柏兆海1,
马林1, 2,,
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/河北省土壤生态学重点实验室/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0800106
国家自然基金项目31972517
详细信息
作者简介:金欣鹏, 研究方向为农业生态学。E-mail:jinxinpeng19@mails.ucas.ac.cn
通讯作者:马林, 研究方向为农业生态学。E-mail:malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn
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出版历程
收稿日期:2020-10-01
录用日期:2020-11-05
刊出日期:2021-01-01
Regional nitrogen and phosphorus leaching mitigation strategies based on nutrient losses vulnerable zones in China
JIN Xinpeng1, 2,,BAI Zhaohai1,
MA Lin1, 2,,
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds: the National Key R&D Program of China2016YFD0800106
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31972517
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Corresponding author:MA Lin, E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn
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摘要:农业面源污染研究多聚焦于田块尺度，缺少对区域尺度氮磷损失风险和消减途径的探索。因此，本研究提出在区域尺度依据养分损失风险制定管理策略，以期在现有技术条件下充分发挥减排措施潜力、全面提升面源污染区域阻控效力。本文利用水质监测数据、文献数据、地理要素空间数据和基于NUFER（NUtrient flows in Food chains，Environment and Resources use）模型模拟的养分损失结果，划定了我国养分损失脆弱区；在此基础上，按照我国农业生态区划和养分损失脆弱区级别确定了各区养分管控程度，并结合各区自然和社会经济条件选取可行、高效的养分管理技术，形成了我国氮磷淋溶区域消减策略和技术列单；最后通过模型再次评估了分区氮磷消减策略的效果。结果表明：养分损失脆弱区和潜在脆弱区覆盖了全国耕地面积的52%，广泛分布于主要农产品产区，呈现显著的空间聚集特征；分区养分管理可以消减51%的潜在脆弱区面积，消减潜力较大的区域集中在东北、长江中下游和西南地区；氮淋溶强度超过22.6 kg·hm-2的区域覆盖耕地面积3.1×107 hm2，通过实施基于养分损失脆弱区的分区氮磷消减措施，氮淋溶超标区内耕地面积减少至1.9×107 hm2，消减比例约为40%。上述养分损失脆弱性区划和区域氮磷消减草案可为农业绿色发展和面源污染控制提供科学依据。
关键词:氮磷淋溶/
农业面源污染/
养分损失脆弱区/
农业生态区/
区域消减策略
Abstract:Agricultural non-point source pollution control research has primarily focused on field-level technology development rather than regional mitigation options, reducing their large-scale effectiveness. This study proposed the mitigation strategies based on nutrient-loss risk at the regional level to achieve full potential of mitigation technologies. Nutrient-loss vulnerable zones (NLVZ) in China were designed from water quality monitoring and nutrient flow data and natural condition spatial characteristics. Based on the NLVZ, hierarchical management according to regional vulnerabilities were adopted, zone-specific mitigation methods based on natural and socio-economic conditions were selected, and regional mitigation strategies and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching technique lists were developed. Furthermore, using the NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources model (NUFER), the effects of regional mitigation strategies were evaluated. The results indicated that NLVZ and potential NLVZ covered 52% of Chinese croplands and were widely distributed in major agricultural production areas. Regional mitigation strategies reduced potential NLVZ by 51%, particularly in the Northeast and Southwest China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Regional mitigation strategies reduced leaching by approximately 40% in cultivated areas with high N leaching (>22.6 kg(N)·hm-2), from 3.1×107 kg(N)·hm-2 to 1.9×107 kg(N)·hm-2. Designing regional mitigation strategies based on NLVZ reduced nonpoint source pollution, promoting ecological agricultural development in China.
Key words:Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching/
Agricultural non-point source pollution/
Nutrient losses vulnerable zone/
Agro-ecological zone/
Regional mitigation strategies
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图1养分损失脆弱区划定原则与流程
NUFER:养分流动模型。NUFER: NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use.
Figure1.Principle and process of nutrient losses vulnerable zones (NLVZ) design in China
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图2基于农业生态区和养分管理脆弱区的氮磷淋溶区域消减草案制定流程
1:兴安岭林区; 2:松嫩-三江平原农业区; 3:长白山地林农区; 4:辽宁平原丘陵农林区; 5:内蒙古北部牧区; 6:内蒙中南部牧农区; 7:长城沿线农牧区; 8:燕山太行山山麓平原农业区; 9:冀鲁豫低洼平原农业区; 10:黄淮平原农业区; 11:山东丘陵农林区; 12:晋东豫西丘陵山地农林牧区; 13:汾渭谷地农业区; 14:晋陕甘黄土丘陵沟壑牧林农区; 15:陇中青东丘陵农牧区; 16:长江下游平原丘陵农畜水产区; 17:豫皖鄂平原山地农林区; 18:长江中游平原农业水产区; 19:江南丘陵山地农林区; 20:浙闽丘陵山地林农区; 21:南岭丘陵山地林农区; 22:秦岭大巴山林农区; 23:四川盆地农林区; 24:川鄂湘黔边境山地林农牧区; 25:黔桂高原山地林农牧区; 26:川滇高原山地农林牧区; 27:闽南粤中农林水产区; 28:粤西桂南农林区; 29:滇南农林区; 30:琼雷及南海诸岛农林区; 31:台湾农林区; 32:蒙宁甘农牧区; 33:北疆农牧林区; 34:南疆农牧区; 35:藏南农牧区; 36:川藏林农牧区; 37:青甘牧农区; 38:青藏高寒牧区。
Figure2.Drafting process of regional mitigation of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching based on agricultural ecological zoning and nutrient management vulnerable zoning
1: Xing'anling forest area; 2: agricultural area in Songnen and Sanjiang Plain; 3: forestry and agricultural area in Changbaishan Mountain; 4: agricultural area in Liaoning plain-hill region; 5: pastoral area in the north of Inner Mongolia; 6: pastoral and agricultural area in the central and south of Inner Mongolia; 7: agricultural and pastoral area along the Great Wall; 8: agricultural area in the piedmont of Yanshan and Taihangshan Mountains; 9: agricultural area in low-lying plain of Hebei, Shandong and Henan; 10: agricultural area in Huang-Huai Plain; 11: agricultural and forestry area in the hilly regions in Shandong; 12: agricultural, forestry and pastoral areas in the hilly regions of eastern Shanxi and western Henan; 13: agricultural areas in valleys between Fenhe River and Weihe River; 14: pastoral, forestry and agricultural area in hilly-gully regions in Loess Plateau of Shaanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu; 15: agricultural and pastoral area in the central of Gansu and eastern Qinghai; 16: agricultural, livestock breeding and fishery area in the Lower Reach of Yangtze River Plain; 17: agricultural and forestry area in the plain-hilly regions of Henan, Anhui and Hubei; 18: agricultural and fishery area in the plain of Middle Reach of Yangtze River; 19: agricultural and forestry area in the south of Yangze River; 20: agricultural and forestry area in the hilly regions of Zhejiang and Fujian; 21: Nanling hilly agricultural and forestry area; 22: agricultural and forestry area of Qinling and Daba Mountain; 23: agricultural and forestry area of Sichuan basin; 24: agricultural, forestry and pastoral area in the border of Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan and Guizhou; 25: agricultural and pastoral area in plateau-mountain regions of Guizhou and Guangxi; 26: agricultural, forestry and pastoral area in the plateau-mountain region of Sichuan and Yunnan; 27: agricultural, forestry and fishery area from the South of Fujian to the center of Guangdong; 28: agricultural and forestry area from the west of Guangdong to the South of Guangxi; 29: agricultural and forestry area in the south of Yunnan; 30: agricultural area in Leizhou and the islands in South China Sea; 31: agricultural and forestry areas in Taiwan; 32: agricultural and pastoral area in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Gansu; 33: agricultural, pastoral and forestry area in the north of Xinjiang; 34: agricultural and pastoral area in the south of Xinjiang; 35: agricultural and pastoral area in the south of Tibet; 36: forestry, agricultural and pastoral area in Sichuan and Tibet; 37: pastoral and agricultural area in Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia; 38: alpine pastoral area in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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图3我国不同农业生态分区养分损失脆弱区区划图(图中标号代表的农业生态区注释同图 2)
Figure3.Distribution of nutrient losses vulnerable zones in different agricultural ecological zones (AEZ) of China (explanations of the numbers in the figure are shown in the figure 2)
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图4现状及按养分损失脆弱区级别消减氮素后的氮肥施用量和主要氮素损失量
图中a, b, c, d分别代表化肥氮、淋溶氮、径流氮和氨挥发氮, 字母后不带或带IM分别代表现状和基于养分损失脆弱区消减后的状况, 数字代表农业生态亚区编号, 其注释同图 2。因数据不全未计算台湾区域。
Figure4.Nitrogen fertilizer and main nitrogen losses in 2012 and in the optimized situation where regional mitigation strategies are applied based on nutrient losses vulnerable zones (NLVZs) hierarchy
a, b, c, and d stand for fertilizer N, leaching N, runoff N, NH3-N; without or with "IM" means in current situation (2012) or in the situation where regional mitigation strategies are applied based on NLVZs hierarchy. The numbers refer to different agro-ecological zones whose exact names are shown in figure 2. Duo to data shortage, Taiwan was not calculated.
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图5现状(2012)及按养分损失脆弱区级别消减氮素后(IM)的养分损失潜在脆弱区分布
Figure5.Distribution of potential nutrient losses vulnerable zones in 2012 and in the optimized situation (IM) where regional mitigation strategies are applied based on nutrient losses vulnerable zones (NLVZs) hierarchy
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1基于养分损失脆弱区的氮磷淋溶消减策略
Table1.Regional mitigation strategies of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching based on nutrient losses vulnerable zone
| 养分损失脆弱区 Nutrient losses vulnerable zone | 农田生产系统 Crop production compartment | 畜牧生产系统 Livestock production compartment | 家庭消费系统 Human consumption compartment | |||||
| 科学施肥 Scientific fertilization | 优化灌溉 Optimized irrigation | 减排措施 Mitigation methods | 养分循环 Promoted nutrient recycle | 减排措施 Mitigation methods | 养分循环 Promoted nutrient recycle | |||
| 脆弱区 Vulnerable zones | 养分供需平衡、改进施肥方式、施用新型肥料 Balanced nutrient supply and demand, improvement of fertilization methods and application of modified fertilizer | 工程节水、农艺节水、水肥一体化 Engineering and agronomic water- saving methods, fertigation | 精准饲喂、饲舍改造、密闭储藏 Phrase feeding, reformation of livestock houses, covered or closed storage, efficient compost | 禁止畜禽粪尿直接排放、畜禽粪尿高效循环 Ban of direct discharge of livestock manure, recycling of livestock manure | 减少食物损失和浪费、细化落实饮食指南 Reducing food losses and waste, implementing the local dietary guidance | 禁止人粪尿直接排放, 人粪尿、厨余垃圾、食品加工副产品等有机废弃物循环 Ban of direct discharge of human manure, recycling of human manure, food byproduct and other organic waste | ||
| 潜在脆弱区 Potential vulnerable zones | 养分供需平衡、改进施肥方式 Balance between nutrient supply and demand, improvement of fertilization methods | 农艺节水、水肥一体化 Agronomic water- saving methods, fertigation | 饲舍改造、密闭储藏 Reformation of livestock of houses, covered or closed storage | 禁止畜禽粪尿直接排放、畜禽粪尿高效循环 Ban of direct discharge of livestock manure, recycling of livestock manure | — | — | ||
| 非脆弱区 Non- vulnerable zones | 养分供需平衡 Balance between nutrient supply and demand | 农艺节水 Agronomic water- saving methods | — | — | — | — | ||
| “—”表示保持现状。“—” refers to maintain the status quo. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表2养分管理和环境减排技术列单[37-38]
Table2.Techniques list of nutrient management and environmental emission mitigation[37-38]
| 减排策略 Mitigation strategy | 减排机理 Mitigation mechanism | 具体技术 Technique | 技术效果 Implementation effect | |
| 作物生产系统 Crop production compartment | 养分供需平衡 Balancing nutrient supply and demand | 根据作物养分需求和不同来源的养分供应能力, 科学施肥 Scientific fertilization according to crops nutrient requirement and nutrient supply capacities from different sources | 肥料效应函数 Fertilizer effect function | 节氮20%~35%, 节磷10%~20% Saving 20%-35% of fertilizer N and 10%-20% of fertilizer P |
| 土壤测试推荐施肥 Soil nutrient test for fertilizer recommendation | 播前和生育期测试节氮60%和50%左右 Saving about 60% and 50% of fertilizer N respectively by testing before sowing and during growth period | |||
| 植株诊断推荐施肥 Plant diagnosis for fertilizer recommendation | SPAD诊断、叶色卡诊断和硝酸盐诊断分别节氮30%、30%和20%左右 Saving about 30%, 30% and 20% of fertilizer N respectively by plant diagnosis of SPAD, Leaf Color Charts diagnosis and nitrate quick test | |||
| 改进施肥方式 Improvement of fertilization methods | 精准控制施肥位置和深度, 减少表面施肥的氨挥发损失 Controlling fertilization placement and depth to reduce ammonia volatilization from soil surface | 条施Band application | 氮径流和氨挥发分别减少50%和20%左右 Reducing about 50% of runoff N and 20% of NH3 emission | |
| 注射施用 Injection | 氨挥发减少50%~80% Reducing 50%-80% of NH3 emission | |||
| 新型肥料 Application of modified fertilizer | 控制养分释放与作物吸收规律匹配, 减少环境损失 Controlling nutrient release to be consistent with crops nutrition absorb rate to reduce nutrient losses | 包膜肥料 Coated fertilizer | 氮淋溶和氨挥发分别减少60%和40%左右 Reducing about 60% of leaching N and 40% of NH3 emission | |
| 添加抑制剂 Adding inhibitor | 抑制土壤氮素转化关键过程, 减少环境排放 Inhibiting the key process of N transformation in soil to reduce N losses | 添加硝化抑制剂 Adding nitrification inhibitor | 氮淋溶减少50%左右 Reducing about 50% of leaching N | |
| 添加脲酶抑制剂 Adding urease inhibitors | 氨挥发减少20%~30% Reducing 20%-30% of NH3 emission | |||
| 优化灌溉 Optimized irrigation | 通过优化灌溉数量、方式和水肥耦合, 提高肥料利用效率以减少养分淋溶和径流损失 Improving nutrient use efficiency to reduce nutrient leaching and runoff by optimizing amount, method and degree of water-fertilizer coupling | 工程节水技术 Engineering water-saving methods | 氮淋溶减少40%左右 Reducing about 40% of leaching N | |
| 农艺节水技术 Agronomic water-saving methods | 氮淋溶减少20%左右 Reducing about 20% of leaching N | |||
| 水肥一体化技术 Fertigation | 氮淋溶、氮径流和氨挥发分别减少 30%、34%和30%左右Reducing about 30% of leaching N, 34% of runoff N and 30% of NH3 emission | |||
| 农田耕作 Better cultivation | 减少耕作对土壤的扰动, 蓄水保墒、防止土壤侵蚀 Reducing soil disturbance to conserve water and prevent soil erosion | 少免耕 Less tillage or no-tillage | 径流和土壤流失分别减少50%左右和50%~80% Reducing about 50% of runoff and 50%-80% of soil erosion | |
| 覆盖栽培 Mulching cultivation | 径流和土壤流失分别减少30%左右和30%~60% Reducing 30% of runoff and 30%-60% of soil erosion | |||
| 畜牧生产系统 Livestock production compartment | 精准饲喂 Accurate feeding | 合理调控饲料蛋白摄入, 减少畜禽排泄氮, 降低环境风险 Controlling total feed protein consumed by livestock to reduce total N excretion which is the source of manure N losses | 低蛋白饲喂 Low protein feeding | 氨挥发减少5%~10% Reducing 5%-10% of NH3 emission of livestock manure |
| 分阶段饲养 Phrase feeding | 氮排泄和氨挥发分别减少20%左右和30%~60% Reducing about 20% of excretion N and 30%-60% of NH3 emission of livestock manure | |||
| 畜牧生产系统 Livestock production compartment | 饲舍改造 Reformation of livestock houses | 减少尿素与脲酶的接触, 从而减少氨气的产生, 对已产生的氨气固定和回收 Controlling contact of urea and urease to reduce NH3 release, and fix/recycle NH3 | 固液分离 Solid-liquid separation | 氨挥发减少20%左右 Reducing about 20% of NH3 emission in housing section |
| 快速清理和干燥 Frequent manure removal and rapid manure drying | 氨挥发减少40%左右 Reducing about 40% of NH3 emission in housing section | |||
| 空气净化和过滤 Filter exhaust air and air scrubbing | 氨挥发减少40%~60% Reducing 40%-60% of NH3 emission in housing section | |||
| 密闭储藏 Covered or improved storage facilities | 冬季密闭储存粪尿, 从减少粪尿施用和氨挥发两方面减少养分损失 Saving manure in covered facility in winter to reduce nutrient loss through reducing manure application and preventing NH3 volatilization. | 覆盖储存 Cover | 氨挥发减少50%左右 Reducing about 50% of NH3 emission in storage section | |
| 改进存储设备 Improvement on storage facilities | 氨挥发减少30%左右 Reducing about 30% of NH3 emission in storage section | |||
| 高效处理 Efficient compost | 控制碳氮转化过程, 降低氮损失 Regulating collaborative transformation of C and N, reducing N losses by efficient compost technique | 反应器堆肥 Compost in reactors | 氨挥发减少40%左右 Reducing about 40% of NH3 emission than traditional compost method | |
| 家庭消费系统 Human consumption compartment | 减少食物损失和浪费 Reduction of food losses and waste | 减少从农田到餐桌的损失和浪费 Reducing food losses and waste during the entire proceeding from farmland to dining-table | 采后减损技术 Techniques for reducing post-harvest losses | 减少食物损失10%~20% Reduce 10%-20% of food losses |
| 减少食物餐桌浪费 Campaign for reducing food waste | 减少食物浪费20%~30% Reduce 20%-30% of food waste | |||
| 落实饮食指南 Implementing local dietary guidance | 健康饮食, 提倡减少红肉消费, 减少食物消费的环境足迹 Encourage healthy diet with low red meat consumption to reduce ecological footprint | 健康饮食 Healthy diet recommendation | 节氮10%左右, 氮损失和温室气体排放分别减少10%~20%和10%~20% Saving 10% of N footprint, reducing of 10%-20% food N losses, and 10%-20% of greenhouse gases emission | |
| 养分循环 Nutrient recycle | 促进系统间养分循环 Promoting nutrient recycling between compartments | 促进各系统有机废弃物养分循环, 部分替代化肥, 减少整个系统养分环境损失 Promoting higher recycle rate of organic waste in different compartments to substitute chemical fertilizer application and reduce nutrient losses. | 秸秆还田 Return crop straw to field | 还田率60%~80% Return rate reaching 60%-80% |
| 畜禽粪尿还田 Return livestock manure to field | 还田率80%以上 Return rate higher than 80% | |||
| 厨余垃圾还田 Return kitchen waste to field | 还田率50%~60% Return rate reaching 50%-60% | |||
| 食品加工副产品还田 Return food byproduct to field | 还田率30%~50% Return rate reaching 30%-50% | |||
| 人粪尿还田 Return human manure to field | 还田率50%以上 Return rate reaching higher than 50% |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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