曹婧1, 2,
毋俊华1, 2,
陈怡平1,,
1.中国科学院地球环境研究所/黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室 西安 710061
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0800500
详细信息
作者简介:王洪, 主要研究方向为土壤生态学。E-mail: wanghong@ieecas.cn
通讯作者:陈怡平, 主要研究方向为生态学。E-mail: lifesci@ieecas.cn
中图分类号:S159.9计量
文章访问数:82
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2020-09-25
录用日期:2021-03-20
网络出版日期:2021-06-22
刊出日期:2021-06-01
Spatial and temporal variability in soil pH of Shaanxi Province over the last 40 years
WANG Hong1, 2,,CAO Jing1, 2,
WU Junhua1, 2,
CHEN Yiping1,,
1. Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Xi'an 710061, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds: the National Key R & D Program of China2017YFD0800500
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Corresponding author:CHEN Yiping, E-mail: lifesci@ieecas.cn
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摘要
摘要:以陕西省耕层土壤为研究对象，利用1980s第2次土壤普查数据和2017年的705个样点分析数据，基于地统计学和ArcGIS分析耕层土壤pH时空变化特征，并采用相关分析和方差分析方法探讨其影响因素，对于陕西农业可持续发展及生态环境保护具有极其重要的意义。结果表明，陕北、关中及陕南地区耕层土壤pH均值依次为8.25、7.91、6.25，分别为弱碱性、弱碱性和弱酸性；各行政区耕层土壤pH排列顺序为延安>榆林>铜川>咸阳>渭南>西安>宝鸡>商洛>安康>汉中。时间上，与1980s相比，陕北和关中耕层土壤呈碱化趋势，陕南耕层土壤呈酸化趋势；各行政区除榆林、安康、汉中和商洛耕层土壤呈酸化趋势，其余各市耕层土壤均呈碱化趋势。空间上，陕北和陕南耕层土壤pH拟合的最优半方差函数模型为线性模型，关中耕层土壤pH拟合的最优半方差函数模型为高斯模型，均表现出较强的空间相关性。陕北耕层土壤pH空间分布呈零星斑状特征，关中和陕南耕层土壤pH空间分布呈东部高于西部特征。坡向、海拔与陕西省耕层土壤pH显著相关，坡度越小，海拔越高，pH越大，不同类型的土壤pH存在差异。建议陕北和关中地区防治土壤盐碱化问题，陕南地区防治土壤酸化问题，以促进农业可持续发展和保障区域粮食安全。
关键词:陕西省/
耕层土壤pH/
空间相关性/
地形/
土壤类型
Abstract:Rapid development of the economy has increased the occurrence of declining cultivated land quality, such as acidification and salinization in China. To provide a scientific basis for adjustment of topsoil pH and to realize the rational use of land resources in Shaanxi Province, this study examined pH of 705 topsoil samples from Shaanxi Province using a soil/water ratio of 2.5/1 in 2017 and incorporated soil pH data from the second national soil survey in 1980s. The spatio-temporal changes and classification characteristics were analyzed via ArcGIS, and the influencing factors were investigated by correlation analysis and analysis of variance methods. General statistical analysis and normality tests were performed in Excel 2016 and SPSS 22.0; and the GS+9.0 software was adopted to obtain the best fitting model. The ordinary Kriging method was used for spatial interpolation analysis and mapping. The study is important for sustainable agriculture development and ecological environment protection in Shaanxi Province. The results showed that pH values of farmland soil in northern Shaanxi, Guanzhong, and southern Shaanxi were 8.25, 7.91, and 6.25, respectively, and the corresponding levels were 5 (alkalescence), 5 (alkalescence), and 3 (weak acidity), respectively. The order of soil pH in the administrative regions was Yan'an > Yulin > Tongchua > Xianyang > Weinan > Xi'an > Baoji > Shangluo > Ankang > Hanzhong. The topsoil pH in Hanzhong City showed moderate variation, whereas the other cities in Shaanxi Province showed weak variation. Compared with the 1980s, the farmland soil in northern Shaanxi and Guanzhong showed an alkalization trend, whereas the surface soil in southern Shaanxi showed an acidification trend. In the administrative regions, the topsoil in Yulin, Ankang, Hanzhong, and Shangluo showed an acidification trend, and the soil in other cities showed an alkalization trend. The optimal fitting semi-variance function model of farmland soil pH in northern and southern Shaanxi was a linear model, and the optimal fitting semi-variance function model of farmland soil pH in Guanzhong was a Gaussian model; both showed strong spatial correlation. Furthermore, the topsoil pH in northern Shaanxi was primarily influenced by structural factors, whereas the topsoil pH in Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi was influenced by structural and random factors. The spatial distribution characteristics of topsoil pH were sporadic in northern Shaanxi, and that in Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi was higher in the east than in the west. Changes in soil pH were affected by natural and human factors, such as topography, soil type, climate, and fertilization. Slope and elevation were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with topsoil pH in Shaanxi Province; lower slopes and higher altitudes had higher soil pH. To promote sustainable agriculture development and regional food security, soil salinization should be prevented in northern Shaanxi and Guanzhong and acidification should be prevented in southern Shaanxi.
Key words:Shaanxi Province/
Topsoil pH/
Spatial correlation/
Topography/
Soil type
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图1采样点地理位置
Figure1.Location of sampling points
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图21980s和2017年陕西省耕层土壤pH分级占比特征
Figure2.Fractional proportion characteristics of topsoil pH in Shaanxi Province in 2017 and 1980s
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3陕西省陕北(a)、关中(b)和陕南(c)耕层土壤pH空间分布特征
Figure3.Spatial distribution characteristics of topsoil pH in Shanbei (a), Guanzhong (b) and Shannan (c) areas of Shaanxi Province
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1陕西省土壤pH分级标准
Table1.Grading standard of soil pH in Shaanxi Province
| 强酸性 Strong acidity | 酸性 Acidity | 弱酸性 Weak acidity | 中性 Neutral | 弱碱性 Alkalescence | 碱性 Alkalinity | 强碱性 Strong basicity | |
| 等级Level | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| pH | < 4.5 | 4.6~5.5 | 5.6~6.5 | 6.6~7.5 | 7.6~8.5 | 8.6~9 | > 9.1 |
下载: 导出CSV表2陕西省1987—2017年肥料用量
Table2.Fertilizer application rates in Shaanxi Province during 1987?2017 ?
| 年份 Year | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer | 磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer | 钾肥 Potassium fertilizer | 复合肥 Compound fertilizer | 化肥 Chemical fertilizer |
| 1987 | 33.00 | 5.50 | 0.70 | 4.40 | 43.60 |
| 1990 | 48.60 | 10.10 | 2.30 | 6.90 | 67.90 |
| 2000 | 73.00 | 16.89 | 8.17 | 33.25 | 131.19 |
| 2010 | 87.67 | 17.98 | 19.99 | 54.63 | 196.79 |
| 2017 | 90.02 | 18.64 | 24.26 | 99.24 | 232.15 |
下载: 导出CSV表3陕西省各市耕层土壤pH含量描述统计
Table3.Description of soil pH in cities of Shaanxi Province
| 区域 Region | 市 City | 数量 Number | 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value | 平均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 变异系数 CV (%) | 等级 Level |
| 陕北 Shanbei | 延安Yan’an | 101 | 7.90 | 8.72 | 8.32a | 0.19 | 2.30 | 5 |
| 榆林Yulin | 157 | 7.68 | 8.52 | 8.21b | 0.16 | 1.90 | 5 | |
| 关中 Guanzhong | 铜川Tongchuan | 20 | 7.68 | 8.37 | 8.12bc | 0.2 | 2.50 | 5 |
| 渭南Weinan | 66 | 7.09 | 8.81 | 8.00c | 0.35 | 4.30 | 5 | |
| 西安Xi’an | 22 | 6.85 | 8.65 | 7.91cd | 0.43 | 5.40 | 5 | |
| 咸阳Xianyang | 46 | 7.77 | 8.29 | 8.03c | 0.13 | 1.60 | 5 | |
| 宝鸡Baoji | 57 | 6.94 | 8.27 | 7.73d | 0.27 | 3.50 | 5 | |
| 陕南 Shannan | 安康Ankang | 47 | 5.16 | 7.79 | 6.42f | 0.61 | 9.50 | 3 |
| 汉中Hanzhong | 127 | 4.30 | 6.98 | 6.00g | 0.69 | 11.50 | 3 | |
| 商洛Shangluo | 62 | 5.37 | 7.51 | 6.64e | 0.47 | 7.10 | 4 | |
| 不同小写字母表示不同城市间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among cities at P < 0.05 level. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表4陕西省耕层土壤pH空间自相关性检验
Table4.Test of soil pH autocorrelation in Shaanxi Province
| 区域 Area | 莫兰指数 Moran’s I | 预期指数 Expect I | 方差 Variance | Z | P |
| 陕北Shanbei | 0.073 | ?0.004 | 0.001 | 3.437 | 0.001 |
| 关中Guanzhong | 0.331 | ?0.005 | 0.002 | 7.817 | 0.000 |
| 陕南Shannan | 0.230 | ?0.004 | 0.000 | 14.257 | 0.000 |
下载: 导出CSV表5陕西省耕层土壤pH最优半变异模型及相应参数
Table5.Semivariogram models and relative parameters of soil pH in Shaanxi Province
| 区域 Area | 模型 Model | 块金值 C0 | 基台值 C0+C | 块金系数 C0/(C0+C) | 变程 Range (km) | 残差 Residual error | 拟合优度 R2 |
| 陕北Shanbei | 线型Linear | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.103 | 217.96 | 2.79E-05 | 0.86 |
| 关中Guanzhong | 高斯Gussian | 0.066 | 0.196 | 0.661 | 428.68 | 2.98E-04 | 0.96 |
| 陕南Shannan | 线型Linear | 0.339 | 0.535 | 0.365 | 245.55 | 0.0136 | 0.80 |
下载: 导出CSV表6陕西省不同土壤类型耕地土壤pH含量变化特征
Table6.Statistical characteristics of soil pH in different soil types
| 坡度分级 Level of slope | 样本数 Number | 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value | 平均数 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 变异系数 CV (%) | 酸碱度 Acidity-basicity |
| Ⅰ级Level 1 | 88 | 3.88 | 8.81 | 7.87a | 0.79 | 10.1 | 弱碱性Alkalescence |
| Ⅱ级Level 2 | 146 | 4.53 | 8.67 | 7.48b | 0.97 | 13.0 | 中性Neutral |
| Ⅲ级Level 3 | 169 | 4.31 | 8.66 | 7.50b | 1.04 | 13.9 | 中性Neutral |
| Ⅳ级Level 4 | 128 | 4.46 | 8.65 | 7.43b | 1.07 | 14.4 | 中性Neutral |
| Ⅴ级Level 5 | 173 | 4.07 | 8.72 | 7.13c | 1.01 | 14.2 | 中性Neutral |
| 不同小写字母表示不同坡度间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different levels of slope at P < 0.05 level. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表7陕西省耕层土壤pH与地形因子的相关分析
Table7.Correlation analysis of soil pH and topographic factors in Shaanxi Province
| 坡向Aspect | 坡度Slope | 海拔Attitude | |
| pH | 0.032 | ?0.231** | 0.453** |
| **: 相关性在0.01尾上显著(双尾)。**: significant correlation at P < 0.01 level (double tail). | |||
下载: 导出CSV表8陕西省不同海拔梯度耕地土壤pH变化特征
Table8.Statistical characteristics of soil pH in different altitude gradients
| 海拔梯度 Altitude gradient (m) | 样本数 Number | 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value | 平均数 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 变异系数 CV (%) | 酸碱度 Acidity-basicity |
| < 500 | 110 | 5.39 | 8.81 | 7.32b | 0.90 | 12.2 | 中性Neutral |
| 500~800 | 212 | 3.88 | 8.40 | 6.68c | 1.02 | 15.2 | 中性Neutral |
| 800~1000 | 118 | 4.30 | 8.72 | 7.52b | 1.03 | 13.7 | 弱碱性Alkalescence |
| 1000~1200 | 131 | 4.07 | 8.67 | 8.08a | 0.55 | 6.8 | 弱碱性Alkalescence |
| > 1200 | 133 | 6.13 | 8.65 | 8.03a | 0.50 | 6.2 | 弱碱性Alkalescence |
| 不同小写字母表示不同海拔梯度间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different altitude gradients at P < 0.05 level. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表9陕西省不同土壤类型耕地土壤pH含量变化特征
Table9.Statistical characteristics of soil pH in different soil types
| 土壤类型 Soil type | 样本数 Number | 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value | 平均数 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 变异系数 CV (%) | 酸碱度 Acidity-basicity |
| 棕壤Brown earth | 7 | 6.13 | 7.67 | 6.88 | 0.66 | 9.50 | 中性Neutral |
| 沼泽土Swamp soil | 18 | 3.88 | 7.68 | 5.83 | 0.99 | 16.90 | 弱酸性Weak acid |
| 黄褐土Yellow cinnamon soil | 42 | 5.14 | 7.79 | 6.36 | 0.59 | 9.40 | 弱酸性Weak acid |
| 黑垆土Black lossial soil | 23 | 7.71 | 8.48 | 8.09 | 0.18 | 2.20 | 弱碱性Alkalescence |
| 新积土Newly deposited soil | 69 | 5.67 | 8.67 | 7.94 | 0.59 | 7.40 | 弱碱性Alkalescence |
 | 63 | 5.92 | 8.81 | 7.95 | 0.48 | 6.00 | 弱碱性Alkalescence |
| 紫色土Purple soil | 3 | 5.88 | 7.12 | 6.46 | 0.62 | 9.70 | 弱酸性Weak acid |
| 粗骨土Coarse bone soil | 30 | 4.07 | 8.44 | 7.01 | 1.05 | 15.00 | 中性Neutral |
| 石质土Stony soil | 3 | 6.15 | 8.39 | 7.47 | 1.17 | 15.70 | 中性Neutral |
| 水稻土Paddy soil | 5 | 5.96 | 6.84 | 6.50 | 0.33 | 5.10 | 中性Neutral |
| 珊瑚砂土Coral soil | 39 | 5.44 | 8.65 | 7.66 | 0.83 | 10.80 | 弱碱性Alkalescence |
| 黄棕壤Yellow brown soil | 112 | 4.30 | 7.51 | 6.14 | 0.73 | 12.00 | 弱酸性Weak acid |
| 黄绵土Loessial soil | 206 | 6.01 | 8.72 | 8.13 | 0.33 | 4.00 | 弱碱性Alkalescence |
| 褐土Cinnamon soil | 23 | 5.37 | 8.31 | 6.91 | 0.89 | 12.90 | 中性Neutral |
| 潮土Fluvo soil | 10 | 6.10 | 8.47 | 7.87 | 0.75 | 9.60 | 弱碱性Alkalescencee |
| 风沙土Aeolian soil | 18 | 7.92 | 8.52 | 8.26 | 0.15 | 1.80 | 弱碱性Alkalescence |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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