袁磊^{1, 3,},
陈欣¹,
吕丽萍^{1, 3},
马建¹,
史奕¹,
贾竞超^{1, 3},
解宏图^{1, 4},
张旭东¹,
何红波¹,
梁超¹,
鲁彩艳^{1, 2,,}
1.中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016
2.辽宁省稳定同位素技术重点实验室 沈阳 110016
3.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
4.辽宁省现代保护性耕作与生态农业重点实验室 沈阳 110016
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2016YFD0800103
国家自然科学基金项目41671290
王宽诚教育基金会项目GJTD-2019-10
水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项2018ZX07601-002
和辽宁省重点研发计划项目2020JH2/10200025

详细信息

作者简介:袁磊, 主要研究方向为土壤氮素的迁移转化与去向。E-mail:13776641831@163.com

通讯作者:鲁彩艳, 主要研究方向为土壤碳氮磷营养元素循环过程。E-mail:microyan76@126.com

中图分类号:X592

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-06-25
录用日期:2020-09-07
刊出日期:2021-01-01

Nitrogen leaching risks and control mechanisms of spring maize fields in black soil

YUAN Lei^{1, 3,},
CHEN Xin¹,
LYU Liping^{1, 3},
MA Jian¹,
SHI Yi¹,
JIA Jingchao^{1, 3},
XIE Hongtu^{1, 4},
ZHANG Xudong¹,
HE Hongbo¹,
LIANG Chao¹,
LU Caiyan^{1, 2,,}
1. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
2. Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications, Shenyang 110016, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4. Key Laboratory of Conservation Tillage and Ecological Agriculture, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0800103
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41671290
K C Wong Education Foundation ProjectGJTD-2019-10
the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China2018ZX07601-002
the Key Research and Development Program of Liaoning Province2020JH2/10200025

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Corresponding author:LU Caiyan, E-mail:microyan76@126.com

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摘要
摘要:为阐明黑土春玉米田氮素的淋溶风险与阻控机制，运用田间原位¹⁵N示踪技术，设常规垄作、免耕无秸秆覆盖和免耕100%秸秆覆盖（秸秆量为7500 kg·hm^-2）3个处理，量化了长期免耕秸秆覆盖措施下氮素在不同形态氮库中的转化特征、淋溶运移规律和去向。结果表明：农民常规施肥量条件下，常规垄作、免耕无秸秆覆盖和免耕全量秸秆覆盖均已导致东北黑土春玉米田0~300 cm土壤剖面中分别累积461.6 kg（N）·hm^-2、450.7 kg（N）·hm^-2和439.7 kg（N）·hm^-2的矿质氮，且主要是硝态氮（占比分别为84.2%、79.5%和81.7%），存在着氮素的淋溶损失风险。当季施入肥料氮对玉米苗期和抽雄期0~40 cm土层总硝态氮库累积的贡献率平均为60.9%和58.0%，其淋溶损失风险较高。与常规垄作处理相比，免耕全量秸秆覆盖降低了0~40 cm土层肥料氮向矿质氮库的转化，降低比例达20.8%；增加了其向黏土矿物固定态铵和有机氮库的转化，提高比例分别为39.4%和30.5%。0~20 cm土层，黏土矿物对肥料来源铵的固定能力和微生物对肥料来源矿质氮的固持能力基本相当；20~40 cm土层，固持能力前者高于后者，说明外源碳输入的数量及其与土壤微生物的接触程度共同决定着对矿质氮的固持潜能。通过免耕和秸秆覆盖调控机制，可阻控黑土春玉米田矿质氮在土壤剖面的大量积累，使氮肥利用效率和玉米产量均提高9.7%，氮肥的气态损失降低27.7%，延缓肥料氮向深层土壤剖面淋溶运移的速率。
关键词:免耕/
秸秆覆盖/
¹⁵N示踪/
迁移转化/
淋溶损失
Abstract:Nitrogen (N) availability and retention in soil-crop systems are important for increasing crop productivity, improving N use efficiency (NUE), and minimizing environmental pollution from N losses. In the black soil region of Northeast China, it is unclear how agricultural management practices affect soil mineral N accumulation and leaching. In this study, an in-situ ¹⁵N-labeled tracer field experiment was performed to quantify the transformation characteristics, migration, and soil N fate when long-term no-till with maize stover mulching was used. The soil profile was investigated under three treatments: conventional ridge tillage (RT), no-till with no maize stover mulching (NT0), and no-till with 100% maize stover mulching (NT100; 7500 kg·hm^-2 maize stover). The accumulated mineral N [primarily as nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N)] in the 300 cm soil profiles were 461.6 kg(N)·hm^-2 (RT), 450.7 kg(N)·hm^-2 (NT0), and 439.7 kg(N)·hm^-2 (NT100) when traditional fertilizer applications were used, suggesting a N leaching risk. In all 0–40 cm soil layers, the percentage of fertilizer-derived NO₃^--N to total NO₃^--N was on average 60.9% (maize seedling stage) and 58.0% (maize tasseling stage), indicating a high N leaching risk in the seasonally applied fertilizer. NT100 decreased the transformation of fertilizer N into mineral N pools by 20.8% in 0–40 cm soil layers but accelerated the conversion into fixed ammonium NO₃^--N and organic N pools by 39.4% and 30.5%, respectively, compared with that by RT. The clay mineral to fertilizer-derived NO₃^--N fixation capacity was the same as the soil microorganism to fertilizer-derived mineral N immobilization capability at a depth of 0–20 cm, but the fixation capacity was higher than the immobilization capability at 20–40 cm. These findings suggest that the immobilization potential of soil microorganism to fertilizer-derived mineral N is dependent on the maize straw mulch quantity and maize straw accessibility to soil microorganisms. No-till with maize stover mulching reduced the soil mineral N accumulation in black soil spring maize fields, increased the fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency and maize yield by 9.7%, decreased the fertilizer N gaseous loss by 27.7%, and delayed fertilizer N leaching to deeper soil.
Key words:No-tillage/
Stover mulching/
¹⁵N-labeling/
Migration and transformation/
Leaching loss

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图1不同处理下2015年玉米成熟期0~300 cm土壤剖面矿质氮的含量变化
RT:常规垄作; NT0:免耕无秸秆覆盖; NT100:免耕100%玉米秸秆覆盖。
Figure1.Content of mineral nitrogen in 0-300 cm soil profile at maturity of maize under different treatments in 2015
RT: ridge tillage; NT0: no-tillage without maize stover mulching; NT100: no-tillage with 100% maize stover mulching.


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图2不同处理下玉米不同生育期土壤矿质氮含量的动态变化
RT:常规垄作; NT0:免耕无秸秆覆盖; NT100:免耕100%秸秆覆盖。不同小写字母表示同一生育期各处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure2.Dynamics of mineral N contents in soil at different growth stages of maize under different treatments
RT: ridge tillage; NT0: no-tillage without maize stover mulching; NT100: no-tillage with 100% maize stover mulching. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at P < 0.05 level among different treatments at the same growth stage.


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图3玉米不同生育期尿素来源矿质氮占土壤总矿质氮的比例
RT:常规垄作; NT0:免耕无秸秆覆盖; NT100:免耕100%秸秆覆盖。不同小写字母表示同一生育期各处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure3.Percentages of fertilizer-derived mineral N to total mineral N at different growth stages of maize under different treatments
RT: ridge tillage; NT0: no-tillage without maize stover mulching; NT100: no-tillage with 100% maize stover mulching. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at P < 0.05 level among different treatments at the same growth stage.


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图4玉米成熟期0~100 cm剖面尿素来源矿质氮占土壤总矿质氮的比例
RT:常规垄作; NT0:免耕无秸秆覆盖; NT100:免耕100%秸秆覆盖。
Figure4.Percentages of fertilizer-derived mineral N to total mineral N in the 0-100 cm soil profile at maize maturity stage under different treatments
RT: ridge tillage; NT0: no-tillage without maize stover mulching; NT100: no-tillage with 100% maize stover mulching.


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图5不同处理下玉米苗期尿素氮在土壤不同形态氮库中的转化特征
RT:常规垄作; NT0:免耕无秸秆覆盖; NT100:免耕100%秸秆覆盖。不同小写字母表示同一形态氮库各处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure5.Transformation of ferilizer nitrogen into soil different N pools at maize seedling stage under different treatments
RT: ridge tillage; NT0: no-tillage without maize stover mulching; NT100: no-tillage with 100% maize stover mulching. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at P < 0.05 level among different treatments in the same N pool.


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图6不同处理下玉米成熟期尿素氮在土壤-作物系统中的分配与去向(A)和玉米产量(B)
RT:常规垄作; NT0:免耕无秸秆覆盖; NT100:免耕100%秸秆覆盖。不同小写字母表示不同处理间P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure6.Distribution and fate of fertilizer nitrogen in soil-crop systems at maize ripening stage (A) and maize yields under different treatments (B)
RT: ridge tillage; NT0: no-tillage without maize stover mulching; NT100: no-tillage with 100% maize stover mulching. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at P < 0.05 level among different treatments.


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图7玉米成熟期0~100 cm剖面肥料来源矿质氮占所施用肥料氮的比例
RT:常规垄作; NT0:免耕无秸秆覆盖; NT100:免耕100%秸秆覆盖。
Figure7.Percentage of fertilizer-derived mineral N to applied fertilizer N in the 0-100 cm soil profile at maize ripening stage
RT: ridge tillage; NT0: no-tillage without maize stover mulching; NT100: no-tillage with 100% maize stover mulching.


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