), and the apparent leaching coefficients were 10.3% (CON), 6.2% (OPT), and 4.9% (OPTJ), indicating that nitrate nitrogen leaching increased as nitrogen fertilizer increased. Nitrogen leaching had interannual variation; 2018 had high rainfall, and the leaching amount was 57.0% higher than in 2017, which had low rainfall. During the sampling years, the total phosphorus leached was 0.06 kg·hm^-2 (CON), 0.06 kg·hm^-2 (OPT), and 0.08 kg·hm^-2 (OPTJ). A moderate nitrogen fertilizer reduction increased crop yield; the OPT yield was 1.08 times higher than the CON yield. However, excessive fertilizer reduction decreased yield. OPTJ had 56% less nitrogen than CON, and the yield decreased by 2.0%-8.1%. The partial factor productivities were 25.3 kg·hm^-2 (CON), 35.7 kg·hm^-2 (OPT), and 57.4 kg·hm^-2 (OPTJ) for winter wheat and 28.5 kg·hm^-2 (CON), 44.8 kg·hm^-2 (OPT), and 62.7 kg·hm^-2 (OPTJ) for summer maize. The nitrogen fertilizer partial factor productivities of OPT and OPTJ were significantly higher than that of CON. These results showed that the nitrate nitrogen leaching potential was high in fluvo-aquic soil, and reducing nitrogen fertilizer could significantly reduce nitrogen loss without decreasing crop yield. Considering crop yield and nitrate nitrogen leaching risk together, the optimal nitrogen amount for winter wheat and summer maize farmland in the study area was 465 kg·hm^-2. When nitrogen decreased to 285 kg·hm^-2, nitrogen leaching sharply decreased, but the crop yield decreased slightly.
Key words:Fluvo-aquic soil/
Nitrogen application rate/
Leaching/
Winter wheat-summer maize rotation system/
Nitrate nitrogen/
Total phosphorus/
Yield

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图1两个监测年度试验点月降雨量及灌溉量
Figure1.Monthly rainfall and irrigation in the experiment site during two sampling years

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图22017年和2018年不同施肥处理冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期年淋溶水量
CON:传统施氮; OPT:优化施氮; OPTJ:优化再减氮。不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间在0.05水平差异显著。
Figure2.Annual leachate amounts under different fertilization treatments for winter wheat-summer maize rotation in 2017 and 2018
CON: traditional nitrogen application; OPT: optimized nitrogen application; OPTJ: optimized nitrogen plus nitrogen reduction. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments in the same year at P < 0.05 level.

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图32017年和2018年不同处理冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田土壤淋溶液硝态氮浓度
CON:传统施氮; OPT:优化施氮; OPTJ:优化再减氮。不同小写字母表示同一淋溶次数不同处理间在0.05水平差异显著。
Figure3.Leachate nitrate nitrogen concentrations under different fertilization treatments for winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in 2017 and 2018
CON: traditional nitrogen application; OPT: optimized nitrogen application; OPTJ: optimized nitrogen plus further nitrogen reduction. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at the same leaching time at P < 0.05 level.

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表1不同施肥处理冬小麦和夏玉米季氮磷和钾肥总施用量
Table1.Total application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers of different fertilization treatments for winter wheat and summer maize seasons?kg·hm^-2

处理Treatment	冬小麦Winter wheat			夏玉米Summer maize
处理Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
CON	315.0	90.0	90.0	330.0	67.5	67.5
OPT	225.0	90.0	90.0	240.0	67.5	67.5
OPTJ	135.0	90.0	90.0	150.0	67.5	67.5
CON:传统施氮; OPT:优化施氮; OPTJ:优化再减氮。CON: traditional nitrogen application; OPT: optimized nitrogen application; OPTJ: optimized nitrogen plus nitrogen reduction.

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表22017年和2018年不同处理冬小麦-夏玉米产量及氮肥偏生产力
Table2.Yields and average nitrogen partial factor productivities under different fertilization treatments for winter wheat and summer maize in 2017 and 2018

处理Treatment	产量Yield (kg·hm^-2)				氮肥偏生产力PFP (kg·kg^-1)
处理Treatment	小麦(2017) Wheat	玉米(2017) Maize	小麦(2018) Wheat	玉米(2018) Maize	小麦(2017) Wheat	玉米(2017) Maize	小麦(2018) Wheat	玉米(2018) Maize
CON	7274.0±399.8a	9008.5±1443.6a	8694.0±243.1a	9791.1±442.0a	23.1±1.3c	27.3.±4.4c	27.6±0.8c	29.7±1.3c
OPT	7170.5±292.0a	10 657.5±1254.5a	8885.9±1613.2a	10 831.1±616.2a	31.9±1.3b	44.4±5.2b	39.5±7.2b	45.1±2.6b
OPTJ	7400.3±325.6a	9215.0±743.0a	7990.0±415.3a	9596.7±574.6a	54.8±2.4a	61.4±5.0a	59.2±3.1a	64.0±3.8a
CON:传统施氮; OPT:优化施氮; OPTJ:优化再减氮。数值表示平均值±标准差。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。CON: traditional nitrogen application; OPT: optimized nitrogen application; OPTJ: optimized nitrogen plus nitrogen reduction. PFP: partial factor productivity from applied N. The data is average value ± standard deviation. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different treatments at P < 0.05 level.

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表32017年和2018年不同施肥处理冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田硝态氮淋溶量及表观淋失溶系数
Table3.Nitrate nitrogen leaching amounts and apparent nitrate nitrogen leaching loss coefficients under different fertilization treatments for winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in 2017 and 2018

年度Year	淋溶量Leaching amount (kg·hm^-2)			硝态氮表观淋失溶系数Apparent nitrate nitrogen leaching loss coefficient(%)
年度Year	CON	OPT	OPTJ	CON	OPT	OPTJ
2017	53.8±1.8a	21.3±6.6b	10.0±2.0c	8.3±0.3a	4.6±1.4b	3.5±0.7b
2018	78.9±8.6a	36.7±12.5b	18.0±6.4b	12.2±1.3a	7.9±2.7b	6.3±2.2b
平均Average	66.4	29.0	14.0	10.3	6.2	4.9
CON:传统施氮; OPT:优化施氮; OPTJ:优化再减氮。同行不同小写字母表示不同处理之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。CON: traditional nitrogen application; OPT: optimized nitrogen application; OPTJ: optimized nitrogen plus nitrogen reduction. Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 level among different treatments.

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表4试验期不同施肥处理冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田根层土壤硝态氮残留特征
Table4.Residue nitrate nitrogen in root zone soil under different fertilization treatments for winter wheat-summer maize rotation system during sampling period?kg·hm^-2

土层Soil layer (cm)	2018小麦基肥前Before base fertilizer of wheat in 2018			2018小麦追肥前Before topdressing of wheat in 2018
土层Soil layer (cm)	CON	OPT	OPTJ	CON	OPT	OPTJ
0~30	117.5±31.1a	111.6±35.1ab	57.2±9.5b	111.8±43.9a	49.1±23.0ab	27.5±8.3b
30~60	150.6±30.8a	95.0±16.5b	33.5±28.9c	76.8±29.5a	50.0±28.6ab	34.9±9.2b
60~90	132.2±25.7a	57.4±5.5b	24.3±12.4c	83.2±21.4a	63.6±17.5ab	39.8±14.9b
合计Total	400.3	264.0	115.0	271.9	162.7	102.3
CON:传统施氮; OPT:优化施氮; OPTJ:优化再减氮。同行不同小写字母表示不同处理之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。CON: traditional nitrogen application; OPT: optimized nitrogen application; OPTJ: optimized nitrogen plus nitrogen reduction. Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 level among different treatments.

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表52017年和2018年不同施肥处理冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田土壤淋溶液总磷浓度及淋溶量
Table5.Leachate concentrations and leaching amount of total phosphorus under different fertilization treatments for winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in 2017 and 2018

处理Treatment	总磷浓度Total P concentration (mg·L^-1)		总磷淋溶量Total P leaching amount (kg·hm^-2)
处理Treatment	2017	2018	2017	2018
CON	0.10±0.06a	0.04±0.02a	0.09±0.01a	0.03±0.00a
OPT	0.08±0.03a	0.06±0.02a	0.07±0.03a	0.04±0.01a
OPTJ	0.10±0.07a	0.06±0.03a	0.12±0.02a	0.04±0.01a
CON:传统施氮; OPT:优化施氮; OPTJ:优化再减氮。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。CON: traditional nitrogen application; OPT: optimized nitrogen application; OPTJ: optimized nitrogen plus nitrogen reduction. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 level among different treatments.

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