王静^{1, 2,},
王磊¹,
刘耀斌^{1, 2},
章欢^{1, 3},
张辉¹,
汪吉东^{1, 2, 3},
吴建燕⁴,
张永春^{1, 2,,}
1.江苏省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部江苏耕地保育科学观测站 南京 210014
2.南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院 南京 210095
3.江苏大学农业工程学院 镇江 212023
4.烟台泓源生物肥料有限公司 烟台 264000
基金项目: 江苏省自然科学基金项目BK20190259
国家甘薯产业技术体系项目CARS-10-B9
江苏省重点研发项目BE2019378
国家重点研发项目2018YFD0200505

详细信息

作者简介:王静, 研究方向为土壤微生物与元素循环。E-mail: 2018103149@njau.edu.cn

通讯作者:张永春, 研究方向为耕地保育等。E-mail: yczhang66@sina.com

中图分类号:S181

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-07-18
录用日期:2020-09-28
刊出日期:2021-05-01

Effects and associated regulatory factors of the microbial characteristics of yellow-brown soils following long-term nitrogen fertilization

WANG Jing^{1, 2,},
WANG Lei¹,
LIU Yaobin^{1, 2},
ZHANG Huan^{1, 3},
ZHANG Hui¹,
WANG Jidong^{1, 2, 3},
WU Jianyan⁴,
ZHANG Yongchun^{1, 2,,}
1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation(Jiangsu), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
2. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
3. Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212023, China
4. Yantai Hongyuan Biological Fertilizer Co., LTD, Yantai 264000, China
Funds: the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu ProvinceBK20190259
the National Technology System of SweetPotato Industry of ChinaCARS-10-B9
the Key Research and Development Project of Jiangsu ProvinceBE2019378
the National KeyResearch and Development Project of China2018YFD0200505

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Corresponding author:ZHANG Yongchun, E-mail: yczhang66@sina.com

摘要
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摘要
摘要:基于黄棕壤小麦-甘薯轮作的长期定位试验，探究不同施氮处理土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、氮（MBN）含量和酶活性的变化及其潜在调控因子，为科学施氮提高土壤质量和改善土壤生态功能提供依据。试验选取始于2011年4个施氮处理：不施肥（CK）、不施氮肥（PK）、施化学氮肥（NPK）和化学氮肥配施有机肥（NPKM），调查两季作物收获后土壤MBC和MBN含量、酶活性及微生物碳氮利用效率的变化，并通过冗余分析（RDA）和结构方程模型（SEM）明确调控弱酸性黄棕壤中MBC和MBN变化的潜在因素。小麦和甘薯两季的结果表明：施氮肥降低了土壤MBC、MBN含量和蔗糖酶（SSC）、脲酶（SUE）活性，与NPK处理相比，NPKM处理增加了MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性。长期施用氮肥提高了土壤有机碳（SOC）和土壤养分[全氮（TN）和矿质态氮（MN）]含量，但施氮肥显著降低土壤pH以及微生物的碳氮利用效率。与小麦季相比，甘薯季土壤SOC和MN含量有所下降，而MBN含量和SSC活性有所升高。RDA和SEM结果表明，氮肥的施用强化了MBC与MBN、SSC与MBC以及SUE与MBC之间的关联性；不同施氮处理下土壤pH、有机碳、氮含量以及微生物的碳氮利用效率的变化直接或间接地影响土壤MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性，其中pH是调控土壤MBC变化的直接因素，而土壤SSC和SUE活性与MBC、MBN含量相互影响。长期施用氮肥降低了黄棕壤MBC、MBN含量和酶活性，化学氮肥配施有机肥有利于缓解生物性状的下降，土壤pH是影响MBC变化的主要因素，小麦-甘薯轮作中土壤微生物强烈的碳代谢过程利于增加MBN。
关键词:黄棕壤/
氮肥/
微生物生物量/
酶活性/
潜在调控因子
Abstract:Changes in soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) and their potential regulatory factors were investigated following long-term N fertilizer application since 2011 in a wheat-sweet potato rotation system. In the study, we aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the application of N fertilizers and to improve soil quality and ecological functions. Four N fertilization treatments were used: no fertilizer application (CK), no N-fertilizer application (PK), chemical N-fertilizer application (NPK), and chemical N-fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer application (NPKM). The soil MBC and MBN content, soil potential enzymes activities, and microbial C and N utilization efficiencies were investigated after the harvest of the two crops. Redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling were used to identify the potential biotic and abiotic factors that regulate MBC and MBN in the weakly acidic yellow-brown soils. The results showed that the contents of MBC and MBN and activities of sucrase and urease decreased in the N fertilization treatments. Compared with the NPK treatments, NPKM treatment increased the contents of MBC and MBN and the activities of sucrase and urease. Significantly higher contents of soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), and mineral N (MN) were detected in the NPK and NPKM treated soils than in the CK and PK treated soils. However, long-term N fertilization significantly decreased the soil pH and efficiencies of microbial C and N utilization. Compared to the wheat season, the sweet potato season showed lower SOC and MN contents and higher MBN content and sucrase activity in the soils under all fertilization treatments. N fertilization strengthened the relationships between MBC and MBN and the sucrase and urease activities. Moreover, variations in the soil MBC and MBN contents and both sucrase and urease activities were regulated by soil pH, SOC and N content, and microbial C and N utilization efficiencies. Soil pH was the key factor driving the soil MBC content. Interactions were found between the activities of soil enzymes and the contents of MBC and MBN. In conclusion, long-term N fertilization decreased the MBC and MBN contents and the invertase and urease activities in yellow-brown soils. However, the combined application of chemical N fertilizers and organic fertilizer alleviated the decline in soil biological properties. The strong microbial C metabolism processes increased the MBN content in the wheat-sweet potato rotation system.
Key words:Yellow brown soil/
N fertilizers/
Microbial biomass/
Enzyme activities/
Potential regulatory factors

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图1长期不同施氮处理的土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量及其比例
CK: 不施肥; PK: 不施氮肥; NPK: 施化学氮肥; NPKM: 化学氮肥配施有机肥。S表示作物季, T表示施肥处理。不同字母表示不同作物季不同施肥处理在P < 0.05 (Tukey’s-b test)水平差异显著, 小麦季用小写字母表示, 甘薯季用大写字母表示。*和**分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平影响显著。
Figure1.Contents of soil microbial biomass C and N and their ratios under different long-term nitrogen fertilization treatments
CK: no fertilizer, control; PK: no N fertilizer; NPK: chemical N fertilizers; NPKM: chemical N fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers; S indicates crop season, T indicates fertilization treatment. Different lowercase letters and capital letters mean significant differences (Tukey’s-b test, P < 0.05) among different fertilization treatments in wheat and sweet potato seasons, respectively. * and ** indicate significant effects at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.


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图2长期不同施氮处理的土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性及其比例
CK: 不施肥; PK: 不施氮肥; NPK: 施化学氮肥; NPKM: 化学氮肥配施有机肥。S表示作物季, T表示施肥处理。不同字母表示不同作物季不同施肥处理在P < 0.05(Tukey’s-b test)水平上差异显著, 小麦季用小写字母表示, 甘薯季用大写字母表示。*和**分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平影响显著。
Figure2.Activities of soil invertase and soil urease and their ratios under different nitrogen fertilization treatments
CK: no fertilizer, control; PK: no N fertilizer; NPK: chemical N fertilizers; NPKM: chemical N fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers; S indicates crop season, T indicates fertilization treatment. Different lowercase letters and capital letters mean significant differences (Tukey’s-b test, P < 0.05) among different fertilization treatments in wheat and sweet potato seasons, respectively. * and ** indicate significant effects at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.


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图3施氮和不施氮处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量与蔗糖酶、脲酶活性的关系
Figure3.Relationships of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) contents, invertase and urease activities under treatments with and without N fertilizers


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图4土壤微生物生物量碳氮(MBC、MBN)含量与酶活性变化的潜在影响因素
CK: 不施肥; PK: 不施氮肥; NPK: 施化学氮肥; NPKM: 化学氮肥配施有机肥。SOC: 土壤有机碳含量; TN: 土壤全氮含量;
Figure4.Potential impact factors of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) contents, invertase (SUE) and urease (SSC) activities
CK: no fertilizer, control; PK: no N fertilizer; NPK: chemical N fertilizers; NPKM: chemical N fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers. SOC: soil organic carbon content; TN: total nitrogen content.


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图5土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量和酶活性与土壤理化性质的关系
图中MN为土壤矿质态氮, SOC为土壤有机碳, TN为土壤全氮, SUE为土壤脲酶, SSC为土壤蔗糖酶, MBC为土壤微生物生物量碳, MBN为土壤微生物生物量氮, R²为标准化回归权重, CMIN/DF、P值以及RMSEA为评价模型配适度的参数。左图中实线表示正效应, 虚线表示负效应, 灰色表示相关性在0 < P < 0.05水平显著相关, 黑色表示不显著, 线型粗细表示路径系数大小。*、**和***分别表示相关性在P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001水平显著。
Figure5.SEM (structural equation model) showing the relationships between soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents, enzyme activities and physicochemical properties
In figure, MN is soil mineral nitrogen, SOC is soil organic carbon, TN is soil total nitrogen, SUE is soil urease, SSC is soil invertase, MBC is soil microbial biomass carbon, MBN is soil microbial biomass nitrogen. R² is standardized regression weights, CMIN/DF, P and RMSEA are critical parameters of model fit summary. In left figure, the solid line indicates a positive correlation, the dashed line indicates a negative correlation, grey indicates that the correlation is significant at 0 < P < 0.05 level, black indicates that the correlation is not significant, and the line thickness indicates the path coefficient size. *, ** and *** indicate significant correlation at P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively.


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表1长期不同施氮处理的土壤化学性质及微生物的碳、氮利用效率
Table1.Chemical properties, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen utilization efficiencies under different long-term nitrogen fertilization treatments

作物季Crop season(S)	处理Treatment(T)	pH	全氮Totalnitrogen(g?kg?1)	有机碳Organiccarbon(g?kg?1)	易氧化有机碳Readily oxidized organic carbon(g?kg?1)	矿质态氮Mineralnitrogen(mg?kg?1)	微生物利用碳效率Microbial carbon utilization efficiency(%)	微生物利用氮效率Microbial nitrogen utilization efficiency(%)
小麦季Wheat season	CK	6.33±0.10a	0.73±0.02b	7.41±0.36c	2.75± 0.10b	38.19±1.11b	2.11±0.07a	2.35±0.30a
	PK	6.34±0.06a	0.79±0.08b	7.28±0.32c	2.75± 0.10b	39.44±5.10b	2.67±0.25a	2.24±0.43a
	NPK	4.81±0.14c	0.89±0.16b	9.22±0.16b	3.28±0.25a	78.94±5.81a	1.05±0.19b	0.62±0.08b
	NPKM	5.37±0.06b	1.17±0.05a	10.11±0.09a	3.63±0.16a	81.61±12.62a	1.12±0.17b	0.85±0.09b
甘薯季Sweet potatoseason	CK	6.53±0.04A	0.85±0.02C	6.77±0.06D	0.91±0.20B	19.67±2.55C	2.70±0.25A	3.34±0.83A
	PK	6.08±0.02B	0.87±0.05C	7.23±0.11C	1.31±0.26B	17.86±3.05C	2.38±0.12A	3.09±0.41AB
	NPK	4.87±0.05D	1.14±0.03B	9.06±0.14B	3.87±0.26A	70.00±4.07A	1.04±0.08B	1.65±0.32B
	NPKM	5.38±0.04C	1.20±0.01A	9.84±0.06A	3.69±0.45A	48.61±2.90B	1.68±0.21B	2.04±0.67AB
方差分析Analysis of variance
T	F	605.786**	43.360**	343.963**	94.695**	105.724**	98.675**	20.605**
S	F	0.003	18.439**	13.605**	42.773**	77.336**	8.296**	28.933**
T?S	F	10.396**	2.723	2.810	33.517**	4.519*	8.552**	0.135
CK: 不施肥; PK: 不施氮肥; NPK: 施化学氮肥; NPKM: 化学氮肥配施有机肥。S表示作物季, T表示施肥处理。不同字母表示不同作物季不同施肥处理在P < 0.05(Tukey’s-b test)水平上差异显著, 小麦季用小写字母表示, 甘薯季用大写字母表示。*和**分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平影响显著。CK: no fertilizer, control; PK: no N fertilizer; NPK: chemical N fertilizers; NPKM: chemical N fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers; S indicates crop season, T indicates fertilization treatment. Different lowercase letters and capital letters mean significant differences (Tukey’s-b test, P < 0.05) among different fertilization treatments in wheat and sweet potato seasons, respectively. * and ** indicate significant effects at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.

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