谢立勇2,
郑益旻1, 2,
李明1,
魏娜1,
李迎春1,
巨晓棠3,
郭李萍1,,
1.农业农村部农业环境重点实验室/中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所 北京 100081
2.沈阳农业大学农学院 沈阳 110161
3.中国农业大学资源与环境学院 北京 100193
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2016YFD0800105
国家重点研发计划课题2017YFD0200106
详细信息
作者简介:杨荣全, 主要从事土壤氮平衡的研究。E-mail:923274899@qq.com
通讯作者:郭李萍, 主要研究方向为土壤氮循环与农业资源高效利用。E-mail:GuoLiping@caas.cn
中图分类号:S153计量
文章访问数:319
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2020-07-02
录用日期:2020-09-01
刊出日期:2021-01-01
The effects of water and fertilizer practices on nitrogen leaching in open-field vegetable soil in North China
YANG Rongquan1,,XIE Liyong2,
ZHENG Yimin1, 2,
LI Ming1,
WEI Na1,
LI Yingchun1,
JU Xiaotang3,
GUO Liping1,,
1. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2. College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
3. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0800105
the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFD0200106
More Information
Corresponding author:GUO Liping, E-mail: GuoLiping@caas.cn
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摘要
摘要:华北地区典型一年两季露地蔬菜种植系统，蔬菜生长季水热同季、种植管理中水氮供应充足且往往过量，造成大量氮素淋溶到深层土壤，不仅造成水肥资源利用率低，对地下水质也造成威胁。本文以华北潮褐土黄瓜-白菜一年两季典型露地蔬菜为研究对象，利用田间试验研究不同氮肥用量及优化措施（包括抑制剂、生物炭、秸秆还田）以及控制灌溉量对蔬菜产量、土壤氮淋溶及氮平衡的影响。研究结果表明：1）华北典型露地菜地氮肥主要损失去向为深层土壤中积累及氮淋溶。2）农民常规施肥处理[黄瓜季和白菜季各施550 kg（N）·hm-2]淋洗出80 cm土壤剖面的总氮占当季氮肥施用量的10.0%，减氮20%和50%分别使总氮淋溶量降低23.8%和45.6%；减氮20%对蔬菜产量没有显著影响，减氮50%对水肥需求量较高的黄瓜产量有显著影响（减产19.6%）。3）减氮20%配合脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂、施用生物炭和添加秸秆还田分别使全年总氮淋溶量比常规水肥处理降低40.7%、43.0%和34.3%，而对蔬菜产量没有显著影响。4）减少灌溉量15%和30%分别使总氮淋溶比常规水肥处理降低43.1%和50.5%，水氮协同调控对降低氮淋溶效果显著；对需水量较高的黄瓜季，灌溉量降低30%黄瓜产量显著降低13.9%。5）高量水肥投入条件下连续种植蔬菜3年6季后，0~80 cm土壤剖面硝态氮积累量占0~200 cm土壤剖面积累量的38.2%~50.7%，土壤剖面积累了大量硝态氮而且向深层土壤中移动。因此，合理控制水肥管理，特别是减氮结合脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂配合水分管理，是经济可行的有效阻控土壤氮淋溶的措施。
Abstract:Groundwater nitrate pollution is a concern for the government and scientific community. During the growth period of open-field vegetables in North China, water and nitrogen (N) are often excessively used, resulting in a lower efficiency rate, which threatens groundwater quality. A field experiment was conducted in cinnamon soil on cucumber and Chinese cabbage crop rotation farmland to evaluate the effects of water and fertilizer on crop yields, N leaching, and N balance. Four standard N treatments were used [conventional N application in each vegetable season, 550 kg(N)·hm-2·a-1, N3; 20% less N, N2; 50% less N, N1; no nitrogen, CK], and leaching was monitored using a lysimeter. Five additional treatments were tested that combined a 20% N reduction with an alternative management practice: urease and nitrification inhibitors (N2I), biochar (N2B), straw incorporation (N2S), 15% irrigation reduction (N2W1), and 30% irrigation reduction (N2W2). The results showed that deep soil nitrate accumulation and root zone nitrogen leaching were primarily nitrogen loss. Using conventional N (N3), 10.0% of the applied N leached from the 80 cm soil layer, and the leached amount decreased by 23.8% and 45.6% by using 20% less N (N2) and 50% less N (N1), respectively, compared with that of N3. A 20% N reduction did not affect vegetable yield, but a 50% reduction decreased the cucumber yield by 19.6%. The combined practices (inhibitors, biochar, and straw) decreased the total leached N by 40.7% (N2I), 43.0% (N2B), and 34.3% (N2S) without affecting yields. Reducing irrigation decreased the total leached N by 43.1% (N2W1) and 50.5% (N2W2) compared with N3, but N2W2 decreased the cucumber yield by 13.9%. After three years (six continuous seasons), large amounts of nitrate accumulated and then moved to deeper soil. Nitrate accumulation in the 0-80 cm soil layer after conventional fertilization accounted for 38.2%-50.7% of the 0-200 cm soil layer, which was high compared to other management practices. Decreasing water and N fertilizer use combined with urease and nitrification inhibitors may reduce N leaching and cost. These results provide solutions for improving water and nitrogen management, thereby decreasing soil nitrate accumulation and deep soil leaching, reducing vegetable production and groundwater quality threats.
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图1试验期间每日气温和降水量(从上一年蔬菜收获开始算起)
Figure1.Daily mean temperature and precipitation during the experimental period (started since the harvesting of last vegetable in last year)
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2不同水肥管理措施的露地蔬菜产量
图中相应处理说明见表 2。
Figure2.Yield of vegetables under different fertilizer and water treatments
The treatments are described in the table 2.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3不同水肥处理历次淋溶液中硝态氮浓度
图中相应处理说明见表 2。
Figure3.Nitrate concentrations in the leachate under different fertilizer and water treatments
The treatments are described in the table 2.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4不同水肥处理下不同施肥阶段黄瓜季(a)和白菜季(b)的总氮淋溶
图中相应处理说明见表 2。
Figure4.Leached total nitrogen at different fertilization stages in cucumber (a) and Chinese cabbage (b) seasons under different fertilizer and water treatments
The treatments are described in the table 2.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5不同水肥处理下不同事件造成的黄瓜季(a)和白菜季(b)总氮淋溶
图中相应处理说明见表 2。
Figure5.Leached total nitrogen caused by different management events in cucumber (a) and Chinese cabbage (b) seasons under different fertilizer and water treatments
The treatments are described in the table 2.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1试验前试验地土壤理化性状
Table1.Basic physical and chemical properties of the studied soil before the experiment
| 土层 Soil depth (cm) | 有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg-1) | 全氮 Total N (g·kg-1) | 碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolized N (mg·kg-1) | 速效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available K (mg·kg-1) | 黏粒 Clay content (%) | 容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3) |
| 0~20 | 24.39 | 1.50 | 87.5 | 67.1 | 421.3 | 9.3 | 1.30 |
| 20~40 | 13.28 | 0.82 | 46.1 | 53.0 | 590.3 | 10.6 | 1.48 |
| 40-60 | 12.48 | 0.82 | 48.2 | 46.4 | 358.0 | 20.0 | 1.40 |
| 60~80 | 11.78 | 0.70 | 26.8 | 42.5 | 417.1 | 30.4 | 1.42 |
| 80~100 | 9.82 | 0.56 | 24.3 | 51.4 | 201.8 | 31.0 | 1.43 |
下载: 导出CSV表2各处理的施肥量
Table2.Information of fertilization for treatments
| 处理 Treatment | 处理描述 Description of treatment | 施肥量 Fertilization rate (N-P2O5-K2O, kg·hm-2) |
| CK | 无肥对照No fertilizer | 0-0-0 |
| N1 | 减氮50% N reduction by 50% | 275-200-300 |
| N2 | 减氮20% N reduction by 20% | 440-200-300 |
| N3 | 农民常规施肥Farmers conventional fertilization | 550-200-300 |
| N2I | 减氮20%+抑制剂N reduction by 20% combined with inhibitors | 440-200-300 |
| N2B | 减氮20%+生物炭N reduction by 20% combined with biochar | 440-200-300 |
| N2S | 减氮20%+秸秆还田N reduction by 20% combined with straw | 440-200-300 |
| N2W1 | 减氮20%+减水15% N reduction by 20% combined with irrigation reduction by 15% | 440-200-300 |
| N2W2 | 减氮20%+减水30% N reduction by 20% combined with irrigation reduction by 30% | 440-200-300 |
下载: 导出CSV表3不同水肥管理措施下土壤0~80 cm剖面氮平衡
Table3.N balance in the 0-80 cm soil profile under different water and fertilizer treatments ?
| 处理 Treatment | 氮输入 ?N input | 氮输出 ?N output | N平衡 N Balance | 淋溶 Leached N | 80~200 cm土壤剖面矿质氮含量2) Mineral N content of 80-200 cm soil profile2) | |||
| 氮肥 Fertilizer N | 氮沉降 N deposition | 非共生固氮 nSNF1) | 地上部吸收 Aboveground uptake | |||||
| CK | 0 | 31.4 | 15 | 280.0 | -233.6 | 61.7 | 66.7 (1.14) | |
| N1 | 550 | 31.4 | 15 | 415.3 | 181.1 | 93.3 | 97.1 (1.16) | |
| N2 | 880 | 31.4 | 15 | 529.2 | 397.2 | 130.7 | 134.4 (1.10) | |
| N3 | 1100 | 31.4 | 15 | 573.6 | 572.8 | 171.7 | 221.2 (1.46) | |
| N2I | 880 | 31.4 | 15 | 516.1 | 410.3 | 101.9 | 138.4 (0.85) | |
| N2B | 880 | 31.4 | 15 | 635.0 | 291.4 | 97.8 | 237.4 (1.52) | |
| N2S | 880 | 31.4 | 15 | 562.3 | 364.1 | 112.8 | 165.8 (1.16) | |
| N2W1 | 880 | 31.4 | 15 | 594.6 | 331.8 | 85.0 | 230.8 (1.64) | |
| N2W2 | 880 | 31.4 | 15 | 554.0 | 372.4 | 97.7 | 196.2 (1.19) | |
| 1) nSNF: non-symbiotic N fixation; 2)括号中数字为80~200 cm剖面矿质氮含量为0~80 cm剖面矿质氮含量的倍数。Data in the bracket denote the multiples of mineral N in the 80-200 cm soil profile compared to that in the 0-80 cm profile. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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