有机无机配施体系中有机肥腐熟程度对化肥氮利用率的影响机制

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张勇,
徐智,
王宇蕴^,,
邓亚琴,
刘美菊,
尹元萍,
郑魁,
娄义晟,
赵兵
云南农业大学资源与环境学院昆明 650201
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目31760609
中央引导高校发展校杰出人才专项A3012020017013
云南省****青年拔尖人才项目A3012020057

详细信息

作者简介:张勇, 主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化利用。E-mail: 17808324289@163.com

通讯作者:王宇蕴, 主要研究方向为养分循环利用。E-mail: yuyunwhere@163.com

中图分类号:S141.4;S143.1

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-11-24
录用日期:2021-03-17
网络出版日期:2021-06-22
刊出日期:2021-06-01

Effects of organic fertilizer maturity degree on nitrogen utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizer

ZHANG Yong,
XU Zhi,
WANG Yuyun^,,
DENG Yaqin,
LIU Meiju,
YIN Yuanping,
ZHENG Kui,
LOU Yisheng,
ZHAO Bing
College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31760609
the Special Project for the Development of Outstanding Talents in Universities by the Central Government of ChinaA3012020017013
the Young Talents Project of Ten Thousand Talents Program of Yunnan ProvinceA3012020057

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Corresponding author:WANG Yuyun, E-mail: yuyunwhere@163.com

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摘要
摘要:为探究有机肥腐熟度对配施化肥氮利用率的作用机制，利用¹⁵N标记技术进行意大利生菜盆栽试验，从堆肥过程中选取不同腐熟度的有机肥[按照种子发芽指数（GI值）为50%、80%和100%进行堆肥的腐熟度区分]，研究施¹⁵NPK化肥（对照，CK）、¹⁵NPK+GI 50%有机肥（GI50）、¹⁵NPK+GI 80%有机肥（GI80）、¹⁵NPK+GI 100%有机肥（GI100）4个处理对意大利生菜化肥氮的转化、吸收和利用的影响。结果表明，与CK处理相比，添加有机肥处理意大利生菜生物量、¹⁵N吸收量与¹⁵N利用率分别显著提高30.5%~56.1%、40.0%~91.0%和15.5%~41.8%（P < 0.05），GI80处理较GI50处理生物量、¹⁵N吸收量与利用率分别显著提高17.1%、31.8%和35.4%（P < 0.05），GI100处理较GI50处理生物量、¹⁵N吸收量与利用率分别显著提高19.6%、15.8%和22.8%（P < 0.05）。试验期间，添加有机肥处理较CK处理土壤¹⁵NH₄⁺-N显著提高44.9%~74.2%（P < 0.05），¹⁵NO₃^--N显著降低8.4%~38.1%（P < 0.05），净硝化率显著降低10.8%~24.6%（P < 0.05）；GI80处理较GI50处理土壤¹⁵NH₄⁺-N提高7.9%~11.5%，¹⁵NO₃^--N显著降低18.5%~50.4%（P < 0.05），净硝化率显著降低15.0%~28.2%（P < 0.05）；GI100处理较GI50处理土壤¹⁵NH₄⁺-N显著提高11.5%~26.9%（P < 0.05），¹⁵NO₃^--N显著降低15.8%~22.7%（P < 0.05），净硝化率显著降低12.5%~23.9%（P < 0.05）。土壤微生物量氮（MB¹⁵N）缓慢上升，添加有机肥处理较CK处理显著提高67.3%~94.1%（P < 0.05），GI80处理较GI50处理提高6.0%~23.8%，GI100处理较GI50处理显著提高6.9%~25.5%（P < 0.05）。各处理MB¹⁵N占MBN的54.9%~71.6%（P < 0.05）。相关分析结果表明，MB¹⁵N、¹⁵NH₄⁺-N与¹⁵N吸收量、¹⁵N利用率呈现极显著正相关关系，且RDA分析结果说明MB¹⁵N是影响化肥¹⁵N吸收利用的关键驱动因子。因此，有机无机配施体系中适当增加有机肥的腐熟度（GI≥80%）能够明显增强土壤微生物的固氮能力，提高土壤氮素水平，减缓土壤铵态氮向硝态氮的转化速度，降低土壤净硝化速率，从而提高化肥氮的利用效率。
关键词:有机无机肥配施/
有机肥腐熟度/
化肥氮利用率/
土壤氮含量/
净硝化率/
¹⁵N标记技术
Abstract:The application of organic fertilizers promotes efficient chemical fertilizer use, but the effects and mechanisms of organic fertilizers with different maturation degrees are unresolved. To explore the effects of applying organic fertilizer with different maturity degrees on chemical nitrogen utilization efficiency for a practice of combined organic-inorganic fertilizers application, a pot experiment of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. ramosa Hort.) was conducted using nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N) tracer technology. The organic fertilizers with different maturity degrees, which indicated by the germination index of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) (GI), were applied with ¹⁵N-labelled chemical fertilizer. A treatment without organic fertilizer application (CK) was set up as the control and following the principle of equal nutrient and carbon input, three treatments with different maturity degrees of organic fertilizer: ¹⁵NPK (nitrogen-15, phosphorus, potassium) + 50% GI organic fertilizer (GI50), ¹⁵NPK + 80% GI organic fertilizer (GI80), and ¹⁵NPK + 100% GI organic fertilizer (GI100) were tested. The results showed that, compared to CK, the GI50, GI80, and GI100 treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased lettuce biomass, ¹⁵N uptake and ¹⁵N use efficiency by 30.5%-56.1%, 40.0%-91.0%, and 15.5%-41.8%, respectively. The biomass, ¹⁵N uptake, and ¹⁵N use efficiency of GI80 significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 17.1%, 31.8%, and 35.4%, respectively; those of GI100 significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 19.6%, 15.8%, and 22.8%, respectively, compared to GI50. Compared to CK, ammonium-nitrogen (¹⁵NH₄⁺-N) in GI50, GI80, and GI100 treatments significantly increased by 44.9%-74.2% (P < 0.05), nitrate-nitrogen(¹⁵NO₃^--N) significantly decreased by 8.4%-38.1% (P < 0.05), and net nitrification rate significantly decreased by 10.8%-24.6% (P < 0.05). Compared to GI50, GI80 increased ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N by 7.9%-11.5%, significantly decreased ¹⁵NO₃^--N and net nitrification rate by 18.5%-50.4% (P < 0.05) and 15.0%-28.2% (P < 0.05), respectively; GI100 significantly increased ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N by 11.5%-26.9% (P < 0.05), significantly decreased ¹⁵NO₃^--N and net nitrification rate by 15.8%-22.7% (P < 0.05) and 12.5%-23.9% (P < 0.05), respectively. The microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and MB¹⁵N in soil slowly increased. Compared to CK, GI80 and GI100 treatments significantly increased MB¹⁵N by 67.3%-94.1% (P < 0.05). Compared to GI50, GI80 and GI100 treatments increased MB¹⁵N by 6.0%-23.8% and 6.9%-25.5% (P < 0.05), respectively. The MB¹⁵N in each treatment accounted for 54.9%-71.6% (P < 0.05) of the MBN. Correlation analysis showed that MB¹⁵N and ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N had significant positive correlations with the ¹⁵N absorptive amount and ¹⁵N utilization rate; and the redundancy analysis showed that MB¹⁵N was the key driving factor of the absorption and utilization of ¹⁵N in chemical fertilizers. Therefore, an appropriate increase in the maturity of organic fertilizer (GI ≥ 80%) when applying organic and inorganic fertilizers can enhance the nitrogen fixation ability of soil microorganisms, improve soil nitrogen levels, slow the conversion rate of soil ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N to ¹⁵NO₃^--N, reduce the net nitrification rate, and inhibit soil nitrification, thereby improving the nitrogen utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizer. The results of this study provide an important basis for understanding the mechanisms of appropriately improving the maturity degree of organic matter to enhance chemical nitrogen use efficiency.
Key words:Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers/
Maturity degree of organic fertilizer/
Fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency/
Soil nitrogen content/
Net nitrification rate/
¹⁵N tracer technology

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图1不同腐熟度有机肥配施无机肥处理下土壤矿质态氮和标记态矿质态氮的含量变化
CK: ¹⁵NPK; GI50: ¹⁵NPK+GI 50%有机肥; GI80: ¹⁵NPK+ GI 80%有机肥; GI100: ¹⁵NPK+GI 100%有机肥。图中不同小写字母表示同一时间不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著, 不同大写字母表示同一处理不同时间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。CK: ¹⁵NPK; GI50: ¹⁵NPK+GI (germination rate of cress) 50% organic fertilizer; GI80: ¹⁵NPK+GI 80% organic fertilizer; GI100: ¹⁵NPK+GI 100% organic fertilizer. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments in the same time at P < 0.05 level. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among times for the same treatment at P < 0.05 level.
Figure1.Changes in contents of soil mineral nitrogen and labeled mineral nitrogen under different treatments of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizers with different maturity degrees

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图2不同腐熟度有机肥配施无机肥处理下土壤净硝化速率变化
CK: ¹⁵NPK; GI50: ¹⁵NPK+GI 50%有机肥; GI80: ¹⁵NPK+ GI 80%有机肥; GI100: ¹⁵NPK+GI 100%有机肥。图中不同小写字母表示同一时间不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著, 不同大写字母表示同一处理不同时间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。CK: ¹⁵NPK; GI50: ¹⁵NPK+GI (germination rate of cress) 50% organic fertilizer; GI80: ¹⁵NPK+GI 80% organic fertilizer; GI100: ¹⁵NPK+GI 100% organic fertilizer. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments in the same time at P < 0.05 level. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among times for the same treatment at P < 0.05 level.
Figure2.Changes of soil net nitrification rate under different treatments of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizers with different maturity degrees

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图3不同腐熟度有机肥配施无机肥处理下土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN, MB¹⁵N)含量变化
CK: ¹⁵NPK; GI50: ¹⁵NPK+GI 50%有机肥; GI80: ¹⁵NPK+ GI 80%有机肥; GI100: ¹⁵NPK+GI 100%有机肥。图中不同小写字母表示同一时间不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著, 不同大写字母表示同一处理不同时间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。CK: ¹⁵NPK; GI50: ¹⁵NPK+GI (germination rate of cress) 50% organic fertilizer; GI80: ¹⁵NPK+GI 80% organic fertilizer; GI100: ¹⁵NPK+GI 100% organic fertilizer. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments in the same time at P < 0.05 level. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among times for the same treatment at P < 0.05 level.
Figure3.Changes in soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN, MB¹⁵N) contents under different treatments of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizers with different maturity degrees

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图4标记态矿质态氮、微生物量氮及净硝化率与¹⁵N吸收利用的RDA分析
CK: ¹⁵NPK; GI50: ¹⁵NPK+GI 50%有机肥; GI80: ¹⁵NPK+ GI 80%有机肥; GI100: ¹⁵NPK+ GI 100%有机肥。MBN: 土壤微生物生物量氮。CK: ¹⁵NPK; GI50: ¹⁵NPK+GI 50% (germination rate of cress) organic fertilizer; GI80: ¹⁵NPK+ GI 80% organic fertilizer; GI100: ¹⁵NPK+ GI 100% organic fertilizer. MBN: soil microbial biomass nitrogen.
Figure4.RDA analysis of labeled mineral nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen, net nitrification rate and ¹⁵N absorption and utilization

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表1不同腐熟度有机肥的养分含量
Table1.Nutrients contents of organic fertilizers with different maturity degrees

腐熟度 Maturity degree (%)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g?kg^?1)	全磷 Total phosphorus [g(P₂O₅)?kg^?1]	全钾 Total potassium [g(K₂O)?kg^?1]
50	10.30	26.63	2.06
80	10.74	28.50	2.77
100	11.72	29.33	2.88
腐熟度用西芹的发芽率表示。The maturity degree is indicated by the germination rate of cress (Lepidium sativum L.).

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表2不同腐熟度有机肥配施无机肥处理下生菜生物量、¹⁵N吸收量及利用率的变化
Table2.Changes of lettuce biomass, ¹⁵N absorption and utilization rate under different treatments of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizers with different maturity degrees

处理 Treatment	生物量 Biomass (g?plant^?1)	¹⁵N吸收量 ¹⁵N absorption (mg?plant^?1)	¹⁵N利用率 ¹⁵N utilization (%)
CK	28.29±0.57c	36.75±0.28c	35.71±0.35d
GI50	36.93±1.04b	51.83±0.32b	41.24±0.26c
GI80	43.25±0.76a	68.32±0.56a	47.75±0.43b
GI100	44.16±0.86a	70.18±0.32a	50.63±0.65a
CK: ¹⁵NPK; GI50: ¹⁵NPK+GI 50%有机肥; GI80: ¹⁵NPK+ GI 80%有机肥; GI100: ¹⁵NPK+GI 100%有机肥。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。CK: ¹⁵NPK; GI50: ¹⁵NPK+GI (germination rate of cress) 50% organic fertilizer; GI80: ¹⁵NPK+GI 80% organic fertilizer; GI100: ¹⁵NPK+GI 100% organic fertilizer. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments at P < 0.05 level.

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表3各指标之间的相关关系
Table3.Correlation between various indicators

		土壤指标Soil index						生菜指标Lettuce index
		${\rm{NH}}_4^ + {\rm{ - N}}$	$^{15}{\rm{NH}}_4^ + {\rm{ - N}}$	${\rm{NO}}_3^ - {\rm{ - N}}$	$^{15}{\rm{NO}}_3^ - {\rm{ - N}}$	MBN	MB¹⁵N	生物量 Biomass	¹⁵N吸收量 ¹⁵N absorption	¹⁵N利用率 ¹⁵N utilization
土壤指标 Soil index	$^{15}{\rm{NH}}_4^ + {\rm{ - N}}$	0.942^**	1.000
	${\rm{NO}}_3^ - {\rm{ - N}}$	?0.962^**	?0.961^**	1.000
	$^{15}{\rm{NO}}_3^ - {\rm{ - N}}$	?0.888^**	?0.784^**	0.900^**	1.000
	MBN	0.952^**	0.891^**	?0.953^**	?0.911^**	1.000
	MB¹⁵N	0.967^**	0.981^**	?0.991^**	?0.878^**	0.941^**	1.000
生菜指标Lettuce index	生物量 Biomass	0.954^**	0.953^**	?0.972^**	?0.941^**	0.951^**	0.979^**	1.000
	¹⁵N吸收量 ¹⁵N absorption	0.961^**	0.912^**	?0.973^**	?0.959^**	0.969^**	0.966^**	0.990^**	1.000
	¹⁵N利用率 ¹⁵N utilization	0.955^**	0.907^**	?0.953^**	?0.922^**	0.976^**	0.953^**	0.973^**	0.989^**	1.000
	净硝化率 Net nitrification rate	?0.895^**	?0.832^**	0.895^**	0.848^**	?0.931^**	?0.865^**	?0.870^**	?0.884^**	?0.875^**
MBN: 土壤微生物生物量氮。和分别表示P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平显著相关。MBN: soil microbial biomass nitrogen. and ** represent significant correlation at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively.

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