提升土壤肥力可实现玉米机械粒收增产减损

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于晓芳,
雷娟玮,
高聚林^,,
马达灵^,,
王志刚,
胡树平,
孙继颖,
青格尔,
屈佳伟,
王富贵
内蒙古农业大学呼和浩特 010018
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2017YFD0300804
国家产业技术体系项目CARS-02-63
农业部华北黄土高原地区作物栽培科学观测实验站项目25204120

详细信息

作者简介:于晓芳, 主要研究方向为玉米生理生态。E-mail: yuxiaofang75@163.com

通讯作者:高聚林, 主要研究方向为玉米生理生态, E-mail: nmgaojulin@163.com
马达灵, 主要研究方向为玉米生理生态, E-mail: madaling@sina.com

中图分类号:S344;S513

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-08-24
录用日期:2020-11-12
网络出版日期:2021-06-22
刊出日期:2021-06-01

Soil fertility improvement increases maize yield and reduces loss during mechanized grain harvest

YU Xiaofang,
LEI Juanwei,
GAO Julin^,,
MA Daling^,,
WANG Zhigang,
HU Shuping,
SUN Jiying,
Qing geer,
QU Jiawei,
WANG Fugui
Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2017YFD0300804
China Agriculture Research SystemCARS-02-63
the Project of Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in North China Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture of China25204120

More Information

Corresponding author:GAO Julin, E-mail: nmgaojulin@163.com;MA Daling, E-mail: madaling@sina.com

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摘要
摘要:针对我国玉米生产中机械粒收存在产量损失率、破碎率高的问题，本试验以农户浅旋的土壤肥力为对照，设置深耕、免耕和秸秆原位还田措施等创造的不同土壤肥力水平，以‘先玉696’和‘西蒙6号’为试验材料，在高低两种种植密度下测定玉米机收质量、穗位整齐度、倒伏率、籽粒脱水速率和籽粒含水率，以及产量和产量构成等指标，揭示土壤肥力提升后对玉米机械粒收增产减损的影响机制。研究结果表明：1）提升土壤肥力可降低玉米机械粒收的产量损失率，在高密度下作用更加明显，每提升1个肥力单位，产量损失率下降12.55~15.70个百分点。2）提升土壤肥力可以使穗位整齐度提高5.35~9.69、玉米倒伏率降低5.44~9.75个百分点、籽粒平均脱水速率提高0.048~0.090%·d^-1，有效缓解增密带来的负面影响，是产量损失率降低的主要原因。3）提高土壤肥力可明显增加玉米的有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重，从而使玉米籽粒产量提高1878.5~2544.4 kg·hm^-2；增密后高肥力水平土壤具有增产效果。因此，内蒙古地区通过耕作措施与秸秆还田提升土壤肥力可实现玉米机械粒收增产减损。
关键词:玉米/
机械粒收/
土壤肥力/
耕作措施/
秸秆还田/
产量损失
Abstract:The rates of maize grain yield loss, grain crushing, and impurity during mechanized grain harvest in China are high. To reduce grain yield loss, the effects of soil fertility improvement on mechanized grain harvest quality were investigated to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing tillage and straw returning measures. Maize cultivars 'XY696' and 'XM6' were planted at high and low densities under different soil fertilities: low fertility (with tillage and straw returning measures of strip cultivation and no-tillage), medium fertility (with subsoiling and deep tillage), and high fertility (with straw incorporation, subsoiling, and straw incorporation with deep tillage). The farm rotary tillage (with much lower fertility) served as the control treatment. The following mechanized grain harvest quality indicators were measured: ear height uniformity, lodging rate, dehydration rate, and grain moisture content, as well as the yield and yield components. The results showed that soil fertility, maize cultivar, and planting density significantly (P < 0.05) affected the quality indexes of mechanized grain harvest, maize morphology characteristics, grain dehydration, and maize yield. Soil fertility improvement reduced grain yield loss during maize mechanized grain harvest, whereas the grain crushing and impurity rates did not change with soil fertility improvement. Under high planting density, yield loss decreased by 12.55-15.70 percentage for each fertility unit. Yield loss increased with increasing planting density, and the loss rate of 'XY696' was more than that of 'XM6'. Soil fertility improvement led to an increase in ear height uniformity (5.35-9.69), reduced maize lodging (5.44-9.75 percentage), and increased the grain dehydration rate (0.048-0.090%·d^-1). Optimization of these indexes may explain the reduction in yield loss at high fertility. Increased planting density reduced ear height uniformity and increased the maize lodging and grain dehydration rates. Soil fertility improvement effectively alleviated the negative impacts of densification. 'XY696' had lower ear height uniformity, higher lodging, and slower dehydration compared to 'XM6', which led to higher grain loss for 'XY696'. Soil fertility improvement increased the ear numbers per unit area, grain numbers per ear, and 1000-grain weight, ultimately increasing yield by 1878.5-2544.4 kg·hm^-2 for each fertility unit increase. The increase in maize grain yield was due to a reduction in grain yield loss during mechanized maize grain harvest. The number of ears per unit area increased, whereas the grain number per ear and the 1000-grain weight decreased when the planting density increased. Maize grain yield increased when the planting density increased at high fertility levels. Therefore, soil fertility improvement via tillage and straw returning can increase maize yield and reduce yield loss during mechanized grain harvest in Inner Mongolia. Under high soil fertility, a reasonable planting density increase can improve the yield and harvest quality and decrease the grain moisture content. Reduced mechanized grain loss can be achieved by selecting maize cultivars with high lodging resistance, high ear height uniformity, and a fast dehydration rate.
Key words:Maize/
Mechanized grain harvest/
Soil fertility/
Tillage measures/
Straw returning/
Yield loss

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图12018年和2019年各耕作方式下土壤肥力聚类结果
F、SC、NT、SS、DP、SCR、NTR、SSR和DPR分别表示农户浅旋、条深旋、免耕、深松、深翻、推茬清垄条深旋、秸秆覆盖还田免耕播种、深松秸秆混拌还田和深翻秸秆粉碎还田。F, SC, NT, SS, DP, SCR, NTR, SSR, and DPR mean farmer rotary tillage, strip cultivation, no-till, subsoiling, deep tillage, straw incorporation with strip cultivation, straw incorporation with no-tillage, straw incorporation with subsoiling, straw incorporation with deep tillage, respectively.
Figure1.Clustering results of soil fertility under various tillage and straw returning measures in 2018 and 2019

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图22018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株?hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株?hm^?2)下产量损失率的影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同小写字母表示不同肥力间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。**表示P < 0.01水平肥力水平和产量损失率回归公式显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density. ** means significant regression equation between soil fertility and yield loss rate at P < 0.01 level.
Figure2.Effects of soil fertility on maize grain yield loss rates of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500 plants?hm^?2) and low (82 500 plants?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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图32018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株?hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株?hm^?2)下籽粒破碎率的影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同小写字母表示不同肥力水平间在 P<0.05 水平差异显著。*表示 P<0.05 水平肥力水平和籽粒破碎率回归公式显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density. * means significant regression equation between soil fertility and grain damage rate at P<0.05 level.
Figure3.Effects of soil fertility on maize grain damage rates of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500 plants?hm^?2) and low (82 500 plants?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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图42018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株?hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株?hm^?2)下杂质率的影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同字母表示不同肥力水平间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。*表示P < 0.05水平肥力水平和杂质率回归公式显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density. * means significant regression equation between soil fertility and impurity rate at P < 0.05 level.
Figure4.Effects of soil fertility on maize impurity rates of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500 plants?hm^?2) and low (82 500 plants?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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图52018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株?hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株?hm^?2)下穗位高整齐度影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同字母表示不同肥力水平间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。**和*分别表示P < 0.01和P < 0.05水平肥力水平和穗位高整齐度回归公式显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density. * and ** mean significant regression equations between soil fertility and uniformity of ear height of maize varieties at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 levels, respectively.
Figure5.Effects of soil fertility on uniformities of ear height of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500 plants?hm^?2) and low (82 500 plants?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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图62018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株?hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株?hm^?2)下玉米倒伏率的影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同字母表示不同肥力水平间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。**表示P < 0.01水平肥力水平和玉米倒伏率回归公式显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density. ** means significant regression equation between soil fertility and maize lodging rate at P < 0.01 level.
Figure6.Effects of soil fertility on maize lodging rates of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500 plants?hm^?2) and low (82 500 plants?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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图72018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株?hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株?hm^?2)下籽粒平均脱水速率的影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同字母表示不同肥力水平间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。**和*分别表示P < 0.01和P < 0.05水平肥力水平和脱水速率回归公式显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density. * and ** mean significant regression equations between soil fertility and grain dehydration rate at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 levels, respectively.
Figure7.Effects of soil fertility on grain dehydration rates of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500 plants?hm^?2) and low (82 500 plants?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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图82018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株·hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株·hm^?2)下收获籽粒含水量影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同字母表示不同肥力水平间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density.
Figure8.Effects of soil fertility on grain moisture content of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500株?hm^?2) and low (82 500株?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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图92018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株?hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株?hm^?2)下产量的影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同字母表示不同肥力水平间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。**表示P < 0.01水平肥力水平和产量回归公式显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density. ** means significant regression equation between soil fertility and yield at P < 0.01 level.
Figure9.Effects of soil fertility on grain yields per unit area of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500 plants?hm^?2) and low (82 500 plants?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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图102018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株?hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株?hm^?2)下公顷穗数影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同字母表示不同肥力水平间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。**表示P < 0.01水平肥力水平和公顷穗数回归公式显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density. ** means significant regression equation between soil fertility and ear number per hectare at P < 0.01 level.
Figure10.Effects of soil fertility on ear numbers per hectare of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500 plants?hm^?2) and low (82 500 plants?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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图112018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株?hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株?hm^?2)下单穗粒数的影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同字母表示不同肥力水平间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。**表示P < 0.01水平肥力水平和单穗粒数回归公式显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density. ** means significant regression equation between soil fertility and kernel numbers per ear at P < 0.01 level.
Figure11.Effects of soil fertility on kernel numbers per ear of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500 plants?hm^?2) and low (82 500 plants?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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图122018年和2019年土壤肥力对玉米品种‘先玉696’(XY696)和‘西蒙6号’(XM6)在高密度(112 500株?hm^?2)和低密度(82 500株?hm^?2)下千粒重的影响
同一品种同一密度下, 不同字母表示不同肥力水平间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。**表示P < 0.01水平肥力水平和玉米千粒重回归公式显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different soil fertilities for the same maize variety under the same planting density. ** means significant regression equation between soil fertility and 1000-kernel weight of maize at P < 0.01 level.
Figure12.Effects of soil fertility on 1000-kernel weights of maize varieties 'XY696' and 'XM6' at high (112 500 plants?hm^?2) and low (82 500 plants?hm^?2) densities in 2018 and 2019

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表12018年和2019年不同耕作措施和秸秆还田的土壤养分情况
Table1.Soil nutrients contents of different tillage and straw returning measures in 2018 and 2019

指标 Index	年度Year	农户浅旋 Farmer rotary tillage (F)	条深旋 Strip cultivation (SC)	深松Subsoiling (SS)	深翻Deep tillage (DP)	免耕No-till (NT)	推茬清垄条深旋 Straw incorporation with strip cultivation (SCR)	深松秸秆混拌还田 Straw incorporation with subsoiling (SSR)	深翻秸秆粉碎还田 Straw incorporation with deep tillage (DPR)	秸秆覆盖还田免耕播种Straw incorporation with no-tillage (NTR)
碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolysable N (mg?kg^–1)	2018	51.6	50.9	53.0	59.2	36.2	50.8	57.7	63.1	48.5
碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolysable N (mg?kg^–1)	2019	52.4	51.6	51.0	62.9	46.5	65.9	77.1	58.2	67.9
速效磷 Available P (mg?kg^–1)	2018	2.2	3.1	3.4	4.3	4.9	3.4	3.6	5.6	5.1
速效磷 Available P (mg?kg^–1)	2019	2.6	3.6	3.0	2.7	4.5	4.0	3.1	3.7	3.3
速效钾 Available K (mg?kg^–1)	2018	63.1	71.6	77.3	90.0	61.0	81.5	93.3	95.2	71.8
速效钾 Available K (mg?kg^–1)	2019	60.6	73.8	83.9	90.2	69.5	85.5	92.7	113.7	77.8
有机质 Organic matter (g?kg^–1)	2018	19.7	21.2	24.4	23.8	19.7	25.6	25.3	26.4	28.9
有机质 Organic matter (g?kg^–1)	2019	15.8	18.9	21.8	25.3	20.9	23.3	25.3	32.0	16.5

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表22018年和2019年不同耕作措施和秸秆还田的土壤肥力指数
Table2.Soil fertility indexes of different tillage and straw returning measures in 2018 and 2019

年份 Year	农户浅旋Farmer rotary tillage (F)	条深旋Strip cultivation (SC)	深松Subsoiling (SS)	深翻 Deep tillage (DP)	免耕No-till (NT)	推茬清垄条深旋 Straw incorporation with strip cultivation (SCR)	深松秸秆混拌还田 Straw incorporation with subsoiling (SSR)	深翻秸秆粉碎还田 Straw incorporation with deep tillage (DPR)	秸秆覆盖还田免耕播种 Straw incorporation with no-tillage (NTR)
2018	0.3185	0.4193	0.4663	0.5914	0.4351	0.4368	0.6392	0.7834	0.5730
2019	0.2673	0.4364	0.5823	0.6387	0.3625	0.6006	0.7546	0.8083	0.5650
土壤肥力评价指标分别为土壤容重、紧实度、孔隙度、含水量、氮磷钾、有机质、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、细菌、放线菌、真菌和阳离子交换量; 评价方法根据国家耕地质量等级GB/T 33469—2016。The soil fertility indexes were calculated with soil bulk density, compactness, porosity, water content, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, catalase, urease, sucrase, bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and cation exchange according to the National Cultivated Land Quality Grade GB/T 33469—2016.

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表32018—2019年不同处理下玉米机械粒收质量和倒伏率的方差分析
Table3.Analysis of variance on maize mechanized grain harvest quality in different tillage and straw returning measures in 2018 and 2019

变异来源 Source of variation	2018				2019
变异来源 Source of variation	损失率 Loss rate	破碎率 Crushing rate	杂质率Impurity rate	倒伏率 Lodging rate	损失率 Loss rate	破碎率Crushing rate	杂质率Impurity rate	倒伏率 Lodging rate
土壤肥力Soil fertility	*	**	**	**	*	**	**	*
品种Variety	ns	**	**	ns	ns	**	**	ns
密度Density	*	**	**	**	*	**	**	**
土壤肥力×品种Soil fertility × variety	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	ns	ns
土壤肥力×密度Soil fertility × density	ns	*	ns	*	ns	*	*	*
品种×密度Variety × density	ns	*	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
土壤肥力×品种×密度 Soil fertility × variety × density	ns	ns	ns	ns	n	ns	ns	ns
、分别表示P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平影响显著, ns表示影响不显著。, ** indicate significant effects at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively; “ns” indicates no significant effect.

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表42018年和2019年不同处理间玉米收获籽粒含水率的方差分析
Table4.Analysis of variance on maize grain moisture content in harvested between different tillage and straw returning measures in 2018 and 2019

变异来源 Source of variation	籽粒脱水速率 Grain dehydration rate		收获籽粒含水率 Harvested grain moisture content
变异来源 Source of variation	2018	2019	2018	2019
土壤肥力Soil fertility	**	**	**	**
品种Variety	**	**	**	**
密度Density	**	**	**	**
土壤肥力×品种Soil fertility × variety	ns	ns	ns	ns
土壤肥力×密度Soil fertility × density	ns	ns	ns	**
品种×密度Variety × density	*	**	*	ns
土壤肥力×品种×密度Soil fertility × variety × density	ns	ns	ns	ns
、分别表示P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平影响显著, ns表示影响不显著。, ** indicate significant effects at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively; “ns” indicates no significant effect.

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表52018年和2019年不同处理间玉米籽粒产量及其构成的方差分析
Table5.Analysis of variance on maize grain yield and yield components between different tillage and straw returning measures in 2018 and 2019

变异来源 Source of variation	产量 Yield		穗数 Ear number		穗粒数 Kernel number per ear		千粒重 1000-kernel weight
变异来源 Source of variation	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
土壤肥力Soil fertility	**	**	*	**	**	**	*	*
品种Variety	*	**	*	**	**	**	**	**
密度Density	**	*	**	**	**	**	**	**
土壤肥力×品种Soil fertility × variety	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
土壤肥力×密度Soil fertility × density	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
品种×密度Variety × density	ns	ns	ns	ns	**	ns	*	ns
土壤肥力×品种×密度Soil fertility × variety × density	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
、分别表示 P<0.05 和 P<0.01 水平差异显著, ns 表示差异不显著。, ** indicate significant effects at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively; “ns” indicates no significant effect.

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参考文献(39)

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