王坤2,
肖广敏1,
王开永3,
胡正江3,
张海霞3,
许秀春1,
张薇1,
杨轩1
1.中国农业大学资源与环境学院/农田土壤污染防控与修复北京市重点实验室 北京 100193
2.淄博市农业农村事业服务中心 淄博 255033
3.桓台县农业农村局 桓台 256400
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0800104
国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0800605
详细信息
作者简介:孟凡乔, 主要研究方向为农业生态系统碳氮循环。E-mail:mengfq@cau.edu.cn
中图分类号:S19计量
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出版历程
收稿日期:2020-06-30
录用日期:2020-10-23
刊出日期:2021-01-01
Nitrogen leaching mitigation in fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain
MENG Fanqiao1,,,WANG Kun2,
XIAO Guangmin1,
WANG Kaiyong3,
HU Zhengjiang3,
ZHANG Haixia3,
XU Xiuchun1,
ZHANG Wei1,
YANG Xuan1
1. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University/Beijing Key Laboratory of Prevention, Control and Restoration of Farmland Soil Pollution, Beijing 100193, China
2. Zibo Center of Rural and Agricultural Affairs Service, Zibo 255033, China
3. Huantai Bureau of Rural Affairs and Agriculture, Huantai 256400, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0800104
the National Key Research and Development Program of China2017YFD0800605
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Corresponding author:MENG Fanqiao, E-mail: mengfq@cau.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:华北平原潮土区是我国重要的粮食主产区，改革开放40多年来该区农业经历了以高水肥投入为主要特征的集约化进程，相应的氮淋失导致的面源污染自20世纪90年代以来不断加剧。本研究针对华北平原潮土为主要类型的粮田，对过去40多年间主要研究文献进行全面分析，梳理氮肥和水分投入与氮淋失之间的定量关系，比较主要农田管理措施对氮淋失的阻控效果及其机理，以期为我国农业面源污染提供决策支持。研究发现，氮肥和灌溉是影响华北平原潮土区粮田氮淋失的主要因素，其中氮淋失与氮盈余量之间呈指数关系，比与施氮量的指数关系更显著。基于机器学习的随机森林回归模型能够考虑包括施肥、灌溉、土壤条件和气象等多因素对氮淋失的影响，未来在定量预测中有较好前景。同等氮肥投入条件下，由于氮供应与作物吸收契合度高，有机无机配施能显著降低氮淋失。以缓控释肥、尿酶和硝化抑制剂为代表的肥料增效剂可以降低约1/3的氮淋失，值得重点推广应用。秸秆还田可以实现包括提高土壤有机物和微生物氮库、增加无机氮缓冲容量等综合效益，有利于降低氮淋失风险（降低比例达10%），但免耕的阻控效应较低且呈现较大不确定性。调整种植制度、休耕、间作套种和种植填闲作物等措施会影响粮食产量，推广过程中应慎重。氮淋失的阻控效果更多受到社会、经济和政策等因素的影响，今后应采取包括生态补偿等手段发挥农民主动性，从政策和法律法规层面创造实施氮淋失阻控措施的社会环境。
关键词:潮土区/
粮田/
氮淋失/
施氮肥/
灌溉/
肥料增效剂/
种植制度/
生态补偿
Abstract:The North China Plain is a grain production region with fluvo-aquic soil and has seen rapid agricultural development over the past four decades. Excessive fertilization and frequent irrigation have increased nitrogen (N) leaching and nonpoint source pollution since the 1990s. This study screened published nitrogen leaching data on the North China Plain grain farmlands to identify the relationship between fertilization and irrigation with N leaching and to evaluate the primary N leaching mitigation measures. The results showed that regional groundwater during the 1970s was shallow and then deeper. During the 2010s, the regional cropping system changed from one to two crops per annum, and the annual N fertilizer rapidly increased to 600 kg(N)·hm-2·a-1 but then slowly decreased to 500–550 kg(N)·hm-2·a-1. Since the 1990s, irrigation increased from zero (rainfed during the 1980s) to 150–400 mm per annum, crop straw had gradually been incorporated into farmlands, and the fertilizer synergist technology had been accepted. The soil organic matter and total N improved by 38%–47%, pH decreased by 0.5 units, and available potassium decreased slightly. Fertilization and irrigation were the main influencing factors of N leaching, and the exponential relationship between N leaching and the N fertilizer balance (N fertilizer rate - crop above-ground N uptake) was better than the relationship between N leaching and N fertilizer rate. Random forest (RF) regression modeling based on machine learning was used to determine the relationship between N leaching and impacting factors such as irrigation, soil properties, and climate; the prediction results were satisfactory. At the same rate of N fertilization, organic fertilization combined with chemical fertilization significantly decreased N leaching because the N supply and crop demand were synchronized. Fertilizer synergists, such as control-release fertilizers, ureases, and nitrification inhibitors, mitigated N leaching by 1/3 and should be used in the North China Plain. Crop straw incorporation microbially improved N fertilizer in the short term and increased the long-term soil total N stock and inorganic N buffering capacity and reducing N leaching by 10%. The no-tillage mitigation effects were low and variable among farmlands. Fallow farmland and rotation/intercropping of deep root and shallow root crops, leguminous crops with cereal crops, and grains with vegetable crops were effective at reducing N leaching, but the crop yields also reduced. Therefore, these techniques required careful examination during technical dissemination. Governmental support, technical training, and proper planning should be implemented during the 14th Five-Year Plan of China to prevent and mitigate N pollution. Ecological compensation and an agricultural sector water use charge could also be used to encourage farmer participation.
Key words:Fluvo-aquic soil area/
Grain farmland/
Nitrogen leaching/
Nitrogen fertilization/
Irrigation/
Fertilizer synergist/
Cropping system/
Ecological compensation
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表1华北平原潮土区冬小麦和夏玉米生产中氮淋失估算模型
Table1.Estimation models for nitrogen leaching from winter wheat and summer maize production in Fluvo-aquic soil areas of the North China Plain
| 作物 Crop | 模型Model | 参数Parameter | 文献来源 Reference |
| 冬小麦Winter wheat | Y=4.93e0.0057X (R2=0.50**) | Y为淋失的硝态氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of nitrate leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [36] |
| Y=13.59e0.009X (R2=0.28**) | Y为淋失的总氮; X为氮盈余量, 即施氮量减去地上部作物吸收量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached; X is the surplus N, i.e., fertilizer N minus crop aboveground uptake N. | [37] | |
| Y=17.3e0.0063X (R2=0.31**) | Y为淋失的硝态氮; X为氮盈余量, 即施氮量减去地上部作物吸收量。 Y is the amount of nitrate leached; X is the surplus of N, i.e., fertilizer N minus crop aboveground uptake N. | [21] | |
| Y=8.42+0.13X (R2=0.22***) | Y为淋失的硝态氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of nitrate leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [41] | |
| Y=16.86e0.003X (R2=0.17***) | Y为淋失的硝态氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of nitrate leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [41] | |
| Y=3.63e0.008X (R2=0.27**) | Y为淋失的总氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [42] | |
| 夏玉米 Summer maize | Y=2.38e0.0041X (R2=0.63**) | Y为淋失的硝态氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of nitrate leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [36] |
| Y=25.31e0.0095X (R2=0.55**) | Y为淋失的总氮; X为氮盈余量, 即施氮量减去地上部作物吸收量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached; X is the surplus N, i.e., fertilizer N minus crop aboveground uptake N. | [37] | |
| Y=12.14e0.0061X (R2=0.35**) | Y为淋失的总氮; X为氮盈余量, 即施氮量减去地上部作物吸收量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached; X is the surplus N, i.e., fertilizer N minus crop aboveground uptake N. | [35] | |
| Y=25.87e0.0072X (R2=0.39**) | Y为淋失的总氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [35] | |
| Y=10.7e0.006X (R2=0.30**) | Y为淋失的总氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [42] | |
| Y=42.0e0.0072X (R2=0.32**) | Y为淋失的硝态氮; X为氮盈余量, 即施氮量减去地上部作物吸收量。 Y is the amount of nitrate leached; X is the surplus N, i.e., fertilizer N minus crop aboveground uptake N. | [21] | |
| Y=3.83+0.25X (R2=0.51***) | Y为淋失的硝态氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of nitrate leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [41] | |
| 旱地作物 Upland crops | Y=0.0192X+4.1463 (R2=0.0479) | Y为淋失的总氮, X为降雨量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached, X is the precipitation. | [34] |
| Y=0.046X+4.2936 (R2=0.0938*) | Y为淋失的硝态氮, X为灌溉量。 Y is the amount of nitrate leached, X is the irrigation amount. | [34] | |
| Y=0.0491X+7.6368 (R2=0.1883**) | Y为淋失的总氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [34] | |
| Y=0.0594X+5.8362 (R2=0.4802) | Y为淋失的总氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [43] | |
| Y=0.0459X-6.5932 (R2=0.3652) | Y为淋失的总氮, X为降雨量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached, X is the precipitation. | [43] | |
| Y=-12.16+0.041X1+0.035X2 (R2=0.522) | Y为淋失的总氮, X1为施氮量, X2为降雨量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached, X1 is the fertilizer N rate, X2 is the precipitation. | [43] | |
| Y=0.01X(2.84+0.030X) (R2=0.22***) | Y为淋失的总氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of total nitrogen leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [44] | |
| Y=0.1+1.4e0.027X (R2=0.84***) | Y为淋失的硝态氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of nitrate leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [45] | |
| 秸秆还田 Straw returning: Y=1.3453e0.0074X(R2=0.94) 秸秆不还田 No straw returning: Y=1.2469e0.008X(R2=0.95) | Y为淋失的硝态氮, X为施氮量。 Y is the amount of nitrate leached, X is the fertilizer N rate. | [46] | |
| Y和X的单位均为kg(N)×hm-2(X为降雨量或灌溉量时单位为mm); R2为方程的决定系数。*、**和***分别表示方程显著性水平为P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001。The unit of both Y and X (X is precipitation or irrigation amount, its’ unit is mm) is kg(N)×hm-2. R2 is the coefficient of determination. *, ** and *** indicate the significance of regression at P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 levels, respectively. | |||
下载: 导出CSV表2华北平原潮土区农田氮淋失阻控措施评价
Table2.Evaluation of mitigation measures on nitrogen leaching from farmland of Fluvo-aquic soil areas in the North China Plain
| 阻控措施 Mitigation measures | 阻控效果1) Performances1) | 优点 Advantages | 缺点 Disadvantages | |
| 施肥 Fertilization | 1)优化氮肥数量:冬小麦和夏玉米每季施肥150~250 kg (N)×hm-2, 采用土壤测试与计算、氮肥效应函数、氮素输入输出平衡、淋溶液硝态氮浓度控制等确定[95] Optimization of fertilizer N rate: seasonal input of 150-250 kg (N)×hm-2 for winter wheat and summer maize | +++++ | 节约肥料, 效果最好 Saving fertilizers with better performances | 氮肥量确定方法中, 除氮肥效应函数法, 其他方法工作量大、技术难度较高, 较难实施, 适合于大规模种植 Except fertilizer nitrogen effect equation, other methods need high labor input and are technically difficult to be implemented.Applicable for large scale crop production |
| 2)有机肥和化肥配施 Integration of organic with chemical fertilizers | +++ | 充分发挥有机肥和化肥优点, 易实施, 提高土壤肥力 Achieving advantages both of organic and chemical fertilizers and easy to implement, improving soil fertility | 需要养殖业配套 Requiring the coordination of livestock production | |
| 3)适当提高追肥比例 Increase of the ratio of top-dressing fertilizer | ++ | 实施成本低 Low implementation cost | 基肥/追肥比例的确定技术要求较高 High technical competence for the determination of ratio of basal to topdressing fertilizers | |
| 4)磷钾肥配施 Combined use of phosphorous and potassium fertilizers | ++ | 容易实施 Easy to implement | ||
| 5)地下水高、砂壤等高风险地区减少氮肥 Reduction of N fertilization in regions of high groundwater and sandy soils | ++++ | 节约肥料和灌溉水 Saving fertilizer and water | 需提前进行土壤勘查, 影响作物产量 Soil needs to be investigated beforehand; crop yield may be reduced. | |
| 6)施用缓控释肥和肥料增效剂, 如硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂等 Use of control-released fertilizers and efficiency enhancement products, such as nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor | ++++ | 减少肥料综合损失, 提高养分利用效率 Reducing fertilizer N loss, and increasing nutrient efficiency | 增加成本 Increasing cost | |
| 灌溉 Irrigation | 1)节水灌溉(喷灌、滴灌等) Saving water irrigation (sprinkle and drip irrigation) | +++++ | 节约水资源和成本 Saving water resources and cost | 一次性设施投资较高, 设备质量要求较高; 运营期持续维护 High basic investment, high equipment quality, and continuous maintenance during implementation |
| 2)适当水分胁迫和增加根系深度的灌溉 Irrigation under water-stressed condition and increase of crop root depth | +++ | 节约水资源和成本 Saving water resources and cost | 技术要求高, 田间水分监测和管理复杂 High technical competence, difficult to monitor field water and manage | |
| 3)水肥一体化 Integrated fertilization and irrigation | ++++ | 节约水肥等双重效益, 降低成本 Saving water and fertilizer, and decreasing cost | 一次性投资较高, 设备质量要求较高; 运营期持续维护 High basic investment, high equipment quality, and continuous maintenance during implementation | |
| 秸秆管理和耕作 Straw management and tillage | 1)秸秆粉碎还田 Pulverized straw incorporation | +++ | 提高土壤氮库和无机氮缓冲容量, 固碳减排 Improving soil N stock and buffering capacity for inorganic nitrogen with carbon sequestration and greenhouse gases reduction | 增加机械投入等成本, 可能对出苗率有影响, 可能增加病虫害发生程度 Increasing mechanic input and cost, maybe influencing crop emerging rate and increasing pest and disease |
| 秸秆管理和耕作 Straw management and tillage | 2)秸秆深松还田 Deep straw incorporation | +++ | 有利于创造蒙金土土体构型, 提高土壤肥力和固碳减排 Building up soil structure with loam texture at top and clay texture at bottom of profile; improving soil fertility, carbon sequestration and greenhouse gases reduction | 增加机械投入等成本, 可能对出苗率有影响 Increasing mechanic input and cost, maybe influencing crop emerging rate |
| 3)改良土壤质地等土壤质量 Improvement of soil quality, such as texture | ++ | 技术难度低 Low technical competence | 成本较高, 较难实施 Higher cost and difficult to implement | |
| 种植制度和技术 Cropping structure and technologies | 1)休耕 Fallow | ++ | 技术难度低 Low technical competence | 可能减产, 需要经济补偿 Maybe decreasing yield, and needing eco-compensation |
| 2)深根和浅根作物轮作、间作 Rotation/intercropping of deep root with shallow root crops | +++ | 提高肥料利用率, 降低病虫害发生程度 Increasing fertilizer efficiencies and controlling pests and diseases | 需调整种植结构, 增加生产、储存和销售复杂程度 Requiring cropping structure adjustment, increasing the complexities of production, storage and marketing | |
| 3)豆科与禾本科作物轮作、间作 Rotation/intercropping of leguminous with cereal crops | +++ | 固氮, 提高肥料利用率, 降低病虫害发生程度 N fixation, increasing fertilizer efficiencies and controlling pests and diseases | 需调整种植结构, 增加生产、储存和销售复杂程度 Requiring cropping structure adjustment, increasing the complexities of production, storage and marketing. | |
| 4)蔬菜与禾本科粮食作物轮作、间作 Rotation/intercropping of vegetables and cereal crops | +++ | 提高肥料利用率, 降低病虫害发生程度 Increasing fertilizer efficiencies and controlling pests and diseases | 需调整种植结构, 增加生产、储存和销售复杂程度 Requiring cropping structure adjustment, increasing the complexities of production, storage and marketing. | |
| 5)引进高产抗性品种 Introduction of high yield and high resistance crop varieties | ++ | 容易操作, 降低农药等投入 Easy to implement, reducing pesticide input | 寻找适合的高产抗性作物品种较困难 Difficult to find crop varieties with high productivity and resistance | |
| 6)适当密植 Increase of sowing intensity | ++ | 容易操作 Easy to implement | 易出现倒伏 Prone to lodge | |
| 7)优化播种数量和时期 Optimization of sowing timing and quantity | ++ | 成本较低 Lower cost | 需结合土壤墒情和天气状况监测, 操作难度增加 Requiring soil moisture and weather monitor, increasing implementation difficulty | |
| 政策 Policies[96] | 1)对氮淋失阻控措施进行生态补偿 Eco-compensation for practices of nitrogen leaching mitigation | ++ | 节约水肥资源, 发挥市场手段, 促进农民主动参与 Saving water and fertilizers, using market tools to promote farmer's participation | 需要政府配套措施, 价值估算技术难度高 Requiring government measures, and difficult to quantify the economic value of nitrogen leaching |
| 2)进行农业用水收费, 促进节水农业 Charging for water use in agriculture and promotion of water saving farming | ++ | 节约水资源, 发挥市场手段, 促进农民主动参与 Saving water and fertilizers, using market tools to promote farmer's participation | 可能增加农民成本 Maybe increasing farmers'cost | |
| 1)“+”越多, 说明阻控效果越好。1) More “+” indicates better mitigation effects for nitrogen leaching. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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