郭瑶^?,,
陈桂平^?,,
殷文,
赵财,
于爱忠,
樊志龙,
胡发龙,
范虹,
柴强^,
甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院 兰州 730070
基金项目: 甘肃省科技计划项目20JR5RA037
甘肃省科技计划项目20JR5RA025
国家绿肥产业技术体系CARS-22-G-12
甘肃省高等学校创新能力提升项目2020B-126
甘肃省科协青年人才托举工程项目2020-12

详细信息

通讯作者:柴强, 主要从事多熟种植、循环农业、保护性耕作技术与理论研究。E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn

同等贡献者: 郭瑶, 主要从事节水农业研究, E-mail: guoyaogsau@126.com; 陈桂平, 主要从事多熟种植研究, E-mail: chengp@gsau.edu.cn
中图分类号:S341.1;S152.7

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-06-14
录用日期:2020-09-15
刊出日期:2021-02-01

Effects of reducing water and nitrogen supplies in rotated wheat with previous plastic mulched maize

GUO Yao^?,,
CHEN Guiping^?,,
YIN Wen,
ZHAO Cai,
YU Aizhong,
FAN Zhilong,
HU Falong,
FAN Hong,
CHAI Qiang^,
Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science/Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
Funds: financially supported by the Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province20JR5RA037
financially supported by the Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province20JR5RA025
the Green Manure Industry Research System of ChinaCARS-22-G-12
Gansu Provincial Scientific Project of Colleges and Universities2020B-126
Gansu Young Science and Technology Talents Supporting Project2020-12

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Corresponding author:CHAI Qiang, E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:针对长期连作作物生产力低下等突出问题，研究前茬地膜覆盖作物免耕留膜，轮作后茬作物的生产效应，对于优化栽培模式，建立甘肃河西绿洲灌区作物生产的节本增效技术具有重要意义。2016-2017年，通过田间定位试验，研究了前茬地膜覆盖玉米茬口两种耕作方式（免耕留膜，NT；传统耕作，CT）、两种灌水水平（传统灌水，2400 m³·hm^-2，I2；传统灌水减量20%，1920 m³·hm^-2，I1）和3个施氮水平（传统施氮，225 kg·hm^-2，N3；传统施氮减量20%，180 kg·hm^-2，N2；传统施氮减量40%，135 kg·hm^-2，N1）对轮作小麦产量、光能与灌溉水利用及经济效益的影响，以期为优化试区小麦的栽培技术提供理论依据。研究结果表明，前茬玉米免耕留膜较传统耕作小麦全生育期总叶日积提高21.6%~26.1%（P < 0.05），特别是小麦灌浆至成熟期提高41.3%~45.2%（P < 0.05），具有延缓衰老的作用。小麦灌浆至成熟期，免耕留膜集成减量20%水氮供应（NTI1N2）处理比传统耕作和水氮供应（CTI2N3）提高叶日积34.8%~50.7%。免耕留膜较传统耕作提高籽粒产量、光能利用率和灌溉水利用效率分别为10.1%~10.4%、5.6%~12.3%和10.1%~10.3%（P < 0.05）；NTI1N2较CTI2N3处理小麦增产15.2%~22.0%、光能利用率提高8.1%~18.5%、灌溉水利用效率提高44.0%~52.5%（P < 0.05）。免耕留膜结合减量水氮供应可降低生产成本，提高纯收益和产投比，NTI1N2较CTI2N3处理纯收益和产投比分别提高22.9%~23.9%和34.8%~35.1%，单方水效益提高53.6%~68.9%（P < 0.05）。因此，前茬地膜覆盖玉米免耕留膜配套减量20%灌水（1920 m³·hm^-2）与施氮（180 kg·hm^-2）可作为甘肃河西绿洲灌区发展节本增效小麦生产的关键技术。
关键词:轮作/
地膜玉米/
小麦/
水氮耦合/
光能利用/
水分生产力/
经济效益
Abstract:To combat low crop productivity in long-term continuous cropping systems, it is necessary to study the effects of no-tillage and continued mulched plastic to optimize cultivation and establish cost-saving and benefits-increasing technology in Hexi irrigated areas in Gansu Province. A field experiment was conducted in northwestern irrigated areas in 2016-2017 to evaluate the yield, light energy, irrigation water utilization, and economic benefits of all combinations of two tillage practices, two irrigation levels, and three nitrogen application levels on wheat. The two tillage practices included no-tillage and continued mulched plastic in previous maize (NT) and conventional tillage in previous maize after removing the mulched plastic from soil (CT). The two levels of irrigation included the local conventional irrigation amount, 2400 m³·hm^-2 (high: I2), and the local conventional irrigation amount reduced by 20%, 1920 m³·hm^-2 (low: I1). The three levels of nitrogen application included the local conventional nitrogen amount, 225 kg·hm^-2 (high: N3), the local conventional nitrogen amount reduced by 20%, 180 kg·hm^-2 (medium: N2), and the local conventional nitrogen amount reduced by 40%, 135 kg·hm^-2 (low: N1). The results showed that NT increased the leaf area duration (LAD) of wheat across all growth stages by 21.6% to 26.1%, and the LAD remained high from the wheat filling to the maturity stage, increasing by 41.3% to 45.2% (P < 0.05), compared with CT, and delaying senescence. A 20% reduction in irrigation and N application combined with NT (NTI1N2) resulted in a greater LAD (by 34.8% to 50.7%) from the wheat filling to the maturity stage than CT with conventional high levels of irrigation and nitrogen (CTI2N3). NT increased wheat grain yield, light use efficiency, and irrigation water use efficiency by 10.1% to 10.4%, 5.6% to 12.3%, and 10.1% to 10.3% (P < 0.05) compared with CT, respectively. The grain yield, light use efficiency, and irrigation water use efficiency were significantly increased by 15.2% to 22.0%, 8.1% to 18.5%, and 44.0% to 52.5% with NTI1N2 compared with CTI2N3, respectively. NT integrated with reduced irrigation and nitrogen application reduced the production cost and improved the net return and input-output ratio. The NTI1N2 treatment increased the net return and input-output ratio by 22.9% to 23.9% and 34.8% to 35.1%, respectively. In addition, the benefit per cubic meter of water increased by 53.6% to 68.9% with NTI1N2 compared with CTI2N3 treatment. These results suggest that no-tillage and continued mulched plastic in previous maize with low irrigation (1920 m³·hm^-2) and medium nitrogen (180 kg·hm^-2) can reduce costs and increase the benefits of wheat production in Hexi irrigated areas in Gansu Province.
Key words:Crop rotation/
Plastic mulched maize/
Wheat/
Water-nitrogen coupling/
Light utilization/
Water productivity/
Economic benefits
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注释:
1) 同等贡献者: 郭瑶, 主要从事节水农业研究, E-mail: guoyaogsau@126.com; 陈桂平, 主要从事多熟种植研究, E-mail: chengp@gsau.edu.cn

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图12015—2017年玉米轮作小麦种植制度示意图
Figure1.Diagram of the cropping system of maize-wheat rotation from 2015 to 2017


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图2不同耕作措施、灌溉与施氮水平下小麦光能利用率
各处理名称见表 1。不同小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure2.Light use efficiency of wheat under different tillage practices, and irrigation and nitrogen levels
Treatments abbreviations are described in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 probability level.


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图3不同耕作措施、灌水与施氮水平下小麦的灌溉水利用效率
各处理名称见表 1。不同小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure3.Irrigation water use efficiency of wheat under different tillage practices, and irrigation and nitrogen levels
Treatments abbreviations are described in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 probability level.


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图4不同耕作措施、灌水与施氮水平下小麦的单方水效益
各处理名称见表 1。不同小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure4.Benefit per cubic meter water of wheat under different tillage practices, and irrigation and nitrogen levels
Treatment abbreviations are described in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 probability level.


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图5小麦叶日积与籽粒产量及光能利用率的相关关系
Figure5.Relationships between leaf area duration and grain yield (A), light use efficiency (B) of wheat


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表12016—2017年小麦试验处理代码及灌溉和施氮量
Table1.Treatments codes, irrigation and nitrogen amounts during spring wheat growth period from 2016 to 2017


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表2耕作措施、灌溉和氮素水平对小麦不同生育期叶日积的影响
Table2.Leaf area duration of wheat in different growth periods as affected by tillage practices, and irrigation and nitrogen levels


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表3不同耕作措施、灌溉与施氮水平对小麦产量及经济效益的影响
Table3.Grain yield and economic benefits of wheat as affected by tillage practices, and irrigation and nitrogen levels


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参考文献(26)