肖强^1,,
李鸿雁¹,
衣文平¹,
邹国元¹,
李丽霞^1,,,
孙世友^2,,
1.北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所/北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心 北京 100097
2.河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所 石家庄 050051
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2017YFD0800604
北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项KJCX20200418
河北省重点研发计划项目20323601D
河北省农林科学院创新工程项目2019-1-03
国家玉米产业技术体系项目CARS-02

详细信息

作者简介:肖强, 主要从事新型肥料研究。E-mail:xqiang1978@163.com

通讯作者:李丽霞, 主要从事施肥与环境研究, E-mail:ashleyllx@163.com
孙世友, 主要从事施肥与环境研究, E-mail:sunshiyou@126.com

中图分类号:S145.6

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-11-18
录用日期:2020-01-08
刊出日期:2020-08-01

Effects of modified urea ammonium nitrate solution topdressing on ammonia volatilization and leaching

XIAO Qiang^1,,
LI Hongyan¹,
YI Wenping¹,
ZOU Guoyuan¹,
LI Lixia^1,,,
SUN Shiyou^2,,
1. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Slow/Controlled-release Fertilizer, Beijing 100097, China
2. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFD0800604
the Science and Technology Innovation Capacity Building Project of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry SciencesKJCX20200418
the Key Research and Development Project of Hebei Province20323601D
the Innovation Project of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences2019-1-03
China Agriculture Research SystemCARS-02

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Corresponding author:LI Lixia, E-mail: ashleyllx@163.com;SUN Shiyou, E-mail: sunshiyou@126.com

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摘要
摘要:为了提高肥料的利用率，以尿素硝酸铵溶液为原料、聚氨酸为保护剂，复合抑制剂NBPT（N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺）和DMPP（3，4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐）为材料，开发出改性尿素硝酸铵溶液（YUL1和YUL2），研究其对华北平原夏玉米追肥过程中的氨挥发和淋溶损失的调控效果。田间试验设置6个处理：不施氮肥（CK）、农民习惯追施尿素（CN）、优化追施尿素（CNU）、优化追施尿素硝酸铵溶液（UAN）、优化追施改性尿素硝酸铵溶液（YUL1）和优化追施改性尿素硝酸铵溶液（YUL2）。采用扫描电镜和能谱仪分析相关指标变化，在夏玉米喇叭口期追施氮肥后15 d内进行田间原位连续动态观测氨挥发和土壤铵态氮和硝态氮变化，并在玉米成熟期测定产量，计算经济效益。结果表明，改性尿素硝酸铵溶液清澈无杂质，流延后成膜表面光滑、致密，抑制剂在膜表面分布均匀；能谱测试膜层表面磷硫含量增高，证明复合抑制剂与尿素硝酸铵溶液达到有效融合。在同等优化施氮量下：与CNU相比，YUL1氨挥发总量显著降低19.3%，YUL2增加9.6%；与UAN相比，YUL1、YUL2分别显著降低57.3%和42.0%。与其他施氮处理相比，YUL1和YUL2夏玉米季生长中后期0~20 cm土层依然保持相对较高的氮素含量水平，夏玉米收获后土壤硝态氮含量分别比CNU高46.0%和43.4%，比UAN高45.6%和44.7%；180~200 cm土层硝态氮含量显著低于其他处理。在保证产量和净收益的同时，改性尿素硝酸铵肥料显著降低了氮素的氨挥发和淋溶损失浓度，尿酶抑制剂含量相对较高的YUL1抑制氨挥发的效果更好，硝化抑制剂含量相对高的YUL2硝态氮向下淋失的风险更小。
关键词:复合抑制剂/
尿素硝酸铵溶液/
追施/
氨挥发/
淋溶
Abstract:In this study, with urea ammonium nitrate solution as raw material, NBPT (n-butyl thiophosphoric triamide) and DMPP (3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) were used as inhibitors, and polyurethane as a protective agent to develop two modified urea ammonium nitrate solutions (YUL1 and YUL2). And their effects on ammonia volatilization and leaching loss in summer maize in the North China Plain were studied. In the field experiment, six treatments were set up: 1) no urea application (CK), 2) farmers' traditional urea application (CN), 3) optimized urea application (CNU), 4) application of optimized urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN), 5) and 6) optimized modified urea ammonium nitrate solution 1 (YUL1) and 2 (YUL2) application. The effects of nitrogen regulation characteristics were systematically evaluated. The properties of the products were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). The in-situ continuous dynamic observation of ammonia volatilization and nitrogen transformation was carried out within 15 days after nitrogen application (which occurred at bell mouth stage of summer maize); the yield and economic benefits were measured and calculated at the maturity stage of maize. The results showed that the modified urea ammonium nitrate solution was clear and free of impurities, the film surface was smooth and dense after casting, and the inhibitors were evenly distributed on the film surface. The content of phosphorus and sulfur on the film surface was increased by energy spectrum test, which proved that the composite inhibitors and urea ammonium nitrate solution achieved effective fusion. Under the same optimized nitrogen application rate, compared with CNU, the total amount of ammonia volatilization of YUL1 decreased significantly by 19.3% and YUL2 increased by 9.6%. Compared with UAN, YUL1 and YUL2 decreased the total amount of ammonia volatilization significantly by 57.3% and 42.0%, respectively. Compared with other nitrogen application treatments, the soil layer of 0-20 cm in the middle and late period of summer maize growth of YUL1 and YUL2 treatments still maintained relatively higher nitrogen contents. After harvest, the soil nitrate nitrogen contents of YUL1 and YUL2 were 46.0% and 43.4%, respectively, higher than that of CNU, and 45.6% and 44.7% higher than that of UAN in the 0-20 cm soil layer; in the soil layer of 180-200 cm, they were significantly lower than those of other treatments. With regard to ensuring the yield and net income of summer maize, the modified urea ammonium nitrate solution significantly reduced ammonia volatilization and leaching loss of nitrogen.
Key words:Compound inhibitors/
Urea ammonium nitrate solution/
Topdressing/
Ammonia volatilization/
Leaching

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图1改性尿素硝酸铵溶液的成膜表观分析
Figure1.Apparent analysis of film formation of modified urea ammonium nitrate solution


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图2尿素硝酸铵溶液(UAN) (A)与改性UAN(B)能谱分析
Figure2.Energy spectrum analysis of urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) (A) and modified UAN (B)


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图3追肥施氮后不同肥料处理瞬时氨挥发率的变化
不同小写字母表示同一时间不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure3.Changes of instantaneous NH₃ volatilization in different fertilizer treatments after topdressing
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments in the same time (P < 0.05).


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图4追肥施氮后不同肥料处理累积氨挥发的变化
Figure4.Changes of accumulated NH₃ volatilization in different fertilizer treatments after topdressing


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图5追肥施氮后不同肥料处理土壤铵态氮(a)和硝态氮(b)含量(0~20 cm土层)
Figure5.$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + - {\rm{N}}$ (a) and $ {\rm{NO}}_3^ - - {\rm{N}}$ (b) contents of 0-20 cm soil in different fertilizer treatments


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图6收获期不同施肥处理土壤剖面铵态氮(A)和硝态氮(B)分析
Figure6.Analysis of $ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + - {\rm{N}}$ (A) and $ {\rm{NO}}_3^ - - {\rm{N}}$ (B) contents in soil of different treatments in harvest period


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表1各处理的追肥氮肥种类和施氮总量
Table1.Types of topdressing fertilizer and total nitrogen amounts of basic fertilization and topdressing of different treatments

处理 Treatment	追肥肥料品种 Topdressing fertilizer	总施氮量(基肥+追肥) Total N amount [kg(N)·hm-2]
CK	—	0
CN	普通尿素Conventional urea	225.0
CNU	普通尿素Conventional urea	157.5
UAN	尿素硝酸铵溶液Urea ammonium nitrate solution	157.5
YUL1	改性尿素硝酸铵溶液1 Modified urea ammonium nitrate solution 1	157.5
YUL2	改性尿素硝酸铵溶液2 Modified urea ammonium nitrate solution 2	157.5
基肥均为尿素。基肥:追肥的施氮量比为1:1。The base fertilizer is urea. The N ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing was 1:1.

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表2不同处理的氮素利用率及经济效益
Table2.Nitrogen recovery and economic benefits of different fertilizer treatments

处理 Treatment	氮素利用率 N recovery (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	产值 Production value (￥·hm-2)	氮肥用量 N application rate [kg(N)·hm-2]		氮肥成本 Cost of N fertilizer (￥·hm-2)	净收入 Net income (￥·hm-2)
				基肥 Basal	追肥 Topdressing
CK		6 986±710b	10 479	0			10 479
CN	29.41b	8 221±811ab	12 332	112.5	112.50	1 076	11 255
CNU	32.45ab	8 174±1 072ab	12 262	112.5	78.75	915	11 347
UAN	34.51ab	8 264±679ab	12 397	112.5	78.75	1 063	11 334
YUL1	37.58a	8 391±781ab	12 587	112.5	78.75	1 117	11 470
YUL2	39.13a	8 827±965a	13 241	112.5	78.75	1 110	12 130
表内数据以2018年市场价计。玉米是1 500元·t-1, 普通尿素是2 200元·t-1, UAN是2 000元·t-1, NBPT和DMPP均为90 000元·t-1。根据1.2.1中各种成分的比例, 计算出YUL1是2 207元·t-1 (其中NBPT 108元, DMPP 27元, 聚氨酸72元, UAN 2 000元), YUL2是2 180元·t-1 (其中NBPT 54元, DMPP 54元, 聚氨酸72元, UAN 2 000元)。不同小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Data in the table are calculated based on average market price in 2018. The price of maize is 1 500 ￥·t-1, conventional urea is 2 200 ￥·t-1, UAN is 2 000 ￥·t-1, NBPT and DMPP all are 90 000 ￥·t-1. According to the proportions of various components of YUL1 and YUL2, price of YUL1 is 2 207 ￥·t-1 (NBPT is 108 ￥, DMPP is 27 ￥, polyglutamic acid is 72 ￥, UAN is 2 000 ￥), and YUL2 is 2 180 ￥·t-1 (NBPT is 54 ￥, DMPP is 54 ￥, polyglutamic acid is 72 ￥, UAN is 2 000 ￥). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 level.

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