红芸豆对氮素的需求规律及适宜施氮量研究

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郭彩霞,
黄高鉴,
王永亮,
郭军玲,
杨治平^,
山西省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究所/山西省土壤环境与养分资源重点实验室太原 030031
基金项目: 山西省农业科学院特色农业技术攻关项目YGG17039

详细信息

作者简介:郭彩霞, 主要从事作物氮素营养相关研究。E-mail:sxplant@163.com

通讯作者:杨治平, 主要研究方向为养分资源管理。E-mail:yzpsx0208@163.com

中图分类号:S143.1;S318

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-12-12
录用日期:2020-04-10
刊出日期:2020-07-01

Optimal nitrogen application rate and nitrogen requirement characteristics of red kidney bean

GUO Caixia,
HUANG Gaojian,
WANG Yongliang,
GUO Junling,
YANG Zhiping^,
Institute of Agricultural Environment & Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources, Taiyuan 030031, China
Funds: the Program for Science and Technology Development of Characteristic Agriculture of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesYGG17039

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Corresponding author:YANG Zhiping, E-mail:yzpsx0208@163.com

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摘要
摘要:为探明山西省红芸豆的氮素需求规律与分配特征，并明确其适宜施氮量，以‘英国红’为试验材料，通过田间试验，系统监测了不同生育时期红芸豆干物质和养分的累积与分配特征，并研究了氮肥施用水平对红芸豆产量、氮素利用效率的影响。分别在山西省中部农业科学院东阳试验基地和西部地区岢岚县曹家沟村进行试验。东阳试验基地设置了4个氮水平（kg·hm^-2）处理，分别为0（N1）、60（N2）、120（N3）和180（N4）；岢岚县曹家沟村设置5个氮水平（kg·hm^-2）处理，分别为0（N1）、60（N2）、120（N3）、180（N4）和240（N5）。结果表明，红芸豆在不同氮肥处理间籽粒产量、生物量和氮素累积量均表现出显著差异：籽粒产量随氮肥施用量的增加呈单峰曲线变化，两个试验点均表现为N3处理产量最高，分别为2 359.89 kg·hm^-2和2 452.26 kg·hm^-2，产量差异主要来自百粒重；干物质累积随生育进程呈现“慢—快—慢”的增长趋势，两个试验点均表现出N3处理单株籽粒所占总干物质比重最高，分别为49.97%与47.65%；植株氮素累积与分配与干物质累积的变化趋势大致相同，两个试验点单株籽粒最高含氮量分别在N4（东阳）和N3（岢岚）处理，分别为每株0.72 g和0.99 g。说明合理的氮肥施用可以提高籽粒的干物质累积量和氮素的转运效率，显著提高了红芸豆植株干物质向籽粒中的转移率，增加了植株对氮素的吸收和转运能力。山西省中部地区红芸豆推荐氮肥施用量为110.36 kg·hm^-2，西部地区为126.31 kg·hm^-2。
关键词:红芸豆/
籽粒产量/
施氮量/
氮素需求/
氮肥利用效率
Abstract:Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the most important miscellaneous grain crops in Shanxi Province. However, its nitrogen requirement pattern has not been investigated, which has impeded nitrogen management. This research evaluated the nitrogen requirement pattern of the red kidney bean cultivar 'British Red' in Shanxi Province, China. The field experiments were conducted at Dongyang Agricultural Experimental Station, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (central area of Shanxi Province), and at Caojiagou Village in Kelan County (western part of Shanxi Province). Four nitrogen application rates: 0 kg·hm^-2 (N1), 60 kg·hm^-2 (N2), 120 kg·hm^-2 (N3), and 180 kg·hm^-2 (N4), were applied at Dongyang, and five application rates: 0 kg·hm^-2 (N1), 60 kg·hm^-2 (N2), 120 kg·hm^-2 (N3), 180 kg·hm^-2 (N4), and 240 kg·hm^-2 (N5), were applied at Kelan. The accumulation and distribution of biomass and nitrogen uptake in different parts of the plants were monitored during the growth period. The grain yields and nitrogen translocation efficiencies at different nitrogen application rates were also determined. The results showed that there were significant differences in grain yield, biomass, and nitrogen accumulation among different nitrogen application treatments. The grain yield against nitrogen application rates analysis produced an odd peak curve, and the highest grain yields were found in the N3 treatment, which were 2 359.89 kg·hm^-2 and 2 452.26 kg·hm^-2 at the two field experimental sites, respectively. The hundred-grain weight was the main contributory factor to the yield difference. The dry biomass accumulation showed a pattern of "slow-fast-slow" as red kidney bean growth progressed. The highest percentage of grain in the biomass was recorded in the N3 treatment, and reached 49.97% at Dongyang and 47.65% at Kelan, respectively. The nitrogen uptakes by grain in the N4 (Dongyang) and N3 (Kelan) treatments were 0.72 g·plant^-1 and 0.99 g·plant^-1, respectively, which were higher than in the other treatments. In conclusion, the application of reasonable rates of nitrogen improved the translocation of nitrogen from vegetative parts to grain and helped improve nitrogen uptake by grain and its translocation efficiency, which might be the mechanism underlying the grain yield increase. The appropriate nitrogen application rate is 110.36 kg·hm^-2 in the central area of Shanxi Province and 126.31 kg·hm^-2 in the western part of the province, which can be finely adjusted according to the actual soil fertility and variety.
Key words:Red kidney bean/
Grain yield/
Nitrogen application rate/
Nitrogen demand/
Nitrogen use efficiency

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图1不同试验地点不同氮肥施用量下红芸豆地上部生物量累积动态
V3:苗期; R1开花期; R3:结荚期; R6:鼓粒期; R8:生理成熟期。
Figure1.Dynamics of red kidney bean shoots biomass at different nitrogen application levels in different experimental sites
V3: seeding stage; R1: bloom stage; R3: pod bearing stage; R6: seed filling stage; R8: mature stage.

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图2不同试验地点不同氮肥施用量下红芸豆地上部氮素累积动态
V3:苗期; R1开花期; R3:结荚期; R6:鼓粒期; R8:生理成熟期。
Figure2.Dynamics of red kidney bean shoot nitrogen accumulation at different nitrogen application levels in different experimental sites
V3: seeding stage; R1: bloom stage; R3: pod bearing stage; R6: seed filling stage; R8: mature stage.

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图3不同试验地点不同氮肥施用量下红芸豆不同生育期各器官氮素累积量
不同小写字母表示同一时期不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure3.Nitrogen accumulation in organs of red kidney bean at different growth stages and different nitrogen application levels in different experimental sites
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different nitrogen application levels in the same period at P < 0.05 level.

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图4不同试验地点不同氮肥施用量对红芸豆氮肥利用效率的影响
Figure4.Effect of nitrogen application levels on fertilizer-N use efficiency of red kidney bean in different experimental sites

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图5红芸豆籽粒产量对氮肥用量的反应曲线
Figure5.Red kidney bean yield response to nitrogen application levels

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表1不同试验地点0~20 cm土层基础土壤养分含量
Table1.Basic properties of the tested soil in the 0-20 cm layer in different experimental sites

地点 Site	全氮 Total N (g·kg^–1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^–1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^–1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^–1)	pH
东阳Dongyang	0.65	10.63	145.28	11.45	8.30
岢岚Kelan	0.79	18.29	170.57	13.49	7.89

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表2不同处理肥料用量及施用时期
Table2.Fertilizer application rates at different stages of different fertilizer application treatments ?kg·hm^–2

处理 Treatment	氮磷钾用量 Fertilizer application (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)	底肥 Basal fertilizer (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)	初花期追氮肥 Topdressing N at squaring stage	始荚期追氮肥 Topdressing N at pod bearing stage
N1	0-105-75	0-105-75	0	0
N2	60-105-75	18-105-75	30	12
N3	120-105-75	60-105-75	36	24
N4	180-105-75	90-105-75	54	36
N5	240-105-75	120-105-75	72	48

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表3不同试验地点不同氮肥用量下红芸豆的产量及其构成因子
Table3.Grain yield and its components of red kidney bean at different nitrogen application levels in different experimental sites

地点 Site	处理 Treatment	实测籽粒产量 Actual grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	单株豆荚数 Pods number per plant	每荚粒数 Number of grains per pod	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)
东阳 Dongyang	N1	1 562.18±66.08c	7.28±1.69b	2.78±0.13b	38.04±0.92b
	N2	2 164.02±56.66b	13.35±2.07a	2.96±0.25a	39.21±1.91ab
	N3	2 359.89±110.10a	12.53±3.83a	3.26±0.26a	40.92±1.50a
	N4	2 111.27±165.37b	12.85±1.15a	3.21±0.43a	39.20±1.92ab
岢岚 Kelan	N1	1 906.08±47.23d	10.78±3.64a	4.78±0.43a	46.20±1.43b
	N2	2 233.33±114.09bc	10.63±2.62a	5.10±0.37a	47.52±1.51ab
	N3	2 452.26±101.95a	10.98±2.91a	4.88±0.33a	48.52±1.51a
	N4	2 362.96±120.35ab	10.88±2.11a	4.90±0.35a	48.35±0.88a
	N5	2 143.67±55.30c	12.18±4.63a	4.85±0.31a	47.16±0.40ab
同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一地点不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Values of the same site followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different at P < 0.05 level.

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表4不同试验地点不同氮肥施用量下不同生育期红芸豆植株各器官干物质累积与分配
Table4.Dry matter accumulation and distribution in organs of red kidney bean at different growth stages and different nitrogen application levels in different experimental sites

地点 Site	器官 Organ	处理 Treatment	累积量Accumulation amount (g·plant^-1)					分配比例Distribution ratio (%)
地点 Site	器官 Organ	处理 Treatment	V3	R1	R3	R6	R8	V3	R1	R3	R6	R8
东阳 Dong- yang	叶片 Leaf	N1	0.74±0.11a	3.54±0.64b	9.40±1.26c	3.05±0.53b	1.41±0.25b	71.94	56.32	58.43	11.77	4.98
		N2	0.84±0.02a	5.12±0.24a	10.63±0.39bc	4.03±1.05ab	2.42±0.22ab	71.71	63.06	58.93	13.12	7.30
		N3	0.78±0.06a	5.25±0.64a	11.18±0.35b	6.02±1.55ab	3.14±.1.03a	69.64	56.83	58.18	16.18	7.92
		N4	0.79±0.05a	6.11±0.72a	12.76±0.33a	6.42±2.54a	2.91±0.99a	69.39	53.06	61.48	16.18	7.13
	茎秆 Stalk	N1	0.29±0.01b	2.74±0.24c	6.69±0.31b	7.42±0.48b	7.73±0.28b	28.06	43.68	41.57	28.63	27.29
		N2	0.33±0.03a	3.00±0.22c	7.41±0.86ab	8.07±0.43ab	8.83±0.67ab	28.29	36.94	41.07	26.28	26.61
		N3	0.34±0.02a	3.99±0.50b	8.04±0.34a	8.87±1.08ab	8.76±0.64ab	30.36	43.17	41.82	23.82	22.11
		N4	0.35±0.01a	5.40±0.27a	8.00±0.45a	9.02±0.86a	9.40±1.55a	30.61	46.94	38.52	22.74	23.00
	荚皮 Shell	N1				6.12±0.83c	5.49±0.59b				23.64	19.36
		N2				6.67±0.45c	7.41±0.98ab				21.70	22.36
		N3				7.61±0.17b	8.66±1.89a				20.45	21.88
		N4				9.05±0.27a	8.02±0.86a				22.84	19.63
	籽粒 Grain	N1				9.31±0.30c	13.71±0.56b				35.95	48.37
		N2				11.95±1.26b	14.50±1.23b				38.90	43.73
		N3				14.73±0.52a	20.53±5.61a				39.56	49.97
		N4				15.16±0.77a	19.04±3.83ab				38.24	48.36
岢岚 Kelan	叶片 Leaf	N1	0.86±0.02b	7.79±1.180b	11.26±1.01b	8.74±2.35b	2.99±0.78c	72.39	65.18	54.89	19.78	6.41
		N2	0.91±0.02ab	8.50±0.19ab	13.28±1.09ab	11.16±1.02ab	4.02±1.05bc	74.59	64.44	54.35	21.30	7.15
		N3	0.94±0.08a	11.43±2.06a	15.00±1.54a	11.01±0.78ab	4.44±1.95abc	75.00	71.23	59.58	20.04	7.39
		N4	0.93±0.04ab	11.29±1.17a	15.32±1.41a	12.54±1.87a	6.29±1.45a	74.53	67.48	57.55	22.70	10.12
		N5	0.95±0.02a	11.27±2.51a	14.90±1.88a	11.23±0.81ab	5.91±1.30ab	74.80	69.21	58.29	20.69	9.87
	茎秆 Stalk	N1	0.33±0.05a	4.16±0.16b	9.25±0.84b	10.04±0.97b	11.06±1.33b	27.61	34.82	45.11	22.72	23.76
		N2	0.31±0.05a	4.69±0.83ab	11.15±1.51a	12.42±0.16ab	13.18±1.08ab	25.41	35.56	45.65	23.70	23.43
		N3	0.31±0.01a	4.62±0.58ab	10.18±0.31ab	11.95±1.43ab	13.76±1.40ab	25.00	28.77	40.42	21.75	22.91
		N4	0.32±0.02a	5.44±0.76a	11.29±0.55a	11.86±1.60ab	14.02±2.481a	25.47	32.52	42.45	21.47	22.56
		N5	0.32±0.02a	5.02±0.87ab	10.66±0.38ab	12.56±1.57a	15.48±1.68a	25.20	30.79	41.71	23.14	25.86
	荚皮 Shell	N1				8.19±2.79bc	10.93±1.05b				18.54	23.48
		N2				7.72±1.08c	13.62±1.27a				14.73	24.20
		N3				9.61±0.44abc	13.25±1.68a				17.49	22.06
		N4				11.30±0.90a	15.49±1.64a				20.45	24.92
		N5				10.55±0.57ab	14.34±1.36a				19.44	23.95
	籽粒 Grain	N1				17.21±0.68c	21.58±1.66b				38.96	46.35
		N2				21.10±1.41ab	25.44±1.63ab				40.26	45.23
		N3				22.37±0.44a	28.62±1.60a				40.72	47.65
		N4				19.55±0.47b	26.35±1.28a				35.38	42.40
		N5				19.94±1.60b	24.14±3.47ab				36.73	40.32
V3:苗期; R1开花期; R3:结荚期; R6:鼓粒期; R8:生理成熟期。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一地点同一时期同一器官不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。V3: seeding stage; R1: bloom stage; R3: pod bearing stage; R6: seed filling stage; R8: mature stage. Values in the same column of the same organ at the same growth stage in the same site followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 level.

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表5不同试验地点不同氮肥施用量下红芸豆植株氮转运量特征
Table5.Characteristics of nitrogen translocation in red kidney bean at different nitrogen application levels in different experimental sites

地点 Site	氮素转运特征 Characteristics of nitrogen translocation	氮肥处理 N fertilizer treatment
地点 Site	氮素转运特征 Characteristics of nitrogen translocation	N1	N2	N3	N4	N5
东阳 Dongyang	转运量Translocation amount (g·plant^-1)	0.34±0.12b	0.39±0.31ab	0.44±0.23ab	0.49±0.58a
	转运效率Translocation rate (%)	63.65±3.20a	69.00±3.63a	73.70±3.25a	70.71±2.51a
	对籽粒的贡献Contribution rate to grain (%)	47.22±3.24b	60.93±4.98a	60.47±0.60a	61.26±5.66a
岢岚 Kelan	转运量Translocation amount (g·plant^-1)	0.37±0.03c	0.44±0.03bc	0.50±0.02ab	0.52±0.03a	0.43±0.01bc
	转运效率Translocation rate (%)	65.19±1.62a	61.67±0.71a	63.94±3.01a	62.34±3.62a	54.21±1.06b
	对籽粒的贡献Contribution rate to grain (%)	53.04±1.46a	60.44±4.25a	55.79±2.51a	58.91±0.71a	54.58±9.55a
同行数据后不同小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same line are significantly different at P < 0.05 level.

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