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不同轮作模式下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻产量及米质的影响

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01
林郸1,,
李郁1,
孙永健1,,,
谌洁1,
吕腾飞1,
孙知白1,
吕旭1,
刘芳艳1,
郭长春1,
孙园园2,
杨志远1,
马均1
1.四川农业大学水稻研究所/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室 温江 611130
2.中国气象局成都高原气象研究所 成都 610072
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划重点专项2018YFD0301202
四川省科技支撑计划项目20YYJC2586
四川省学术和技术带头人培养支持经费2016-183

详细信息
作者简介:林郸, 主要从事水稻高产高效栽培研究。E-mail:lindan54@qq.com
通讯作者:孙永健, 主要从事水稻高产高效栽培研究。E-mail:yongjians1980@163.com
中图分类号:S344.1

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收稿日期:2020-03-31
录用日期:2020-06-15
刊出日期:2020-10-01

Effects of straw returning and nitrogen application on yield and quality of hybrid indica rice under different rotation patterns

LIN Dan1,,
LI Yu1,
SUN Yongjian1,,,
SHEN Jie1,
LYU Tengfei1,
SUN Zhibai1,
LYU Xu1,
LIU Fangyan1,
GUO Changchun1,
SUN Yuanyuan2,
YANG Zhiyuan1,
MA Jun1
1. Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Cultivation in Sichuan Province, Wenjiang 611130, China
2. Institute of Plateau Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu 610072, China
Funds: This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China2018YFD0301202
Sichuan Science and Technology Support Plan Project20YYJC2586
The Funding of Academic and Technical Leaders Cultivation of Sichuan Province Human Resources and Social Security Department2016-183

More Information
Corresponding author:SUN Yongjian, E-mail:yongjians1980@163.com


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摘要
摘要:探讨不同轮作模式下作物秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻产量及米质的影响，可为多元化轮作模式下水稻提质丰产增效提供理论基础和实践依据。本研究以杂交籼稻‘F优498’为试材，通过大叶芥菜-水稻、油菜-水稻和小麦-水稻轮作模式下大叶芥菜、油菜、小麦3种前茬作物秸秆还田与不同氮肥运筹（常规施纯氮量为150 kg·hm-2，4：4：2和3：3：4两种基肥：蘖肥：穗肥比例运筹，及根据前茬作物收获后土壤地力水平和斯坦福方程计算施氮量和基肥:蘖肥:穗肥为3：3：4的氮肥运筹）处理，研究前茬作物秸秆还田与氮肥优化配施对杂交籼稻产量及米质的影响，并探讨多元化轮作模式下杂交籼稻提质丰产的调控途径。结果表明，3种轮作模式下作物秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻产量和米质均存在显著或极显著影响，且两因素对产量、垩白粒率、籽粒蛋白质含量等指标均存在极显著的互作效应。大叶芥菜秸秆（G）分别较油菜秸秆（R）和小麦秸秆（W）还田处理增产1.1%~7.8%、10.5%~19.8%，且大叶芥菜-水稻模式相对其他轮作模式能进一步提高整精米率、降低垩白粒率和改善食味品质。3种轮作模式下水稻季施氮处理均显著高于不施氮处理，且均以N2处理（施氮量150 kg·hm-2，氮肥运筹基肥:蘖肥:穗肥为3：3：4）产量最高，在此基础上3种轮作模式相对于N2处理分别减少氮肥用量16.7%（N-G处理）、30.0%（N-R处理）和16.7%（N-W处理），产量分别减少2.6%、1.7%和5.8%，其中大叶芥菜-水稻、油菜-水稻轮作模式下水稻减产不显著，且可以显著降低稻米垩白粒率和垩白度、提高食味品质，达到提质稳产节氮的效果。综合产量及稻米品质表现，大叶芥菜-水稻轮作模式下，适当减少氮肥施用量至125 kg·hm-2，氮肥运筹基肥：蘖肥：穗肥为3：3：4，为本试验最优组合；油菜-水稻和小麦-水稻轮作模式下，氮肥施用量分别为105 kg·hm-2和150 kg·hm-2，氮肥运筹基肥：蘖肥：穗肥为3：3：4为宜。
关键词:杂交籼稻/
轮作模式/
秸秆还田/
氮肥运筹/
产量/
米质
Abstract:The effects of straw return and nitrogen fertilizer application on the quality and yield of indica rice were studied using the hybrid strain 'F you 498'. The multiple-straw rotation method was investigated using the straw return of three previous crops [vegetable-rice (G), rape-rice (R), and wheat-rice (W)]. Nitrogen fertilizer was optimized by testing different ratios [conventional application of pure nitrogen = 150 kg·hm-2; base to tiller to panicle fertilizer ratios tested = 4:4:2 (N1) and 3:3:4 (N2)]. The results showed significant effects on the rice quality and yield in all of the straw return types and nitrogen fertilizer applications. Two factors had a large effect on the yield: the chalky grain rate and the grain protein content. The vegetable-straw yield (g) increased by 1.1%-7.8% compared to rape-straw (R), and by 10.5%-19.8% compared to wheat-straw (W). The vegetable-rice straw also improved the whole rice rate, reduced the chalky grain rate, and improved the food quality. Regardless of straw type, the yield increased after nitrogen fertilizer application, and the highest yield was obtained using the N2 treatment. All straw types reduced the amount of nitrogen applied: N-G treatment by 16.7%, N-R treatment by 30.0%, and N-W treatment by 16.7%. Compared to the N2 treatment, the yield decreased by 2.6% (N-G), 1.7% (N-R), and 5.8% (N-W). The rice yield was not significantly reduced when the N-G and N-R rotations were used, but the rice chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree were significantly reduced, and the quality improved. Therefore, rice quality was improved and yields were maintained, but nitrogen was saved. Based on the rice quality and yield when using the vegetable-rice straw rotation, the nitrogen fertilizer amount should be reduced to 125 kg·hm-2, and a base to tiller to ear fertilizer ratio of 3:3:4 was the optimal combination in this study. When using the rape-rice and wheat-rice straw rotations, the nitrogen fertilizer amounts should be 105 kg·hm-2 and 150 kg·hm-2, respectively, and the fertilizer ratio remains 3:3:4. This study may provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality and yield of rice when using the straw return rotation method.
Key words:Hybrid indica rice/
Rotation mode/
Straw returning/
Nitrogen application/
Yield/
Rice quality

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表1不同轮作模式耕层土壤(0~20 cm)化学性质和秸杆还田量
Table1.Chemical properties of topsoil (0?20cm) and the amounts of straws returned to the field in different rotationpatterns
轮作模式
Rotation pattern		 全氮
Total N (g?kg?1)		 有机质
Organic matter (g?kg?1)		 速效养分
Available nutrient (mg?kg?1)		 pH 秸秆量(干重)
Straw amount (t?hm?2, dry weigh)		 秸秆氮含量(干重)
Straw N content (g?kg?1, dry weight)
N P K
大叶芥菜-水稻(G)
Leaf mustard-rice		 2.25 18.6 128.13 24.1 106.2 6.3 1.63 20.27
油菜-水稻(R)
Oilseed rape-rice		 1.95 25.9 107.02 21.3 95.3 5.9 7.51 5.31
小麦-水稻(W)
Wheat-rice		 1.83 26.9 89.24 19.6 73.5 5.8 5.12 7.40


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表23种轮作模式下不同氮肥运筹处理的水稻季氮肥施用时间和施用量
Table2.Application times and amounts of nitrogenof different nitrogen treatments of rice under three rotation patterns ?kg?hm-2
轮作模式
Rotation pattern		 氮肥运筹
N treatment		 基肥
Basal fertilizer		 分蘖肥
Tilling fertilizer		 促花肥
Spikelet boosting		 保花肥
Spikelet reserving		 总施氮量
Total N rate
大叶芥菜-水稻(G)
Leaf mustard-rice		 N0 0
N1 60.0 60.0 15.0 15.0 150
N2 45.0 45.0 30.0 30.0 150
N-G 37.5 37.5 25.0 25.0 125
油菜-水稻(R)
Oilseed rape-rice		 N0 0
N1 60.0 60.0 15.0 15.0 150
N2 45.0 45.0 30.0 30.0 150
N-R 31.5 31.5 21.0 21.0 105
小麦-水稻(W)
Wheat-rice		 N0 0
N1 60.0 60.0 15.0 15.0 150
N2 45.0 45.0 30.0 30.0 150
N-W 37.5 37.5 25.0 25.0 125
根据2018年试验数据结合斯坦福方程, 分别计算N-G、N-R、N-W的施氮量。如: N-W, 水稻目标产量10 000 kg?hm-2, 100 kg稻谷需氮量为1.52 kg, N0平均产量为7 200 kg?hm-2, 土壤供氮量平均为: 7 200×1.5=10 800 kg?hm-2 (1.5为不施氮区100 kg籽粒需氮量, 单位kg), 氮肥利用率以平均35%计算。总施氮量(kg?hm-2)=(10 000×1.52/100–10 800/100)/0.35=125.7 kg?hm-2。N-W则按125 kg?hm-2纯氮施用。由此再分别计算出N-G为125 kg?hm-2纯氮和N-R为105 kg?hm-2纯氮。According to the experimental data in 2018 and Stanford Equation, the nitrogen application rates of N-G, N-R and N-W were calculated. For example: N-W, the target yield of rice was 10 000 kg?hm-2, the N demand of 100 kg rice was 1.52 kg, N0 treatment yield was 7 200 kg?hm-2, the average N supply of soil was 7 200×1.5=10 800 kg?hm-2 (1.5 was the nitrogen requirement of 100 kg grain in the area without nitrogen application, unit: kg), the N use efficiency is 35%. Total N application (kg?hm-2)=(10 000×1.52/100–10 800 / 100)/0.35=125.7 kg?hm-2. The pure nitrogen rate of N-W was 125 kg?hm-2. Then, the pure nitrogen rates of N-G and N-R were calculated as 125 kg?hm-2 as 105 kg?hm-2, respectively.


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表33种轮作模式下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻产量及构成因素的影响
Table3.Effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilization on yield and its components of hybrid indica rice under three rotation patterns
轮作模式/还田秸秆
Rotation pattern/
returned straw		 氮肥运筹
N treatment		 有效穗数
Effective panicles (×104?hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Spikelets (No.?panicle-1)		 总颖花数
Total spikelets (×106?hm-2)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 结实率
Seed setting rate (%)		 实际产量
Grain yield (kg?hm-2)
大叶芥菜-水稻/大叶芥菜秸秆(G)
Leaf mustard-rice/
leaf mustard straw		 N0 134.2±6.3b 214.6±27.1c 288.0±12.1c 31.65±0.16a 92.6±1.0a 8 465.8±127.3c
N1 156.2±3.8a 246.1±10.2b 384.4±8.3b 31.21±0.14b 81.6±4.6b 10 094.8±299.0b
N2 157.1±13.6a 268.1±10.3a 421.2±9.0a 29.67±0.23c 90.4±4.2a 10 715.6±358.6a
N-G 149.6±3.0a 262.4±17.4a 392.7±11.1ab 31.12±0.09b 87.8±2.3a 10 437.2±202.7ab
平均Average 149.3 247.8 371.6 30.91 88.1 9 928.3
油菜-水稻/油菜秸秆(R)
Oilseed rape-rice/
oilseed rape straw		 N0 128.4±2.9c 231.2±7.4b 296.8±15.1b 31.49±0.57a 88.5±4.0a 7 849.4± 29.5b
N1 154.1±11.1a 241.2±22.9ab 371.7±11.3a 30.39±0.76c 86.6±1.5a 9 984.5±361.8a
N2 149.8±3.5ab 241.4±23.6ab 361.7±56.8a 30.87±0.38b 88.0±2.6a 10 241.9±196.3a
N-R 141.3±10.2b 254.6±9.7a 359.8±24.7a 30.93±0.38b 90.9±3.8a 10 071.0±108.3a
平均Average 143.4 242.1 347.5 30.92 88.5 9 536.7
小麦-水稻/小麦秸秆(W)
Wheat-rice/
wheat straw		 N0 119.3±13.7c 218.2±14.4b 260.3±22.0c 30.95±0.21a 86.1±4.3a 7 068.7±165.5c
N1 146.3±7.1a 236.3±9.0ab 345.9±25.1a 30.54±0.21b 88.8±3.9a 9 972.1±278.1a
N2 144.6±7.9a 233.7±7.9ab 338.1±11.1ab 30.98±0.37a 90.7±3.5a 10 032.1±146.8a
N-W 136.0±4.8b 243.0±7.2a 330.5±33.6b 31.27±0.04a 89.5±2.1a 9 449.4±95.6b
平均Average 136.6 232.8 318.7 30.93 88.8 9 130.6
F值
F value		 轮作模式Rotation pattern (A) 7.8* 2.4 25.3** 0.01 0.03 218.4**
氮肥运筹N treatment (B) 19.7** 7.7** 25.9** 26.64** 1.36 258.0**
A×B 0.1 1.2 0.8 5.39** 1.18 4.8**
同列同一轮作模式下不同小写字母表示不同氮肥运筹处理在5%水平差异显著。*, **分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平影响显著。Different lowercase letters followed mean±S.E. in the same column indicate significant differences at P < 5% level among different N treatments within same rotation mode. *, ** indicate significant effect at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.


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表43种轮作模式下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻的加工和外观品质的影响
Table4.Effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilization on processing and appearance quality of hybrid indica rice under three rotation patterns
轮作模式/还田秸秆
Rotation pattern/ returned straw		 氮肥运筹
N treatment		 糙米率
Brown rice rate (%)		 精米率
Milled rice rate (%)		 整精米率
Head rice rate (%)		 垩白粒率
Chalky grain rate (%)		 垩白度
Chalkiness degree		 长宽比
Aspect ratio
大叶芥菜-水稻/大叶芥菜秸秆(G)
Leaf mustard-rice/ leaf mustard straw		 N0 80.09±0.05b 69.18±0.37c 65.01±0.39b 63.70±1.04a 22.97±0.87a 2.53±0.06b
N1 80.53±0.21a 69.75±0.30b 65.48±0.38ab 43.17±1.03d 16.93±0.32c 2.60±0.01a
N2 80.98±0.02a 69.95±0.28b 66.73±0.69a 54.00±1.12b 19.03±0.70b 2.60±0.03a
N-G 80.83±0.06a 70.65±0.09a 66.45±0.21a 49.87±1.07c 13.33±0.98d 2.63±0.06a
平均Average 80.61 69.88 65.92 52.68 18.07 2.59
油菜-水稻/油菜秸秆(R)
Oilseed rape-rice/
oilseed rape straw		 N0 80.11±0.10c 68.60±0.08c 63.35±0.49b 61.20±0.80a 20.53±0.16a 2.60±0.04a
N1 80.61±0.12b 69.12±0.32b 65.01±0.36a 51.70±0.56c 16.40±0.61c 2.60±0.02a
N2 81.15±0.16a 69.81±0.06a 65.72±0.40a 56.20±0.56b 18.30±0.10b 2.60±0.02a
N-R 80.75±0.09ab 69.41±0.37ab 65.47±0.25a 43.47±0.63d 14.53±0.31d 2.60±0.03a
平均Average 80.66 69.24 64.89 53.14 17.44 2.60
小麦-水稻/小麦秸秆(W)
Wheat-rice/ wheat straw		 N0 79.78±0.05c 67.99±0.11c 63.39±0.09b 61.23±0.78a 21.27±0.25a 2.60±0.03a
N1 80.27±0.29bc 68.43±0.26bc 64.85±0.09a 52.93±0.71c 16.47±0.15d 2.60±0.01a
N2 80.93±0.05a 69.25±0.26a 65.72±0.40a 56.87±0.57b 19.13±0.38b 2.60±0.02a
N-W 80.79±0.04ab 68.88±0.10ab 64.53±0.18ab 55.57±01.01b 17.73±0.75c 2.60±0.01a
平均Average 80.44 68.64 64.62 56.65 18.65 2.60
F值
F value		 轮作模式Rotation pattern (A) 1.29 17.78* 6.37 57.20** 20.79** 1.00
氮肥运筹N treatment (B) 13.82** 15.51** 9.17** 161.57** 157.52** 2.72
A×B 0.25 1.33 0.49 24.92** 12.51** 2.71*
同列同一轮作模式下不同小写字母表示不同氮肥运筹处理在5%水平差异显著。*, **分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平影响显著。Different lowercase letters followed mean±S.E. in the same column indicate significant differences at P < 5% level among different N treatments within same rotation mode. *, ** indicate significant effect at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.


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表53种轮作模式下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻的蒸煮食味品质和蛋白质的影响
Table5.Effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilization on cooking and eating quality and protein content of hybrid indica rice under three rotation patterns
轮作模式/还田秸秆
Rotation pattern/ returned straw		 氮肥运筹
N treatment		 外观
Appearance		 口感
Taste		 食味值
Comprehensive		 硬度
Hardness		 平衡
Balance		 蛋白质含量
Protein content (%)
大叶芥菜-水稻/大叶芥菜秸秆(G)
Leaf mustard-rice/ leaf mustard straw		 N0 8.60±0.10a 7.77±0.21a 86.33±1.15a 3.49±0.79b 0.070±0.01a 5.08±0.10d
N1 8.27±0.25b 7.17±0.21b 83.00±2.65b 3.76±0.36a 0.060±0.01ab 5.59±0.11c
N2 7.60±0.10d 6.87±0.12c 80.00±1.00c 3.83±0.19a 0.050±0.01b 6.19±0.05a
N-G 7.80±0.10c 6.90±0.10c 82.00±1.00b 3.66±0.04ab 0.067±0.01a 5.86±0.07b
平均Average 8.07 7.18 82.83 3.69 0.062 5.68
油菜-水稻/油菜秸秆(R)
Oilseed rape-rice/ oilseed rape straw		 N0 8.57±0.06a 7.60±0.05a 86.00±0.05a 3.47±0.39b 0.060±0.01a 5.20±0.03d
N1 8.00±0.10b 6.97±0.23b 81.00±2.00b 4.04±0.18a 0.050±0.01ab 5.81±0.01c
N2 7.60±0.20c 6.77±0.25c 79.33±1.15c 4.18±0.24a 0.043±0.01b 6.14±0.03a
N-R 8.00±0.12b 7.17±0.32b 82.00±2.45b 3.62±0.25b 0.053±0.01ab 5.91±0.04b
平均Average 8.04 7.13 82.08 3.83 0.052 5.76
小麦-水稻/小麦秸秆(W)
Wheat-rice/ wheat straw		 N0 8.40±0.20a 7.67±0.12a 85.33±1.53a 3.36±0.14c 0.060±0.01a 5.23±0.04d
N1 8.03±0.12b 7.10±0.10b 81.67±0.58bc 3.74±0.27ab 0.050±0.02ab 5.49±0.06c
N2 7.60±0.21c 6.77±0.12c 79.67±1.15c 3.95±0.10a 0.043±0.01b 6.22±0.05a
N-W 8.03±0.06b 7.10±0.10b 82.33±0.58b 3.54±0.10bc 0.050±0.01ab 5.83±0.02b
平均Average 8.02 7.16 82.25 3.65 0.051 5.69
F值
F value		 轮作模式Rotation pattern (A) 0.43 0.80 4.19* 8.43* 28.548** 9.40*
氮肥运筹N treatment (B) 52.49** 32.64** 22.88** 13.12** 4.500* 435.54**
A×B 1.84 0.98 0.31 0.82 0.127 7.55**
同列同一轮作模式下不同小写字母表示不同氮肥运筹处理在5%水平差异显著。*, **分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平影响显著。Different lowercase letters followed mean±S.E. in the same column indicate significant differences at P < 5% level among different N treatments within same rotation mode. *, ** indicate significant effect at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.


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表63种轮作模式下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的影响
Table6.Effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilization on the characteristic values of starch RVA spectrum in hybrid indica rice under three rotation patterns
轮作模式/还田秸秆
Rotation pattern/ returned straw		 氮肥运筹
N treatment		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity (cP)		 热浆黏度
Hot viscosity (cP)		 崩解值
Breakdown (cP)		 冷胶黏度
Cool viscosity (cP)		 峰值时间
Peak time (min)		 糊化温度
Pasting temperature (℃)
大叶芥菜-水稻/大叶芥菜秸秆(G)
Leaf mustard-rice/ leaf mustard straw		 N0 3 367.7±63.6a 2 215.0±40.1a 1 152.7±35.3a 3 604.0±21.2a 6.09±0.04a 78.35±0.05a
N1 3 112.3±4.2b 2 106.3±3.5b 1 006.0±7.0bc 3 442.0±16.1b 6.16±0.03a 78.43±0.03a
N2 2 986.7±56.2c 2 013.3±4.0c 973.3±23.3c 3 396.3±26.8b 6.20±0.07a 78.60±0.04a
N-G 3 150.3±28.0b 2 102.0±38.0b 1 048.3±30.0b 3 457.0±19.6b 6.16±0.04a 78.43±0.05a
平均Average 3 154.3 2 109.2 1 045.1 3 474.8 6.15 78.45
油菜-水稻/油菜秸秆(R)
Oilseed rape-rice/ oilseed rape straw		 N0 3 422.3±27.9a 2 276.0±23.1a 1 146.3±15.5a 3 659.0±9.0a 5.91±0.07bd 78.35±0.05a
N1 3 304.3±41.5b 2 218.3±30.0ab 1 072.7±17.5bc 3 608.0±19.1ab 6.09±0.08ab 78.42±0.05a
N2 3 180.0±25.2c 2 147.0±33.8c 1 033.0±16.6c 3 507.7±13.2bc 6.22±0.04a 78.63±0.06a
N-R 3 307.0±42.9b 2 202.3±44.5b 1 104.7±28.7ab 3 477.0±27.8c 6.09±0.08abc 78.43±0.03a
平均Average 3 303.4 2 210.9 1 089.2 3 562.9 6.08 78.46
小麦-水稻/小麦秸秆(W)
Wheat-rice/ wheat straw		 N0 3 336.3±23.0a 2 234.7±18.5a 1 101.7±25.9a 3 602.7±9.5a 6.13±0.01a 78.37±0.05b
N1 3 229.0±27.6b 2 167.0±21.5ab 1 062.0±27.8ab 3 559.0±6.2a 6.16±0.04a 78.40±0.06b
N2 3 168.3±14.6b 2 137.7±34.5b 1 030.7±20.2b 3 532.3±28.5a 6.31±0.04a 78.93±0.09a
N-W 3 212.7±28.1b 2 119.3±25.3b 1 093.3±13.4a 3 557.7±33.1a 6.16±0.04a 78.35±0.08b
平均Average 3 236.6 2 164.7 1 071.9 3 562.9 6.19 78.51
F值
F value		 轮作模式Rotation pattern (A) 45.55** 6.24 2.06 4.10 3.20 0.08
氮肥运筹N treatment (B) 34.87** 16.44** 12.76** 6.83** 3.65* 5.07*
A×B 2.26 1.11 1.12 1.14 0.46 0.67
同列同一轮作模式下不同小写字母表示不同氮肥运筹处理在5%水平差异显著。*, **分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平影响显著。Different lowercase letters followed mean±S.E. in the same column indicate significant differences at P < 5% level among different N treatments within same rotation mode. *, ** indicate significant effect at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.


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