曹春霞^1,,
朱升海²,
颜越³,
龙武赐¹,
黎淳¹,
谢冰一¹,
刘云慧^{4, 5},
段美春^{1, 5,,}
1.西南大学农学与生物科技学院 重庆 400715
2.宁波天胜农牧发展有限公司 宁波 315012
3.山东省农业环境保护和农村能源总站 济南 250100
4.中国农业大学资源与环境学院 北京 100193
5.北京市生物多样性与有机农业重点 实验室 北京 100193
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目41901218
国家重点研发计划项目2018YFC0507203
北京市生物多样性与有机农业重点实验室开放课题BOF201903

详细信息

作者简介:曹春霞, 主要研究方向为农业经济理论与政策, 生态经济。E-mail: 1471787245@qq.com

通讯作者:段美春, 主要研究方向为农业景观与生物多样性。E-mail: duanmc@swu.edu.cn

中图分类号:S154.5

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-12-20
录用日期:2021-01-19
刊出日期:2021-03-01

Effect of organic management on soil quality under different land use types

CAO Chunxia^1,,
ZHU Shenghai²,
YAN Yue³,
LONG Wuci¹,
LI Chun¹,
XIE Bingyi¹,
LIU Yunhui^{4, 5},
DUAN Meichun^{1, 5,,}
1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
2. Ningbo Tiansheng Farming Development Corporation, Ningbo 315012, China
3. Rural Energy & Environment Agency of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, China
4. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
5. Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing 100193, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China41901218
the National Key Research and Development Project of China2018YFC0507203
Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic FarmingBOF201903

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Corresponding author:DUAN Meichun, E-mail: duanmc@swu.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:许多研究发现有机管理可以改善农田土壤质量，但是否不同土地利用方式下都存在此结论尚未明确。为探究有机管理对不同土地利用方式土壤质量的影响，本研究基于一个多土地利用方式的有机管理农场及其附近常规管理农田进行土壤质量调查，对比不同管理措施及大棚菜地、果园、露天菜地、农田边界、稻田田埂5种土地利用方式下农田土壤质量的差异，并对不同管理措施下农田土壤养分含量、重金属含量、动物数量共计20个指标进行方差分析和主成分分析。研究发现虽然总体上（综合5种土地利用方式的均值）有机管理的土壤pH显著高于常规农田；但针对一种土地利用方式，只有露天菜地和农田边界的土壤pH显著提高。总体上有机管理下土壤全磷、全钾、有效磷含量显著降低，但露天菜地土壤有机质和全氮含量均显著高于常规管理农田。有机管理在总体上显著降低了土壤Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn含量；但针对一种土地利用方式，只显著降低了大棚菜地土壤Cr、Ni、Zn含量，果园和稻田田埂土壤Cu含量，露天菜地和农田边界土壤Zn含量。有机管理虽然总体上均显著增加了土壤中蜘蛛目、倍足纲、步甲、蚯蚓的数量；但针对一种土地利用方式，只显著增加了露天菜地地表蜘蛛目、倍足纲、步甲，稻田田埂地表步甲、土壤蚯蚓以及果园倍足纲数量。主成分分析结果表明，不同管理方式下土壤质量差异明显，有机管理下蜘蛛目、倍足纲、步甲和蚯蚓等土壤动物较多，土壤pH较高，土壤P含量较低，重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr含量较低，但并非在所有土地利用方式下都成立。由此可见，有机管理虽然总体上可以改善土壤质量，但受具体管理措施、人为投入品数量和有机种植时间等因素影响，并非在所有土地利用方式下效果都显著，且在不同土地利用方式下显著改善的指标也各不相同，因此需要针对不同土地利用方式和不同指标采取针对性的改善措施。
关键词:有机管理/
土地利用方式/
土壤质量/
土壤动物
Abstract:The soil quality of farmlands can be improved by organic management, but this conclusion is unclear under different land-use types. A soil quality survey based on an organically managed farm with diversified land use and nearby conventionally managed farmland was conducted by analyzing differences in the soil quality under two different management measures within five land use types (greenhouse vegetable fields, orchards, open-air vegetable fields, farmland boundaries, and paddy ridge). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis of 20 indicators of soil nutrients contents, heavy metals contents, and soil animal numbers were used to explore the impact of organic management on soil quality under different land use types. The results showed that the pH value of the organic management was significantly higher than that of conventional farmland overall (the average value of five land use types). Meantime, the organic management overallly significantly decreased soil contents of total P, total K, available P, total Cr, total Cu, total Ni, and total Zn; and increased amounts of soil Araneae, Diplopoda, ground beetle and earthworm, compared with the conventional management. But for the specific land use type, pH increased significantly in the open-air vegetable field and farmland boundary under organic management. The organic matter content and total nitrogen contents of the open-air vegetable fields, and the quantities of Araneae, Diplopoda, ground beetles, and earthworms in the soil under organic management were higher. The total Cr, total Ni, and total Zn contents in the greenhouse vegetable fields, total Zn contents in the open-air vegetable fields and farmland boundaries, total Cu contents in orchards and paddy ridges were lower. The numbers of ground beetles and earthworms in the paddy ridge, and Diplopoda in the orchard were higher under organic management. Principal component analysis indicated that there was a significant difference in soil quality under different management practices. The numbers of Araneae, Diplopoda, ground beetles, and earthworms in the soil were higher, and the pH values and contents of P, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr were lower under organic management. These results show that the soil quality was better under organic management, but this was not universal for all land use types due to factors such as the specific management practices, the number of artificial inputs, and the length of organic planting time. The extent to which land quality had been improved under different land use types differed, so it is necessary to take targeted soil improvement measures under diverse land use types.
Key words:Organic management/
Land use type/
Soil quality/
Soil animals

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图1有机管理和常规管理下不同土地利用方式的土壤pH(A)和有机质含量(B)
Total: 总体(5种土地利用方式综合); DC: 大棚菜地; GY: 果园; LC: 露天菜地; NB: 农田边界; SD: 稻田田埂。不同小写字母表示同一土地利用方式下常规管理和有机管理差异显著(P < 0.05), 无字母表示差异不显著。Total: synthetical results of five land use types; DC: greenhouse vegetable; GY: orchard; LC: open-air vegetable; NB: farmland boundary; SD: paddy ridge. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between conventional and organic managements for the same land use type at P < 0.05 level. Bars of conventional and organic managements for the same land use type without letters are not significantly different.
Figure1.pH values (A) and organic matter contents (B) of soil of different land use types under organic and conventional management practices


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图2有机管理和常规管理下不同土地利用方式土壤质量的主成分分析
ODC: 有机管理的大棚菜地; OGY: 有机管理的果园; OLC: 有机管理的露天菜地; ONB: 有机管理的农田边界; OSD: 有机管理的稻田田埂; CDC: 常规管理的大棚菜地; CGY: 常规管理的果园; CLC: 常规管理的露天菜地; CNB: 常规管理的农田边界; CSD: 常规管理的稻田田埂; SOM: 有机质; N: 全氮; P: 全磷; K: 全钾; YN: 有效氮; YP: 有效磷; YJ: 速效钾; ZZ: 蜘蛛; BZ: 倍足纲; BJ: 步甲; QY: 蚯蚓。ODC: organically managed greenhouse vegetable field; OGY: organically managed orchards; OLC: organically managed open-air vegetable fields; ONB: organically managed farmland boundary; OSD: organically managed paddy field ridge; CDC: conventionally managed greenhouse vegetable field; CGY: conventional managed orchards; CLC: conventionally managed open-air vegetable fields; CNB: conventionally managed farmland boundary; CSD: conventionally managed paddy field ridge; SOM: organic matter; N: total nitrogen; P: total phosphorus; K: total potassium; YN: available nitrogen; YP: available phosphorus; YJ: available potassium; ZZ: spiders; BZ: Diplopoda; BJ: carabids; QY: earthworm
Figure2.Principal component analysis of soil quality of different land use types of farmlands under organic and conventional management practices


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表1研究区农田不同管理方式下不同土地利用方式基本信息
Table1.Basic information of different land use types under different management methods in the study area

管理措施 Management measure	土地利用方式 Land use type	种植情况 Planting situation	主要管理实践 Main management practices
有机管理 Organic management	大棚菜地 Greenhouse vegetable field	一年种植2季叶菜类蔬菜 Planting 2 seasons of leafy vegetables a year	施用湿基有机肥22 500 kg·hm-2 Applying wet-based organic fertilizer 22 500 kg·hm-2
	果园 Orchard	种植桃树或樱桃 Planting peach or cherry trees	每年机器割草1次 Machine mowing once a year
	露天菜地 Open-air vegetable field	一年种植1季蔬菜 Planting 1 season of vegetables a year	施用湿基有机肥15 000 kg·hm-2 Applying wet-based organic fertilizer 15 000 kg·hm-2
	稻田 Paddy	一年内进行水稻-小麦轮作 Rice-wheat rotation in one year	施用湿基有机肥22 500 kg·hm-2 Applying wet-based organic fertilizer 22 500 kg·hm-2
常规管理 Conventional management	大棚菜地 Greenhouse vegetable field	一年种植6季蔬菜 Planting 6 seasons of vegetables a year	施用复合肥1875 kg·hm-2, 喷洒农药和杀虫剂5次 Applying compound fertilizer 1875 kg·hm-2 and spraying pesticides 5 times
	果园 Orchard	3个果园分别种柑橘、李、梨 Planting citrus, plums, and pears in 3 orchards, respectively	已荒废, 无人为管理或管理较粗放, 未施用化肥和农药 Abandoned without human management or relatively extensive management and not applying chemical fertilizers and pesticides
	露天菜地 Open-air vegetable field	一年种植2季蔬菜 Planting 2 seasons of vegetables a year	施用化肥复合肥600 kg·hm-2, 喷洒农药和杀虫剂5次 Applying compound fertilizer 600 kg·hm-2 and spraying pesticides 5 times
	稻田 Paddy field	一年内进行水稻-蔺草轮作 Rotation of rice and Juncus effusus in one year	施用氮肥225 kg·hm-2、复合肥375 kg·hm-2, 喷洒农药和杀虫剂5次 Applying chemical nitrogen fertilizer 225 kg·hm-2 and compound fertilizer 375 kg·hm-2, and spraying pesticides 5 times

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表2有机管理和常规管理下不同土地利用方式的土壤营养元素含量的比较
Table2.Soil nutrients contents of different land use types under organic and conventional management practices

土地利用方式 Land use type	管理方式 Management method	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg-1)	全钾 Total potassium (g·kg-1)	有效氮 Available nitrogen (mg·kg-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg-1)
大棚菜地 Greenhouse vegetable field	常规Conventional	2.34±0.30	2.15±0.20	22.99±0.84	212.35±28.59	248.01±48.34	921.67±676.69
	有机Organic	3.30±0.46	1.91±0.36	22.01±0.72	304.31±44.04	184.83±36.28	495.00±105.40
果园 Orchard	常规Conventional	2.53±0.21a	1.26±0.14	23.72±0.75	230.16±19.94	123.88±53.38	135.00±40.71
	有机Organic	1.78±0.09b	0.95±0.03	23.48±0.85	158.34±9.15	81.74±7.14	206.67±63.00
露天菜地 Open-air vegetable field	常规Conventional	2.08±0.16b	2.01±0.44	23.89±1.19	187.06±15.03	160.79±14.32	153.67±8.57
	有机Organic	2.90±0.10a	1.29±0.14	22.05±0.79	265.83±9.31	113.74±12.50	315.00±126.62
农田边界 Farmland boundary	常规Conventional	1.89±0.23	1.66±0.40	24.42±0.53	168.99±22.16	139.50±9.96a	204.00±56.70
	有机Organic	2.18±0.34	0.91±0.15	23.78±0.93	196.81±33.05	59.80±12.81b	262.00±126.65
稻田田埂 Paddy field ridge	常规Conventional	2.28±0.35	1.13±0.14	24.63±0.75	206.46±33.49	73.96±13.17	245.00±79.37
	有机Organic	2.07±0.09	1.04±0.11	22.33±0.48	185.60±8.85	71.28±1.67	112.67±53.82
Total	常规Conventional	2.38±0.13	1.57±0.13a	23.84±0.38a	215.70±12.42	138.70±17.70a	330.17±116.45
	有机Organic	2.41±0.15	1.21±0.10b	22.75±0.29b	218.88±14.71	99.62±11.61b	262.89±43.71
Total: 总体(5种土地利用方式综合)。不同小写字母表示同一土地利用方式下常规管理和有机管理差异显著(P < 0.05), 无字母表示差异不显著。Total: synthetical results of five land use types. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between conventional and organic managements for the same land use type at P < 0.05 level. Data of conventional and organic managements for the same land use type without letters are not significantly different.

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表3有机管理和常规管理下不同土地利用方式的土壤重金属元素含量
Table3.Heavy metals contents in soil of different land use types under organic and conventional management practices?mg·kg^-1

土地利用方式 Land use type	管理方式 Management method	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn
大棚菜地 Greenhouse vegetable field	常规Conventional	9.33±0.28	0.51±0.03	38.74±1.16a	34.87±2.96	0.15±0.01	25.48±0.60a	28.92±4.98	110.91±1.04a
	有机Organic	6.84±2.04	0.36±0.04	28.38±1.14b	30.94±1.54	0.12±0.00	19.66±0.46b	29.35±3.50	95.88±8.68b
果园 Orchard	常规Conventional	8.50±0.67	0.48±0.07	40.87±1.83	34.90±2.29a	0.17±0.05	24.49±0.63	30.44±3.37	95.67±5.48
	有机Organic	10.17±1.39	0.54±0.14	30.92±3.26	21.97±1.06b	0.14±0.02	24.56±1.85	14.04±1.53	84.69±3.62
露天菜地 Open-air vegetable field	常规Conventional	7.67±1.09	0.56±0.10	43.32±6.95	40.43±4.38	0.13±0.00	26.27±3.93	29.72±3.26	157.14±38.49a
	有机Organic	8.35±2.13	0.44±0.05	31.98±1.38	31.12±1.89	0.14±0.01	21.02±0.87	33.70±2.36	95.21±9.37b
农田边界 Farmland boundary	常规Conventional	7.24±1.05	0.53±0.08	39.11±6.86	35.98±5.86	0.15±0.02	25.69±4.08	25.35±2.35	139.61±40.74a
	有机Organic	9.20±1.11	0.55±0.09	33.20±2.01	26.34±0.57	0.18±0.02	25.01±1.80	23.46±3.86	83.97±2.92b
稻田田埂 Paddy field ridge	常规Conventional	9.37±0.17	0.51±0.01	41.65±2.60	31.98±2.33a	0.15±0.01	26.45±0.90	35.60±1.85	95.21±7.73
	有机Organic	7.80±0.81	0.54±0.09	29.63±4.60	21.17±0.37b	0.15±0.00	23.82±1.72	13.33±0.29	76.37±6.49
Total	常规Conventional	8.63±0.38	0.51±0.02	40.16±1.56a	34.98±1.42a	0.16±0.01	25.59±0.86a	30.04±1.37	115.32±10.00a
	有机Organic	8.31±0.57	0.49±0.03	31.42±1.01b	25.52±1.10b	0.14±0.01	22.77±0.67b	22.02±2.13	85.76±2.80b
Total: 总体(5种土地利用方式综合)。不同小写字母表示同一土地利用方式下常规管理和有机管理差异显著(P < 0.05), 无字母表示差异不显著。Total: synthetical results of five land use types. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between conventional and organic managements for the same land use type at P < 0.05 level. Data of conventional and organic managements for the same land use type without letters are not significantly different.

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表4有机管理和常规管理下不同土地利用方式的土壤动物数量
Table4.Numbers of soil animals of different land use types under organic and conventional management practices

土地利用方式 Land use type	管理方式 Management method	蜘蛛目 Araneae	倍足纲 Diplopoda	步甲 Ground beetle	蚯蚓 Earthworms
大棚菜地 Greenhouse vegetable field	常规Conventional	59. 67±20.51	1.67±0.88	1.67±1.20	9.67±7.75
	有机Organic	156.00±33.87	2.00±0.58	8.67±3.18	3.67±2.33
果园 Orchard	常规Conventional	150.67±51.19	0.33±0.33b	5.33±2.33	8.67±5.21
	有机Organic	275.00±79.43	10.00±2.52a	22.33±7.54	27.67±13.02
露天菜地 Open-air vegetable field	常规Conventional	103.67±4.98b	1.00±1.00b	22.33±7.42b	3.00±2.08
	有机Organic	176.67±13.13a	217.67±195.67a	75.67±15.07a	18.33±5.17
农田边界 Farmland boundary	常规Conventional	150.67±7.06	4.00±3.51	30.00±7.81	9.00±7.51
	有机Organic	122.33±8.84	15.67±5.24	26.00±6.66	26.67±15.01
稻田田埂 Paddy field ridge	常规Conventional	59.33±8.76	2.00±2.00	5.67±0.88b	5.67±0.88b
	有机Organic	150.67±46.84	2.67±1.20	44.33±20.33a	44.33±20.33a
Total	常规Conventional	104.8±14.49b	1.80±0.79b	13.00±3.51b	7.60±2.36b
	有机Organic	176.13±21.88a	49.60±40.01a	35.40±7.73a	21.87±4.49a
Total: 总体(5种土地利用方式综合)。不同小写字母表示同一土地利用方式下常规管理和有机管理差异显著(P < 0.05), 无字母表示差异不显著。Total: synthetical results of five land use types. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between conventional and organic managements for the same land use type at P < 0.05 level. Data of conventional and organic managements for the same land use type without letters are not significantly different.

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