吕贝贝,
张丽萍,
张贵云^,,
刘珍,
范巧兰,
姚众,
常芳娟
山西农业大学棉花研究所 运城 044000
基金项目: 山西省农业科学院农业科技创新研究课题YGJPY1912
山西省农业科学院农业科技创新研究课题YCX2018D2YS09

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作者简介:吕贝贝, 主要从事植物营养学和农作物病虫害综合治理等研究。E-mail: 1240651061@qq.com

通讯作者:张贵云, 主要从事植物营养学和菌根学研究。E-mail: guiyunzhang@126.com

中图分类号:S154.3

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-10-12
录用日期:2021-02-28
刊出日期:2021-07-01

Response of soil fungal diversity to long-term conservation tillage in dryland wheat soils on the Loess Plateau, China

LYU Beibei,
ZHANG Liping,
ZHANG Guiyun^,,
LIU Zhen,
FAN Qiaolan,
YAO Zhong,
Chang Fangjuan
Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng 044000, China
Funds: the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesYGJPY1912
the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesYCX2018D2YS09

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Corresponding author:ZHANG Guiyun, E-mail: guiyunzhang@126.com

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摘要
摘要:农业管理实践会干扰土壤生态系统，对土壤微生物特别是根系周围微生物产生不同影响，保护性耕作被认为是对土壤扰动较小的耕作方式，在全球范围内应用广泛，但其可持续性受到了秸秆覆盖可能会增加土壤病原微生物的挑战，对土壤微生物多样性的影响仍存在争议。因此，为全面了解黄土高原旱作麦田长期保护性耕作对土壤生态系统的影响，本研究依托山西省临汾市长达27年的保护性耕作试验平台，采用高通量测序技术，开展了土壤真菌群落结构和多样性对传统耕作（TT1）、免耕覆盖（NTS）、深松+免耕覆盖（SNTS）的响应分析。结果表明：与TT1相比，NTS和SNTS处理小麦根围土壤真菌组成及相对丰度发生了显著变化，NTS处理出现了未知真菌类群；各处理土壤真菌的主要优势菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门和接合菌门；从属水平物种分布热图可以看出，与传统耕作相比，该地区多年的保护性耕作会加大小麦赤霉病发生的风险；UPGMA（非加权组平均法）分析表明，2种保护性耕作土壤真菌群落组成相似；TT1中具有显著差异的关键优势物种属担子菌门，NTS和SNTS处理的属子囊菌门；NTS处理土壤真菌丰富度和系统发育多样性最高，SNTS处理土壤真菌多样性最高；但土壤真菌多样性和丰富度指数在各处理间并无显著差异。综上，长期保护性耕作显著改变了土壤真菌群落结构及组成，提高了土壤真菌的丰富度和多样性，但不存在显著差异。同时该地区多年的保护性耕作可能会加大小麦赤霉病发生的风险。本研究对黄土高原旱作麦田区推广保护性耕作及土壤管理具有一定的指导意义。
关键词:保护性耕作/
小麦/
秸秆覆盖/
土壤真菌/
多样性/
高通量测序
Abstract:Different agricultural tillage practices create variable soil ecosystems that have different effects on soil microorganisms, especially those around the root system. Conservation tillage has numerous advantages and is used worldwide, but its sustainability has been challenged by the increase in soil pathogenic microorganisms caused by stubble mulching. To better understand the effects of long-term conservation tillage on the soil ecosystems in the dryland wheat regions of the Loess Plateau, this study used data from a 27-year conservation tillage experimental platform in Linfen, Shanxi Province, and high-throughput sequencing technology to investigate the response of the soil fungal community structure and diversity to different tillage treatments, including traditional tillage (TT1), no-tillage with stubble (NTS), and no-tillage with stubble after subsoiling (SNTS). The results showed that there were considerable differences in the composition and relative abundances of soil fungi among three treatments, and the NTS treatment included some unidentified or unknown fungi. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota were the dominant phyla of soil fungi in each treatment. Compared with TT1, the relative abundances of Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Glomeromycota increased under the two conservation tillage treatments, whereas the relative abundance of Basidiomycota significantly decreased. According to the heat map of species distribution at the genus level, the relative abundances of Gibberella and Fusarium increased compared to TT1 treatment, and Gibberella was the dominant genus under the two conservation tillage treatments. This indicated that long-term conservation tillage may increase the risk of wheat scab in this area. UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means) showed that the soil fungal community composition was similar between the two conservation tillage treatments, which differed from the TT1 treatment. The key biomarker in the TT1 treatment belonged to Basidiomycota, whereas the key biomarkers belonged to Ascomycota for the NTS and SNTS treatments. The NTS treatment had the highest richness and PD_whole_tree of soil fungi, whereas the SNTS treatment had the highest diversity. However, there were no significant differences in the diversity and richness indices of soil fungi among three treatments. In conclusion, long-term conservation tillage significantly changed the structure and composition of soil fungal communities, and improved the richness and diversity of soil fungi with no significant differences among three treatments. Conservation tillage (for 27 years) may also increase the risk of wheat scab. Therefore, to minimize soil pathogens, appropriate stubble mulching frequency, no-tillage, conventional tillage or subsoiling rotation, and moderate shallow tillage should be examined in future soil management and conservation tillage studies. This study provides guidance for promoting conservation tillage and soil management in the dryland wheat regions of the Loess Plateau.
Key words:Conservation tillage/
Wheat/
Stubble mulching/
Soil fungi/
Diversity/
High-throughput sequencing

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图1不同耕作方式下土壤真菌Venn图(A)和门水平上的组成及相对丰度(B)
Figure1.OTUs Venn (A) and community composition and relative abundance at phylum level (B) of soil fungi under different tillage treatments


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图2不同耕作方式下属水平上土壤真菌群落组成热图
Figure2.Heat map of soil fungal community composition at genus level under different tillage treatments


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图3不同耕作方式下土壤样品相似性聚类树
Figure3.Similarity tree of soil fungal community under different tillage treatments


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图4不同耕作方式下土壤真菌LEfSe分析的柱状图(A)(LDA值> 3.5)和进化分支图(B)
Figure4.Histogram (A) (LDA score > 3.5) and cladogram (B) based on LEfSe analysis of soil fungal community under different tillage treatments


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表1不同耕作处理方式描述
Table1.Description of different tillage treatments

代号 Code	处理 Treatment	耕作方式 Tillage practices
TT1	传统耕作 Traditional tillage	小麦收获后用铧式犁耕翻(深度约25 cm), 无秸秆覆盖, 播前旋耕(深度约15 cm)整地 After the wheat was harvested, and straws were removed, the soil was ploughed (about 25 cm deep) by using a mold board plow, followed by the application of a rotavator (about 15 cm deep) before sowing.
NTS	免耕覆盖 No-tillage with stubble	全年不耕作, 播种时用免耕播种机一次性完成施肥和播种, 收获后将小区秸秆粉碎全覆盖 No tillage all year round, no-tillage seeder was used to complete fertilization and sowing at one time; after the wheat was harvested, the soil was covered with straws.
SNTS	深松+免耕覆盖 No-tillage with stubble after subsoiling	采用深松机连续深松覆盖4年(深度约40 cm)后, 进行长期免耕覆盖处理 The soil was continuously subsoiled (about 40 cm deep) by using a subsoiler for 4 years, followed by the long-term no-tillage with straws covering.

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表2不同耕作方式下土壤真菌群落的Alpha多样性指数
Table2.Alpha diversity indexes of soil fungal community under different tillage treatments

处理 Treatment	观察到的物种数 Observed_species	Chao1 指数Chao1 index	ACE指数 ACE index	Shannon 指数Shannon index	Simpson 指数Shannon index	系统发育多样性 PD_whole_tree	覆盖率 Good’s-coverage
TT1	708.333±92.921a	1137.056±86.118a	938.434±123.043a	5.520±0.033a	0.937±0.002a	245.058±39.153a	0.996±0.000b
NTS	854.667±135.721a	1350.146±114.958a	1165.563±117.761a	5.801±0.618a	0.946±0.022a	302.877±65.031a	0.995±0.000a
SNTS	827.333±130.328a	1272.362±126.977a	1040.475±170.083a	5.864±0.451a	0.946±0.022a	299.676±57.102a	0.996±0.000b
同列不同小写字母表示P < 5%水平差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 level.

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