陈一民^1,,
徐欣²,
焦晓光²,
曲红云³,
侯萌¹,
隋跃宇^1,,
1.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所黑土区农业生态重点实验室 哈尔滨 150081
2.黑龙江大学现代农业与生态环境学院 哈尔滨 150080
3.黑龙江省农业科学院园艺分院 哈尔滨 150069
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0800100
黑龙江省****科学基金JC2018011

详细信息

作者简介:陈一民, 主要从事土壤微生物及养分循环的研究。E-mail:chenyimin@iga.ac.cn

通讯作者:隋跃宇, 主要从事黑土生态及区域土壤地理研究。 E-mail:suiyy@iga.ac.cn

中图分类号:S158.5

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-06-17
录用日期:2020-09-04
刊出日期:2021-01-01

The effect of reduced irrigation and chemical fertilizers on phosphorus accumulation and leaching in Mollisol vegetable fields

CHEN Yimin^1,,
XU Xin²,
JIAO Xiaoguang²,
QU Hongyun³,
HOU Meng¹,
SUI Yueyu^1,,
1. Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
2. College of Modern Agriculture and Eco-environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
3. Institute of Horticulture, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0800100
Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Funds for Outstanding YouthJC2018011

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Corresponding author:SUI Yueyu, E-mail:suiyy@iga.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:设施黑土菜田由于过量施肥和灌溉导致磷素淋溶损失严重，亟待优化水肥管理模式以减少设施黑土菜田磷素淋溶。本研究依托黑土设施菜田淋溶监测试验，设置常规灌溉量与施肥量（WF）、常规灌溉量+80%常规化肥量（W80% F）、80%常规灌溉量+常规肥处理（80% WF）3个处理，对土壤磷储量、速效磷动态变化、磷素淋失量进行分析，研究了不同水肥处理对黑土设施茄子土壤磷素淋失风险和淋失量的影响。结果表明：经种植1季茄子后，WF、W80% F和80% WF处理0~100 cm土体磷储量分别为9.69 t·hm^-2、9.36 t·hm^-2和8.84 t·hm^-2，分别比移栽前增加26.5%、27.5%和7.1%。随着茄子生育期延长，0~20 cm土层速效磷含量呈先升高后降低的趋势，80% WF处理速效磷含量较其他两个处理高，变幅为145.17~224.55 mg·kg^-1；20~40 cm土层，WF处理速效磷含量基本保持不变，80% WF处理速效磷含量整体呈上升趋势，W80% F处理速效磷含量先升高后降低再升高，除盛果期外均显著高于另两个处理。WF、W80% F和80% WF磷素淋失量分别为17.84 kg·hm^-2、17.47 kg·hm^-2和9.02 kg·hm^-2，其中有机磷淋失量占磷素淋失总量的90%以上。磷素淋失量与磷储量增加量、盛果期0~40 cm土层速效磷含量、拉秧期0~20 cm土层速效磷含量之间均存在显著的相关性（P < 0.05），可通过磷储量增加量来预测生育期内磷素淋失量。与常规水肥处理相比，减少化肥施用量对磷素淋失量和淋失风险无明显影响，但减少灌溉量能显著减少磷素淋失量，降低磷素淋失风险。研究结果可为设施黑土菜田磷素淋溶阻控提供技术支撑，为新阻控技术的研发提供理论指导。
关键词:设施黑土菜田/
磷淋溶/
磷储量/
减施化肥/
减少灌溉量
Abstract:Excessive fertilization and irrigation have led to phosphorus leaching in Mollisol vegetable fields, and optimization of these practices is critical for reducing phosphorus pollution. A leaching monitoring experiment was performed in a Mollisol eggplant field using the following three treatments: standard irrigation and chemical fertilizer amounts (WF), standard irrigation + 80% chemical fertilizer (W80%F), and 80% irrigation + standard chemical fertilizer (80%WF). The soil phosphorus storage, available phosphorus dynamics, and phosphorus leaching amounts were analyzed to determine the effects of irrigation and fertilization treatments on phosphorus leaching. After one growing season, phosphorus storage in the 0–100 cm soil layers were 9.69 t·hm^-2 (WF), 9.36 t·hm^-2 (W80%F), and 8.84 t·hm^-2 (80%WF), which were 26.5%, 27.5%, and 7.1% higher than before planting, respectively. These results showed that phosphorous accumulation occurred, which increased the leaching risk. During the extended eggplant growing period, the available phosphorus in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased and then decreased, and was highest in the 80%WF treatment, ranging between 145.17–224.55 mg·kg^-1. The available phosphorus in the 20–40 cm soil layer did not change under WF treatment and increased under 80%WF treatment. The available phosphorus fluctuated with W80%F but was significantly higher than that in the other treatments, except during the full fruit period. The phosphorus leaching amounts were 17.84 kg·hm^-2 (WF), 17.47 kg·hm^-2 (W80%F), and 9.02 kg·hm^-2 (80%WF). Organic phosphorus leaching was more than 90% of the total phosphorus leaching, differing from other soil types. There were significant positive correlations between phosphorus leaching and increased phosphorus storage, available phosphorus in the 0–40 cm layer at the full fruit stage and in the 0–20 cm layer at the withering stage (P < 0.05). This indicates that changes in phosphorus storage and the available phosphorus content may help predict phosphorus leaching in Mollisols. After one growing season, phosphorus storage in the 0–100 cm layer increased in all treatments; the smallest increase was in the W80%F treatment, indicating that reduced irrigation lowers the phosphorous leaching risk. Reducing chemical fertilizers did not affect phosphorus leaching or the leaching risk. These results provide information for preventing phosphorus leaching, which may be used to develop new techniques for Mollisol vegetable fields.
Key words:Facility vegetable field of Mollisols/
Phosphorus leaching/
Phosphorus storage/
Reducing chemical fertilizers application/
Reducing irrigation

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图1不同水肥处理0~100 cm土体全磷含量
各处理表述见表 1。
Figure1.Total phosphorus contents in 0-100 cm soil profiles of different irrigation or fertilization treatments
The description of treatments is shown in the table 1.


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图2不同水肥处理0~100 cm土体磷储量
各处理表述见表 1。
Figure2.Phosphorus storage in 0-100 cm soil profile of different irrigation or fertilization treatments
The description of treatments is shown in the table 1.


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图3茄子生育期内不同水肥处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层速效磷含量动态变化
各处理表述见表 1。
Figure3.Dynamics of available phosphorus contents in 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers during eggplant growth period of different irrigation or fertilization treatments
The description of treatments is shown in the table 1.


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表1不同处理设施茄子生育期内具体施肥及灌溉量
Table1.Fertilization rates and irrigation amounts of different treatments during the growth period of eggplants

处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg?hm-2)					初果期追肥 Top dressing at initial fruiting stage (kg?hm-2)		盛果期追肥 Top dressing at fruiting stage (kg?hm-2)			灌溉量 Irrigation amount (m3?hm-2)
	有机肥 Organic fertilizer	N	P2O5	K2O		N		N	K2O		移栽 During transplanting	开花期 At anthesis
WF	5000	72	72	110		70		23	113		27	45
W80% F	5000	57.6	57.6	88		56		18.4	90.4		27	45
80% WF	5000	72	72	110		70		23	113		21.6	36

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表2不同水肥处理土壤磷素淋失量
Table2.Soil phosphorus leaching amounts of different irrigation or fertilization treatments

处理 Treatment	淋失量 Leaching amount (kg·hm-2)
	总磷 Total phosphorus	有机磷 Organic phosphorus	无机磷 Inorganic phosphorus
WF	17.84±1.45a	17.19±1.94a	0.65±0.10b
W80% F	17.47±0.68a	16.70±0.83a	0.77±0.29a
80% WF	9.02±0.52b	8.35±0.61b	0.67±0.06b
各处理表述见表 1。同列不同小写字母代表不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。The description of treatments is shown in the table 1. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 level.

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表3磷素淋失量与磷储量变化及茄子不同生育期不同土层速效磷含量的相关分析
Table3.Correlation between phosphorus leaching amounts and changes in phosphorus storage, available phosphorus content of different soil layers at different growth stages of eggplant

	土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	磷素淋失总量 Total P leaching amount	有机磷淋失量 Organic P leaching amount	无机磷淋失量 Inorganic P leaching amount
磷储量变化量 Change in phosphorus storage		0.968**	0.952**	0.046
苗期速效磷 Available phosphorus at seedling stage	0~20	0.560	0.532	0.160
	20~40	0.669*	0.655	0.371
初果期速效磷 Available phosphorus at initial fruiting stage	0~20	-0.567	-0.569	0.186
	20~40	0.483	0.469	0.362
盛果期速效磷 Available phosphorus at full fruit stage	0~20	-0.711*	-0.692*	-0.293
	20~40	-0.916**	-0.908**	0.000
拉秧期速效磷 Available phosphorus at withering stage	0~20	-0.731*	-0.733*	-0.099
	20~40	0.020	0.002	0.217
**和*分别代表α=0.01水平和α=0.05水平(双侧)显著相关。** and * indicate significant correlation at α=0.01 and α=0.05 (two tails) levels, respectively.

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