陈延华,,
王学霞,
倪小会,
刘东生,
李丽霞,
邹国元,
北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所 北京 100097
基金项目: 财政部和农业农村部：国家现代农业产业技术体系项目、北京市农林科学院改革与发展计划YZS202001
北京市农林科学院创新能力建设专项KJCX20210430
详细信息
作者简介:张佳佳, 主要研究方向为养分管理。E-mail:zhangjiajia_91@163.com
通讯作者:陈延华, 主要研究方向为农田土壤质量研究, E-mail:yhchen55@126.com
邹国元, 主要研究方向为作物营养与施肥, E-mail:gyzou@163.com
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出版历程
收稿日期:2020-11-17
录用日期:2020-12-30
网络出版日期:2021-06-22
刊出日期:2021-06-01
A review of microplastics in the soil environment
ZHANG Jiajia,CHEN Yanhua,,
WANG Xuexia,
NI Xiaohui,
LIU Dongsheng,
LI Lixia,
ZOU Guoyuan,
Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
Funds: the China Agriculture Research System of the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, the Reform and Development Plan of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesYZS202001
the Innovation Capacity Building Project of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesKJCX20210430
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Corresponding author:CHEN Yanhua, E-mail:yhchen55@126.com;ZOU Guoyuan, E-mail:gyzou@163.com
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摘要
摘要:微塑料是一类广泛存在于环境中的塑料颗粒，近年来，微塑料对环境的污染引起了国内外****的广泛关注。关于微塑料对水环境造成的负面影响有较多报道，但微塑料在陆地环境特别是土壤中的存在和影响的系统性研究鲜有报道。本文从土壤微塑料的来源和分布、分析方法、对生态系统的影响、生态环境效应及管控措施等方面进行了系统综述，并针对今后土壤微塑料的研究提出了相关对策。主要包括以下几个方面：1）土壤微塑料的主要来源包括农用塑料薄膜残留、污泥的土地利用、有机肥施用、地表径流、污水灌溉和大气沉降；2）总结了土壤中微塑料的分离、提取、鉴定及分析方法的优缺点，但目前仍没有标准化的检测和定量技术；3）微塑料会影响土壤的结构和理化性质，对植物和动物的生长造成威胁，并改变微生物群落的多样性；4）微塑料表面可附着污染物，对环境造成物理和化学污染，可释放内源性有毒物质，并导致复合污染效应；5）微塑料污染的防控措施主要包括3个方面：研发生物降解塑料产品、从源头控制微塑料的输入以及加强世界各国合作。提出今后微塑料的研究应建立统一的定量分析标准方法，发展更准确的可追溯分析技术，加强对土壤中微塑料污染的科学研究。本研究不仅有助于了解微塑料在土壤中的环境行为，为进一步探索土壤微塑料提供思路，而且可为土壤中微塑料的生态风险评估及污染防治提供理论依据和参考。
关键词:微塑料/
土壤生态系统/
分析方法/
生态环境风险/
管控措施
Abstract:Microplastics are plastic particles widely distributed in the environment. In recent years, environmental pollution caused by microplastics has attracted widespread attention. Many studies have reported the negative effects of microplastics on the aquatic environment, but the impact of microplastics on the terrestrial environment, especially on soils, has not been extensively investigated. This study systematically reviewed the recent researches on the sources, distribution, pollution characteristics, analysis methods, ecological effects, environmental effects, and control measures of soil microplastics, and proposed relevant countermeasures for research and governance. This review showed that 1) the sources of soil microplastics included residues of agricultural plastic film, land use of sludge, organic fertilizer application, surface runoff, sewage irrigation, and atmospheric deposition. 2) The methods of separation, extraction, identification, and their advantages and disadvantages for determining soil microplastics were summarized, but standardized detection and quantitative technologies were lacking. 3) Microplastics could affect the soil structure and physical and chemical properties, threatened the growth of plants and animals, and changed the diversity of microbial communities. 4) Microplastics could adhere to pollutants on the surface, causing physical and chemical environmental pollution, endogenous toxic substances releasing, and inducing compound pollution. 5) The prevention and control measures of microplastic pollution were mainly focused on three factors:research and development of biodegradable plastic products, input control of microplastics from the source, and strengthening international cooperation. This study also proposed three areas in need of further development:a standard unified quantitative analysis method, more accurate traceability analysis technology, and better scientific research on microplastic pollution in the soil. The results presented here provided a better understanding of the environmental behavior of microplastics in the soil and proposed ideas for further exploration. This review also provided a theoretical basis and reference for the ecological risk assessment of soil microplastics and prevention of pollution caused by them.
Key words:Microplastics/
Soil ecosystem/
Analysis method/
Eco-environmental risk/
Control measures
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图1土壤中微塑料的来源和去向
Figure1.Sources and fate of microplastics in soils
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2土壤环境中微塑料的主要来源、检测方法、生态环境效应和管控措施示意图
Figure2.Schematic of the main sources, detection methods, eco-environmental effects, and management and control measures of microplastics (MPs) in soil environment
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同土壤类型中微塑料的分布特征
Table1.Distribution characteristics of microplastics in different soil types
| 土壤类型 Soil type | 土壤深度Soil depth (cm) | 丰度 Abundance | 尺寸 Size (mm) | 形状 Shape | 聚合物 Composition | 国家地区 Country/area | 文献 Reference |
| 农业土壤 Agricultural soil | 0~10 | 1430~3410 pieces?kg?1 | 0~0.49 | 薄膜、纤维、碎片、颗粒 Film, fiber, fragment, pellet | 聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、高密度聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 Polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropethylene, highdensity polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene tereph-thalate | 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China | [27] |
| 农业土壤 Agricultural soil | 0~10 | 895.1~2197.1 pieces?kg?1 | < 3 | 纤维、碎片、薄膜、颗粒 Fiber, fragment, film, pellet | — | 中国内蒙古 Inner mMongolia, China | [28] |
| 10~20 | 798.6~2111.4 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 20~30 | 756.0~1971.8 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 农田土壤 Farmland soil | 0~10 | 40±126 pieces?kg?1 | > 0.100 | — | 聚乙烯Polyethylene | 中国黄土高原 The Loess Plateau, China | [29] |
| 10~30 | 100±141 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 农田土壤 Farmland soil | 0~5 | 0.34±0.36 pieces?kg?1 | 1~5 | 碎片、薄膜、纤维 Fragment, film, fiber | 聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯 Polyethylene, polypropethyylene, polystyrene | 德国东南部 Southeast Germany | [30] |
| 农业土壤 Agricultural soil | 0~25 | 600~10 400 pieces?kg?1 | 0.97 | 纤维、薄膜 Fiber, film | — | 智利 Chile | [31] |
| 设施农业土壤 Facility agricultural soil | 0~5 | 1443±977 pieces?kg?1 | < 5 | 碎片、薄膜、纤维、小球、泡沫 Fragment, film, fiber, pellet, foam | 聚丙烯、乙烯丙烯共聚物、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚酯纤维、胶膜、聚氨酯、人造丝、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 Polypropethylene, ethylene- propylene copolymer, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyester fibers, cellophane, polyurethane, rayon, polymethyl methacrylate | 中国山东寿光 Shouguang, Shandong, China | [32] |
| 5~10 | 1312±857 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 10~25 | 1362±829 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 露地农业土壤 Open-field agricultural soil | 0~5 | 1860±1212 pieces?kg?1 | |||||
| 5~10 | 1726±1596 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 10~25 | 1065±942 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 农业土壤 Agricultural soil | 0~20 | 16.4±2.7 pieces?kg?1 (未施用猪粪No pig manure applied) | < 1 | 纤维、颗粒、碎片、薄膜 Fiber, pellet, fragment, film | 聚醚砜树脂、聚丙烯、人造丝 Polyethersulfone resin, polypropethyylene, rayon | 中国江西 Jiangxi, China | [33] |
| 43.8±16.2 pieces?kg?1 (长期施用猪粪Pig manure amended) | 聚醚砜树脂、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、人造丝 Polyethersulfone resin, polyyethpropylene, polyethylene, rayon | ||||||
| 郊区农田土壤 Farmland soil in suburbs | 0~20 | 100 ± 100 pieces?kg?1 | > 0.100 | — | 聚乙烯Polyethylene | 中国哈尔滨 Harbin, China | [34] |
| 20~30 | 400 ± 692 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 棉田土壤 Cotton field soil | 0~40 | 80.3±49.3 pieces?kg?1 (覆膜5年Film mulching for 5 years) | — | — | 聚乙烯Polyethylene | 中国新疆 Xinjiang, China | [1] |
| 308.0±138.1 pieces?kg?1 (覆膜15年Film mulching for 15 years) | |||||||
| 1075.6±346.8 pieces?kg?1 (覆膜24年Film mulching for 24 years) | |||||||
| 设施农田土壤 Facility farmland soil | 0~10 | 7100~42 960 pieces?kg?1 | 0.05~10 | 碎片、细绳、薄膜、纤维 Fragment, string, film, fiber | — | 中国云南 Yunnan, China | [35] |
| 菜田土壤 Vegetable farmland soil | 0~5 | 320~12 560 pieces?kg?1 | 0.02~5 | 纤维、碎片、微珠、泡沫 Fiber, fragment, microbead, foam | 聚酰胺、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯 Polyamide, polypropyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene | 中国武汉 Wuhan, China | [36] |
| 郊区农田土壤 Farmland soil in suburbs | 0~3 | 78.00±12.91 pieces?kg?1 | 0.03~16 | 纤维、薄膜、碎片 Fiber, film, fragment | 聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚醚砜树脂 Polyethylene, polyethypropylene, polyethersulfone resin | 中国上海 Shanghai, China | [37] |
| 3~6 | 62.50±12.97 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 设施土壤 Greenhouse soil | 0~10 | 100±254 pieces?kg?1 | > 0.100 | — | 聚乙烯Polyethylene | 中国黄土高原 The Loess Plateau, China | [29] |
| 10~30 | 80±193 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 果园土壤 Orchard soil | 0~10 | 320±329 pieces?kg?1 | |||||
| 10~30 | 120±169 pieces?kg?1 | ||||||
| 稻-鱼共生生态系统 Rice-fish co-culture system | 0~10 | 10.3±2.2 pieces?kg?1 | 0.02~5 | 纤维、颗粒、薄膜 Fiber, pellet, film | 聚丙烯、聚乙烯 Polypropethylene, polyethylene | 中国上海 Shanghai, China | [38] |
| 潮滩土壤 Coastal soil | 0~2 | 634 pieces?kg?1 | 1.56±0.63 | 碎片、颗粒、纤维、薄膜 Fragment, pellet, fiber, film | — | 中国河北 Hebei, China | [39] |
| 湖滨平原土壤 Lakeside plain soil | 0~10 | 503.3 pieces?kg?1 | — | 碎片、纤维、薄膜 Fragment, fiber, film | 聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚醚砜树脂、人造丝、丙烯酸、聚酰胺 Polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyethersulfone resin, rayon, acrylic acid, polyamide | 中国杭州 Hangzhou, China | [40] |
| 沿河土壤 Riverine soil | 0~5 | 84.45 pieces?kg?1 | 0.3~5 | 纤维、碎片、薄膜、泡沫、小球 Fiber, fragment, film, foam, pellet | 聚乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚丙烯 Polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethypropylene | 印度 India | [41] |
| 洪泛区土壤 Floodplain Soil | 0~5 | 593 pieces?kg?1 | 0.125~0.5 | — | 聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、丁苯橡胶、聚氯乙烯 Polyethylene, polystyrene, styrene butadiene rubber, polyvinyl chloride | 瑞士 Switzerland | [42] |
| 家庭花园土壤 Garden soil | 0~20 | 870 pieces?kg?1 | 0.01~1 | — | — | 墨西哥郊区 Mexico suburbs | [43] |
| 工业区土壤 Industrial area soil | 0~10 | 300~67 500 mg?kg?1 | — | — | 聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯 Polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polystyrene | 澳大利亚悉尼 Sydney, Australia | [44] |
| “—”表示未见报道。“—” means no reported. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表2土壤微塑料(MPs)的鉴定和表征分析技术及其优缺点
Table2.Identification methods and their advantages and disadvantages of characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in soil
| 技术 Technique | 粒径检测范围 Particle size | 方法 Methodology | 优点 Advantages | 局限性 Limitations | 参考文献Reference |
| 目检法Visual inspection methods | |||||
| 显微镜计数 Microscopic counting | > 500 μm | 利用立体显微镜对粒子直接进行计数和识别 The particles are counted directly and identified. | 操作方便, 快速; 性价比高; 能够提供形态信息 Easier, faster, and cost effective; providing morphological information | 耗费时间, 误认率高, 无法确定微塑料的化学组成 Time-consuming, high misidentification rate, unable to determine chemical composition of MPs | [60] |
| 标记 Tagging | 微尺度MPs可以计数和可视化 Microscale MPs can be counted and visualized. | 用蓝光照射MPs, 并对疏水性染料进行吸附, 使其具有荧光性。 MPs are irradiated with blue light, and hydrophobic dye is adsorbedption of hydrophobic dye is done which to renders them fluorescent. | 快捷、简单、便宜 Quick, easier, and inexpensive | 样品中的杂质可能会导致MPs被高估 Overestimation of MPs due to impurities | [61] |
| 光谱法Spectroscopic methods | |||||
| 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR) Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) | > 500 μm颗粒用衰减全反射率- FTIR (ATR-FTIR), < 20 μm颗粒用显微镜耦合FTIR ATR-FTIR for particles > 500 μm, microscopy coupled FTIR for < 20 μm particles | 根据物质的分子结构和组成, 样品暴露在规定的红外辐射范围内 Depending on molecular structure and composition of substance, samples are exposed to defined range of IR-radiation. | ATR-FTIR的样品制备最少; FTIR可以同时提供MPs的化学和物理信息(如结构和丰度), 能够检测MPs的风化程度; 新兴、快速、可靠的无损检测方法 Minimum sample preparation required for ATR-FTIR; FTIR can provide both chemical and physical information of microplastics (such as structure and abundance), and can detect weathering degree of MPs. A new, fast, and reliable nondestructive testing method. | 对样品中含有的水蒸气和有机杂质的干扰敏感; 仅针对红外活性样品, 难以分析不透明颗粒和20 μm以下的颗粒; 预处理费用太高 Sensitive to interference of water vapor and organic impurities contained in the sample; only for infrared active sample, difficult to analyze nontransparent particle and particles below 20 μm; expensive pretreatment | [60] |
| 拉曼光谱法 Raman spectroscopy | > 1 μm, 1~20 μm | 可以测量拉曼光谱的位移, 提供了物质的特定光谱 The shift in Raman spectra can be measured, that provides substance specific spectra. | 所需的样品最少; 非接触、无损测量; 对水的干扰不敏感; 可分析不透明的深色颗粒 Minimum sample preparation required; non-contact and non-destructive measurement; not sensitive to interference of water; suitable for nontransparent or dark particles | 样品分析前需要精炼, 耗费时间; 对颜色、颜料和生物有机材料的荧光干扰敏感 Required refinements of samples before analysis, time intensive procedure; sensitive to fluorescent interference of colors, pigments and biological organic materials | [62] |
| 高光谱成像技术和化学计量学Hyperspectral imaging technology and chemometrics | > 0.5 mm | 将图像上每个空间像素点的光谱特性与对应空间信息联系, 确定每个像素点所代表物质的化学性质 The spectral characteristics of each spatial pixel on the image are connected with the corresponding spatial information to determine the chemical properties of the substances represented by each pixel. | 可在不与土壤分离的情况下检测出MPs, 便携式且可行, 快速分析 This method has the potential to detect MPs without separation from soil, and portable and feasible, quick analysis. | 仅能够检测土壤表面的MPs, 且仅适用于聚乙烯颗粒 Only able to detect microplastics on the soil surface, and only suitable for polyethylene particles | [63] |
| 宏观尺度近红外光谱法 Macroscale near-infrared spectroscopy | 15 g·kg?1 | — | 无需制备样品, 快速 No sample preparation needed, fast | 仅适用于污染热点, 只适于少数聚合物 Only applicable to pollution hot spots, and to a few polymers | [64] |
| 扫描电子显微镜 Scanning electron microscope | 可分析微尺度颗粒 Microscale particles can be analyzed. | 产生电子与样品的相互作用, 最终测量次级离子 Generating interaction between electron interacts withand samples, eventually measuring secondary ions | 生成高分辨率的图像 Generating high resolution images | 样品需要涂层, 信息量较少 Samples require coating with less information. | [19, 46] |
| 热分析法Thermal analysis methods | |||||
| 热解-气象色谱-质谱 Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) | > 100 μm | 气象色谱柱与四极质谱耦合; 与可用的普通塑料数据库相比, 可识别生成的光谱 The gas chromatography column couples with a quadrupole-mass spectrometry. The generated spectra are identified by comparing with available common plastic database. | 该方法灵敏、简便、可靠, 避免了本底污染 Quite sensitive, easier and reliable; and avoiding possible background contamination | 塑料数据库是有限的, 每次只有特定重量的单个样品; 在一定的重量下, 每次只采样一次 Limited plastics database, single sample at a time with certain weight, one sampling at a time under certain weight | [65–66] |
| 热萃取解吸-气相色谱-质谱Thermo-extrac- tion and desorption coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) | 0.5~1.0 wt% | 不进行任何预先选择的情况下, 对不同固体环境样品中的聚合物进行识别甚至定量 Identifying and even quantifying polymers in different solid environmental samples without any pre-selection | 分析速度比Pyr-GC-MS快 Faster than pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry | 破坏性测量; 只能得到聚合物的总质量分数, 不能提供MPs数量和粒径分布信息; 仅适用于某些聚合物类型 Destructive measurement; only obtaining total mass fraction of polymer, and not providing information of quantity and particle size distribution of MPs; only applicable to certain polymer types | [65] |
| 热重分析-质谱 Thermogravime- tric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) | 0.07 wt% | — | 所需的样品制备最少, 适用于非均质土壤样品; 比Pyr-GC- MS或TED-GC-MS更便宜 Minimum sample preparation required; suitable for heterogeneous soil samples; cheaper than Pyr-GC-MS or TED-GC-MS | 定量限比Pyr-GC-MS和TED-GC-MS测量高; 不适用于有机物含量高的样品; 无法提供数量和形态信息 The quantitative limit wais higher than the Pyr-GC-MS and TED-GC-MS measurements. Not suitable for samples with high organic content; unable to provide quantitative and morphological information.. | [67] |
| 液相色谱法 Liquid chromatography (LC) | 适用于大粒径样本 Applied for large size samples. | 选择性地制备样品以供分析 Samples are prepared selectively for analysis. | 所选聚合物具有较好的回收率 Better recovery of selected polymers | 仅限于特定的聚合物(聚乙烯和聚酯类), 不推荐用于环境样品 Restricted to specific polymers (polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate), not recommended for environmental samples. | [66] |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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