于爱忠,
柴强^,,
殷文,
赵财,
胡发龙,
樊志龙
甘肃农业大学农学院/甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室 兰州 730070
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目31401350
现代农业产业技术体系项目CARS-22-G-12
国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项201503125-3

详细信息

作者简介:于爱忠, 主要研究方向为节水农业、保护性农业等。E-mail:yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn

通讯作者:柴强, 主要研究方向为多熟种植、节水农业等。E-mail:chaiq@gsau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S513

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-11-24
录用日期:2020-01-03
刊出日期:2020-05-01

Responses of grain yield formation and water use characteristic of maize to plastic film mulching pattern and row spacing in oasis irrigation area in Northwest China

YU Aizhong,
CHAI Qiang^,,
YIN Wen,
ZHAO Cai,
HU Falong,
FAN Zhilong
College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31401350
the Special Fund for the Industrial Technology System Construction of Modern Agriculture of ChinaCARS-22-G-12
the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201503125-3

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Corresponding author:CHAI Qiang, E-mail:chaiq@gsau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:干旱绿洲灌区玉米生产普遍采用全膜覆盖方式，残膜污染问题严重。因此，研究地膜减投增效生产技术对缓解残膜污染有重要意义。在甘肃河西石羊河流域通过田间试验研究了不同覆膜方式（全膜覆盖、半膜覆盖）和不同种植行距（50 cm等行距、40 cm+80 cm宽窄行）对玉米产量、耗水量、耗水结构及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，全膜宽窄行和半膜宽窄行种植条件下均可获得较高的玉米籽粒产量，分别达14 712.7 kg·hm^-2和14 155.2 kg·hm^-2，较半膜覆盖等行距处理高13.2%和8.9%（P < 0.05），与全膜覆盖等行距处理差异不显著。全膜宽窄行和半膜宽窄行获得较高籽粒产量的原因是提高了穗数和双穗率。全膜覆盖条件下宽窄行种植获得较高LAI峰值的同时，玉米全生育期平均LAI显著高于半膜覆盖处理。全膜覆盖显著降低了玉米生长前期（播种至大喇叭口期）的棵间蒸发量。半膜覆盖等行距和宽窄行种植玉米全生育期棵间蒸发量分别较全膜等行距种植高14.3%和21.9%，差异显著。半膜覆盖宽窄行种植条件下玉米水分利用效率达19.3 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2，与全膜覆盖等行距和宽窄行处理均无显著差异。干旱绿洲灌区半膜覆盖宽窄行种植替代全膜等行距种植或宽窄行不会导致玉米产量和水分利用效率降低。
关键词:绿洲灌区/
玉米产量/
水分利用/
地膜覆盖方式/
行距
Abstract:Full plastic film mulching is widely used in maize production in the Arid Oasis Irrigation area of Northwest China. The problem of residual plastic film pollution is of great concern, therefore it is important to study the cultivation techniques of the area in order to reduce pollution by plastic film. The effects of different film mulching patterns (full-film, half-film mulching) coupled with different row spacing (50 cm uniform row spacing and 40 cm + 80 cm paired row spacing) were used to test the yield, water consumption, water consumption structure, and water use efficiency of maize at the Shiyang River Basin in Hexi, Gansu. The results showed that high grain yield was obtained from the paired row spacing of full-film or half-film mulching conditions, which reached 14 712.7 and 14 155.2 kg·hm^-2, and they were 13.2% and 8.9% higher than that of the half-film mulching, respectively (P < 0.05). However, these were not significantly different from the uniform row spacing of full-film. This was due to the significant increase in spike number and the double-ear rate by planting in paired row spacing. Under the condition of full film mulching, the peak value of the leaf area index (LAI) was obtained by paired row space planting, with the average LAI of the maize during the whole growth period being significantly higher than that of half-film mulched treatment. The amount of evaporation at the early growth stage of maize decreased significantly under full-film mulching than under half-film mulching. The total amount of evaporation under half-film mulching with uniform and paired row spacing were 177.2 and 189.0 mm, respectively. And these were 14.3% and 21.9% respectively, significantly higher than that of full-film mulching with uniform row spacing. The water use efficiency of maize was 19.3 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2 under the conditions of half-film with paired row spacing, which was not significantly different from that of the full-film mulching. These results indicate that half-film mulching with paired row spacing instead of full-film mulching with uniform or paired row spacing will not lead to a decrease in the grain yield and water use efficiency of maize in the Arid Oasis Irrigation area of Northwest China.
Key words:Oasis irrigation area/
Maize yield/
Water use/
Plastic film mulching pattern/
Row spacing

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图1玉米不同地膜覆盖方式及行距田间试验处理示意图
FU:全膜等行距; FP:全膜宽窄行; HU:半膜等行距; HP:半膜宽窄行。
Figure1.Schematic diagrams for the field experiment treatments of plastic film mulching pattern and row spacing
FU: full-film mulching + uniform row; FP: full-film mulching +paired row; HU: half-film mulching + uniform row; HP: half-film mulching +paired row.


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图2不同地膜覆盖及种植行距条件下玉米叶面积指数动态变化和平均叶面积指数
FU:全膜等行距; FP:全膜宽窄行; HU:半膜等行距; HP:半膜宽窄行。A图中误差线表示LSD值。B图中误差线表示标准误, 不同小写字母表示不同处理在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure2.Dynamics of leaf area index (LAI) and average LAI across growing season of maize under different treatments of film mulching pattern and rows spacing
FU: full-film mulching + uniform row; FP: full-film mulching + paired row; HU: half-film mulching + uniform row; HP: half-film mulching + paired row. Error bars indicate LSD value in the figure A. Error bars indicate standard error, and different lowercase letters above the error bars mean significant difference at P < 0.05 among different treatments in the figure B.


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图3不同覆膜方式及种植行距下玉米不同生育阶段棵间蒸发量(E)及蒸发量与蒸散量之比(E/ET)
FU:全膜等行距; FP:全膜宽窄行; HU:半膜等行距; HP:半膜宽窄行。不同小写字母表示不同处理在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure3.Evaporation (E) and rate of E to evapotranspiration (E/ET) of maize at different growth stages under different treatments of film mulching pattern and rows spacing
FU: full-film mulching + uniform row; FP: full-film mulching + paired row; HU: half-film mulching + uniform row; HP: half-film mulching + paired row. Different lowercase letters above the error bars mean significant differences at P < 0.05 among different treatments.


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图4不同覆膜方式及种植行距下玉米全生育期总蒸散量(ET)、棵间蒸发量(E)及E/ET
FU:全膜等行距; FP:全膜宽窄行; HU:半膜等行距; HP:半膜宽窄行。不同小写字母表示不同处理在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure4.Total evapotranspiration (ET), evaporation (E) and E/ET of maize during whole growth stage under different treatments of film mulching pattern and rows spacing
FU: full-film mulching + uniform row; FP: full-film mulching + paired row; HU: half-film mulching + uniform row; HP: half-film mulching + paired row. Different lowercase letters above the error bars mean significant difference at P < 0.05 among different treatments.


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表1不同覆膜方式及种植行距条件下玉米产量及产量构成因素
Table1.Grain yield and yield components of maize under different treatments of plastic film mulching patter and rows spacing

因素及互作 Main factors and interaction		穗数 Ear number (ears·hm-2)	双穗率 Double ear rate (%)	穗粒数 Seeds number per ear	百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm-2)
年份 Year (Y)	2013	6 235.2±83.9a	18.9±0.8a	583.8±8.9b	35.3±1.2a	13 314.5±232.5b
	2014	6 318.2±73.5a	19.9±0.8a	590.2±10.0b	36.1±1.6a	13 710.1±158.3a
	2015	6 156.3± 92.3a	18.2±1.1a	610.5±10.0a	36.8±1.1a	13 984.2±220.1a
覆膜方式 Plastic film mulching pattern (P)	全膜?Full-film mulching (F)	6 529.2±63.7a	20.7±0.6a	594.7±13.2a	36.1±0.9a	14 267.1±256.7a
	半膜?Half-film mulching (H)	6 289.1±80.8b	19.3±0.7b	589.4±9.2a	35.6±1.5a	13 578.4±214.7b
行距 Rows spacing (R)	等行距?Uniform row (U)	6 143.1±110.4b	18.1±1.1b	596.0±11.8a	35.7±0.9a	13 411.6±286.5b
	宽窄行?Paired row (P)	6 550.2±92.2a	21.4±1.4a	588.1±9.7a	36.0±0.9a	14 036.7±189.5a
覆膜方式×行距 P × R	全膜等行距?Full-film mulching + uniform row	6 410.3±52.3b	18.5±0.4b	598.8±12.6a	36.0±1.1a	13 821.5±178.4b
	全膜宽窄行?Full-film mulching + paired row	6 648.1±91.7a	22.8±0.9a	590.5±15.2a	36.2±0.8a	14 712.7±389.8a
	半膜等行距?Half-film mulching + uniform row	6 075.9±100.2c	17.7±0.3c	593.2±11.8a	35.3±0.8a	13 001.6±416.2c
	半膜宽窄行?Half-film mulching + paired row	6 502.3±50.6a	20.9±1.1a	585.6±9.9a	35.8±0.9a	14 155.2±335.2ab
年份?Year (Y)		NS	NS	*	NS	*
地膜覆盖方式?Plastic film mulching pattern (P)		*	*	NS	NS	*
行距?Rows spacing (R)		*	**	NS	NS	*
Y × P		*	NS	*	NS	*
Y × R		*	*	NS	NS	NS
P × R		*	*	NS	NS	*
Y × P × R		*	NS	NS	NS	NS
NS表示无显著差异; *和**分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平差异显著。同一因素同列数字后不同小写字母表示在P < 0.05水平差异显著。NS indicates non-significance; * and ** indicate significance at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively. Means followed by different letters within a column under a factor are significantly different at P < 0.05.

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表2不同覆膜方式及种植行距条件下玉米水分利用效率
Table2.Water use efficiency of maize under different treatments of film mulching pattern and rows spacing

因素及互作 Factors and interaction		WUEET.B (kg·mm-1·hm-2)				WUEET.Y (kg·mm-1·hm-2)
		播种— 拔节期 Sowing– jointing	拔节期— 大喇叭口期 Jointing– big trumpet	大喇叭口期— 开花期 Big trumpet– heading	开花期— 成熟期 Heading– maturation
年?Year (Y)	2013	15.1±0.8b	13.4±0.6a	18.9±1.3a	55.9±2.8a	20.9±1.0a
	2014	17.3±0.8a	12.9±0.8ab	21.2±1.2a	54.8±3.2a	19.8±0.9a
	2015	16.3±0.5ab	11.1±1.1b	20.3±0.9a	56.2±1.9a	18.9±1.3a
覆膜方式 Plastic film mulching (P)	全膜?Full-film mulching (F)	19.6±1.1a	14.8±0.9a	20.8±0.8a	57.7±2.8a	20.3±0.6a
	半膜?Half-film mulching (H)	13.4±1.3b	11.9±1.2b	19.0±0.6b	53.0±2.1b	19.0±0.5b
行距?Rows spacing (R)	等行距?Uniform row(U)	17.4±0.9a	14.0±0.6a	19.6±0.8a	55.3±2.3a	19.6±0.8a
	宽窄行?Paired row(P)	15.6±0.8b	12.7±0.6b	20.2±0.7a	55.3±2.4a	19.7±0.9a
覆膜方式×行距 P × R	全膜等行距?Full-film mulching + uniform row	20.3±0.5a	15.4±0.5a	20.1±0.8ab	58.4±1.8a	20.4±0.6a
	全膜宽窄行?Full-film mulching + paired row	18.9±0.8b	14.2±1.2ab	21.5±0.7a	56.9±2.4ab	20.2±0.5a
	半膜等行距?Half-film mulching + uniform row	14.5±1.2c	12.6±0.8b	19.1±0.5b	52.2±2.5b	18.7±0.8b
	半膜宽窄行?Half-film mulching + paired row	12.3±1.1c	11.1±1.9b	18.8±0.5b	53.7±1.9b	19.3±0.5ab
年份?Year (Y)		*	*	NS	NS	NS
地膜覆盖方式?Plastic film mulching pattern (P)		**	*	*	*	*
行距?Rows spacing (R)		*	*	NS	NS	NS
Y × P		*	*	NS	NS	NS
Y × R		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
P × R		**	*	*	*	*
Y × P × R		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
WUEET.B:某一生育阶段水分利用效率; WUEET.Y:生育期水分利用效率。NS表示无显著差异; *和**分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平差异显著。同一因素同列数字后不同小写字母表示在P < 0.05水平差异显著。WUEET.B: water use efficiency based on biomass of a growth period; WUEET.Y: water use efficiency based on yield. NS indicates non-significance; * and ** indicate significance at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively. Means followed by different letters within a column under a factor are significantly different at P < 0.05.

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