李贵春2,
丁武汉1,
徐驰1,
王洪媛1,
李虎1,,
1.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 北京 100081
2.中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所 北京 100081
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2018YFD0800402
国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0800101
国家自然科学基金项目41671303
详细信息
作者简介:雷豪杰, 主要研究方向为农田生态系统碳氮循环。E-mail: haojielink@126.com
通讯作者:李虎, 主要研究方向为农业资源利用与区划。E-mail: lihu0728@sina.com
中图分类号:S19计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2020-07-14
录用日期:2020-09-15
刊出日期:2021-01-01
Modeling nitrogen transport and leaching process in a greenhouse vegetable field
LEI Haojie1,,LI Guichun2,
DING Wuhan1,
XU Chi1,
WANG Hongyuan1,
LI Hu1,,
1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program2018YFD0800402
the National Key Research and Development Program2016YFD0800101
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41671303
More Information
Corresponding author:LI Hu E-mail:lihu0728@sina.com
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摘要
摘要:设施菜地因大水大肥管理方式导致的氮素淋失已成为当前关注焦点。探寻氮素淋失阻控技术需要首先探明土壤中NO3--N的运移和淋失过程, 找到淋失阻控的关键点, 从而实现蔬菜栽培高产量低环境成本。本研究以京郊设施菜地黄瓜-番茄轮作系统为研究对象, 通过田间试验获取土壤温度、湿度、NO3--N含量等数据, 对反硝化-分解(DNDC)模型进行参数校验, 并以农民常规种植模式为基线情景, 设置改变土壤基础性质、灌溉量、施氮量等不同情景, 运用DNDC模型对设施菜地系统土壤氮素运移及淋溶损失进行定量评价。结果表明:经验证后的DNDC模型能够较好地模拟蔬菜产量、5 cm土壤温度和0~20 cm土壤孔隙含水率变化以及NO3--N的迁移过程, 是模拟和评价氮素运移和损失的有效工具。模拟不同情景表明, 设施菜地0~60 cm土壤NO3--N累积主要受灌溉水量和氮肥施入量的影响, 此外土壤pH和土壤有机碳的变化也是影响NO3--N运移的重要因子。节水节肥是设施菜地氮素淋失减量的最有效方法, 相比常规措施, 同时减少20%灌溉量和20%施氮量可明显降低59.04%的NO3--N淋失量。同时, 在节水节肥的基础上改变灌溉方式并提高20%土壤有机碳含量, 在保证蔬菜产量的前提下, 能够进一步降低69.04%的NO3--N淋失量。可见, DNDC模型为设施菜地NO3--N淋失评价和阻控提供了一个较好的解决方案。在当前重点关注减氮节水等管理措施的同时, 提高土壤本身的质量, 不失为一种更有效的减少设施菜地氮素淋失的途径。
关键词:设施菜地/
氮淋失/
水氮控制/
土壤有机碳/
DNDC模型
Abstract:Nitrogen (N) leaching is caused by the mismanagement of water and fertilizer in greenhouse vegetable fields. Understanding N movement and leaching process is important for achieving high crop yields at low environmental costs. A field experiment was conducted for a greenhouse cucumber–tomato rotation system in the suburbs of Beijing, China. The DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model was used to quantitatively evaluate the soil N transport and leaching loss in the facility vegetable field after considering factors obtained from field experiments, such as soil temperature, humidity, and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) content. Conventional practices were selected as the baseline scenario, and the modeled scenarios, such as changes in soil properties, irrigation, and N application, were set according to the baseline. The results showed that the DNDC model can better simulate the vegetable yield, 5 cm soil temperature, 0–20 cm soil water-filled pore space, and NO3--N migration process, indicating that it is an effective tool for simulating and evaluating N transport and leaching in vegetable field soil. The modeling scenarios showed that the accumulation of NO3--N in the 0–60 cm soil was primarily affected by the irrigation amount and N application; soil pH and organic carbon were also important factors affecting NO3--N migration. Increasing irrigation amount significantly accelerated the downward movement of NO3--N, and increasing N application promoted the accumulation of NO3--N at the surface and a depth of 20 cm. Increasing soil pH lessened NO3--N surface accumulation; and to a certain extent, increasing soil organic carbon delayed the downward movement of NO3--N.Controlling water and fertilizer was the most effective method for mitigating N leaching. Compared with conventional measures, reducing irrigation and N application simultaneously by 20% significantly reduced NO3--N leaching by 59.04%. Changing irrigation method and increasing soil organic carbon content by 20% (to save water and fertilizer) further reduced NO3--N leaching by 69.04%. The DNDC model is a useful method for evaluating and controlling NO3--N leaching in vegetable fields. Changing management practices, such as N and water amounts as the soil quality improves, may be an effective way to reduce N leaching in vegetable fields.
Key words:Facility vegetable field/
Nitrogen leaching/
Water and nitrogen control/
Soil organic carbon/
DNDC model
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图1设施菜地系统5 cm土壤温度和0~20 cm土壤孔隙含水率变化模拟结果
“Model”为DNDC的模拟值, “FP (Field)”为漫灌施肥处理的观测值, “FPD (Field)”为滴灌施肥处理的观测值。
Figure1.Simulation results of 5 cm soil temperature and 0-20 cm soil water-filled pore space changes in facility vegetable system
"Model" is the simulated value of DNDC, "FP (Field)" is the observation value of flood irrigation and fertilization treatment, and "FPD (Field)" is the observation value of drip fertigation treatment.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2DNDC模型对设施菜地系统作物产量的模拟结果
FP为漫灌施肥处理, FPD为滴灌施肥处理。Field表示观测值, Model表示模拟值。
Figure2.Simulation result of crops yields of facility vegetable system by DNDC model
"FP" means flood irrigation and fertilization treatment, "FPD" means drip fertigation treatment. "Field" represents the observed value, and "Model" represents the simulated value.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3DNDC模型对设施菜地系统0~60 cm土层土壤NO3--N累积量的模拟(虚线表示y=x线, 实线表示趋势线)
Figure3.Simulation of NO3--N accumulation in 0-60 cm soil layer of facility vegetable system by DNDC model (dashed line is the y=x line, solid line is the trend line)
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4不同土壤质地类型下设施菜地系统0~50 cm土壤中NO3--N的累积和运移过程(a:壤沙土; b:粉壤土; c:沙黏壤土)
虚竖线代表每个作物轮作周期内灌溉施肥事件, 实竖线代表每季作物拉秧事件。横坐标天表示每个轮作周期内自然日。
Figure4.Accumulation and migration process of NO3--N in 0-50 cm soil of facility vegetable system under different soil texture types (a: loamy sand; b: silt loam; c: sand clay loam)
The dashed vertical line represents the irrigation and fertilization event, and the solid vertical lines represent the crop plants uprooting events. The abscissa (Day) represents the natural day of the rotation cycle.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5不同土壤pH对设施菜地系统0~50 cm土壤中NO3--N累积和运移的影响(a: pH×0.8; b: pH基线; c: pH×1.2)
虚竖线代表每个作物轮作周期内灌溉施肥事件, 实竖线代表每季作物拉秧事件。横坐标天表示每个轮作周期内自然日。
Figure5.Effects of different soil pH on NO3--N accumulation and transport in 0-50 cm soil of facility vegetable system (a: pH×0.8; b: pH baseline; c: pH×1.2)
The dashed vertical lines represent the irrigation and fertilization events, and the solid vertical lines represent the crop plants uprooting events. The abscissa (Day) represents the natural day of the rotation cycle.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图6不同土壤有机碳含量(SOC)下设施菜地系统0~50 cm土壤中NO3--N的累积和运移(a: SOC×0.8; b: SOC基线; c: SOC×1.2)
虚竖线代表每个作物轮作周期内灌溉施肥事件, 实竖线代表每季作物拉秧事件。横坐标天表示每个轮作周期内自然日。
Figure6.Effects of soil organic carbon content (SOC) on NO3--N accumulation and transport in 0-50 cm soil of facility vegetable system (a: SOC×0.8; b: SOC baseline; c: SOC×1.2)
The dashed vertical line>s represent the irrigation and fertilization events, and the solid vertical lines represent the crop plants uprooting events. The abscissa (Day) represents the natural day of the rotation cycle.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图7漫灌和滴灌下设施菜地系统0~50 cm土壤中NO3--N的累积和运移过程(a:漫灌; b:滴灌)
虚竖线代表每个作物轮作周期内灌溉施肥事件, 实竖线代表每季作物拉秧事件。横坐标天表示每个轮作周期内自然日。
Figure7.Accumulation and migration of NO3--N in 0-50 cm soil of facility vegetable system under flood irrigation and drip irrigation conditions (a: flood irrigation; b: drip irrigation)
The dashed vertical lines represent the irrigation and fertilization events, and the solid vertical lines represent the crop plants uprooting events. The abscissa (Day) represents the natural day of the rotation cycle.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图8不同施氮量对设施菜地系统0~50 cm土壤中NO3--N累积和运移的影响(a:施氮量×0.8; b:施氮量基线; c:施氮量×1.2)
虚竖线代表每个作物轮作周期内灌溉施肥事件, 实竖线代表每季作物拉秧事件。横坐标天表示每个轮作周期内自然日。
Figure8.Effect of different nitrogen application amounts on NO3--N accumulation and migration in 0-50 cm soil of facility vegetable system (a: nitrogen application amount×0.8; b: nitrogen application baseline; c: nitrogen application amount×1.2)
The dashed vertical lines represent the irrigation and fertilization events, and the solid vertical lines represent the crop plants uprooting events. The abscissa (Day) represents the natural day of the rotation cycle.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图9不同灌溉量对设施菜地系统0~50 cm土壤中NO3--N累积和运移的影响(a:灌溉量×0.8; b:灌溉量基线; c:灌溉量×1.2)
虚竖线代表每个作物轮作周期内灌溉施肥事件, 实竖线代表每季作物拉秧事件。横坐标天表示每个轮作周期内自然日。
Figure9.Effects of different irrigation volumes on NO3--N accumulation and migration in 0-50 cm soil of facility vegetable system (a: irrigation water volume×0.8; b: irrigation water volume baseline; c: irrigation water volume×1.2)
The dashed vertical lines represent the irrigation and fertilization events, and the solid vertical lines represent the crop plants uprooting events. The abscissa (Day) represents the natural day of the rotation cycle.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图10不同情景设置下设施菜地系统两季土壤NO3--N淋失总量
SOC:土壤有机碳含量。
Figure10.Total leaching loss of NO3--N from soil in two seasons of facility vegetable system under different scenarios
SOC: soil organic carbon content.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1模型输入的黄瓜-番茄轮作不同处理的施肥和灌溉管理数据
Table1.Input data of model of fertilization and irrigation management for different treatments of facility cucumber-tomato rotation
| 处理Treatment | 施肥量Fertilization rate (kg·hm-2) | 灌溉水量Irrigation amount (mm) | 灌溉次数及日期(月/日) Irrigation frequency and date (month/day) | |||
| 有机肥Organic fertilizer | N | P2O5 | K2O | |||
| 漫灌施肥Flood irrigation and fertilization (FP) | 1300 | 1450 | 320 | 500 | 772 | 黄瓜季Cucumber season: 5；9/13，10/12，11/1，11/20，12/4 |
| 滴灌施肥Drip fertigation (FPD) | 1300 | 1450 | 320 | 500 | 555 | 番茄季Tomato season: 5；3/16，4/15，5/12，5/27，6/12 |
下载: 导出CSV表2用来模拟蔬菜生长的生理学参数及DNDC输入参数(测量值和模型默认值)
Table2.Parameters used for simulating vegetable growth and general description of DNDC input data (measured on site and default)
| 参数Parameter | 黄瓜Cucumber | 番茄Tomato | |
| 目标产量Max. biomass production [kg(C)·hm-2] | 560 | 1660.68 | |
| 成熟时生物量分配比例Biomass fraction at harvest (%) | 果Grain | 0.65 | 0.36a |
| 叶Leaf | 0.15 | 0.22a | |
| 茎Stem | 0.15 | 0.22a | |
| 根Root | 0.05 | 0.2a | |
| 成熟时C/N比值C/N ratio at harvest | 果Grain | 12 | 26a |
| 叶Leaf | 11.97 | 26a | |
| 茎Stem | 11.33 | 26a | |
| 根Root | 25 | 45a | |
| 生长积温Thermal degree days for maturity (℃) | 1000 | 1400 | |
| 需水量Water demand [g(water)·g-1(DM)] | 500 | 300 | |
| 土壤表层有机碳Surface soil organic carbon content [kg(C)·kg-1] | 0.0143 | ||
| 田间持水量Field capacity (soil water-filled pore space, WFPS) | 0.67 | ||
| 土壤质地Soil texture | 粉壤土Silt loam | ||
| 黏粒含量Clay fraction | 0.20 | ||
| 容重Soil bulk density (g·cm-3) | 1.29 | ||
| 萎蔫点Soil WFPS at wilting point | 0.16 | ||
| 孔隙度Porosity | 0.65 | ||
| 上标a表示DNDC模型默认值。Superscript “a” indicates the default value of DNDC model. | |||
下载: 导出CSV表3不同土壤基础性质和管理措施下的情景设置
Table3.Scenario setting of different soil basic properties and management practices
| 项目Item | 情景名称Scenario name | 描述Description | 单位Unit | 值Value |
| 土壤基础性质Basic soil properties | 壤沙土, 粉壤土, 沙黏壤土Loamy sand, silt loam, sand clay loam | 土壤质地为壤沙土, 粉壤土, 沙黏壤土The soil texture is loamy sand, silt loam, and sandy clay loam | — | — |
| pH×0.8, pH基线, pH×1.2 pH×0.8, pH baseline, pH×1.2 | 降低/提高20%的土壤pH基线Decrease or increase the soil pH baseline by 20% | — | 5.75, 7.19, 8.63 | |
| 土壤有机碳含量(SOC)×0.8, SOC, SOC×1.2 Soil organic carbon content (SOC) ×0.8, SOC baseline, SOC×1.2 | 降低/提高20%的土壤SOC基线Decrease or increase the soil SOC baseline by 20% | kg(C)·kg-1 | 0.0114, 0.0143, 0.0172 | |
| 管理措施Management measures | 施氮量×0.8, 施肥量基线, 施氮量×1.2 Nitrogen application rate × 0.8, nitrogen application rate baseline, nitrogen application rate × 1.2 | 降低/提高20%的施氮量基线Decrease or increase the nitrogen application rate baseline by 20% | kg(N)·hm-2 | 1160, 1450, 1740 |
| 灌溉量×0.8, 灌溉量基线, 灌溉量×1.2 Irrigation water volume × 0.8, irrigation water volume baseline, irrigation water volume × 1.2 | 降低/提高20%的灌溉量基线Reduce or increase the irrigation baseline by 20% | mm | 617.8, 772.3, 926.8 | |
| 漫灌, 滴灌Flood irrigation, drip irrigation | 灌溉方式分别为漫灌和滴灌Irrigation methods are flood irrigation and drip irrigation | — | — |
下载: 导出CSV表4基于DNDC模型的设施菜地系统土壤NO3--N累积敏感性指数
Table4.Sensitive indexes of NO3--N accumulation in soil of facility vegetable system based on DNDC model
| 输入参数Parameter | 变化范围Range | 敏感性指数Sensitive index |
| 土壤质地Soil texture | 壤沙土—粉壤土—沙黏壤土Loamy sandy soil - silt loam - sandy clay loam | 9.05 |
| pH | pH×0.8—pH×1.2 | 17.97 |
| 土壤有机碳Soil organic carbon (SOC) | SOC×0.8-SOC×1.2 | 18.14 |
| 灌溉方式Irrigation method | 漫灌—滴灌Flood irrigation - drip irrigation | — |
| 灌溉量Irrigation volume | 灌溉量×0.8—灌溉量×1.2 Irrigation volume×0.8 - irrigation volume×1.2 | 21.06 |
| 施氮量Nitrogen application amount | 施氮量×0.8—施氮量×1.2 Nitrogen application rate×0.8 - nitrogen application rate×1.2 | 20.85 |
下载: 导出CSV表5DNDC模型对不同组合情景的设施菜地系统作物产量和NO3--N淋失量的模拟结果
Table5.Simulation results of DNDC model on crop yield and NO3--N leaching in different combinations of facility vegetable system
| 情景Scenario | 描述Description | 产量Biomass | NO3--N淋失量NO3--Nleaching | |||
| 模拟值Simulated value [kg(C)·hm-2] | 变化率Change rate (%) | 模拟值Simulated value [kg(N)·hm-2·a-1] | 变化率Change rate (%) | |||
| 基线情景Baseline scenario | 农民常规处理Farmer’s practice | 2814.47 | — | 1088.60 | — | |
| 组合1 Combination scenario 1 | 80%施氮量+80%灌溉量Nitrogen application rate×0.8+irrigation volume×0.8 | 2855.20 | +1.45 | 445.94 | -59.04 | |
| 组合2 Combination scenario 2 | 80%施氮量+80%灌溉量+1.2倍土壤有机碳含量Nitrogen application rate×0.8+irrigation volume×0.8+soil organic carbon content×1.2 | 2854.94 | +1.44 | 427.32 | -60.75 | |
| 组合3 Combination scenario 3 | 滴灌+80%施氮量+80%灌溉量+1.2倍土壤有机碳含量Drip irrigation+nitrogen application rate×0.8+irrigation volume×0.8+soil organic carbon content×1.2 | 2910.53 | +3.41 | 337.08 | -69.04 | |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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