于爱忠,,
柴强
甘肃农业大学农学院/甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室 兰州 730070
基金项目: 现代农业产业技术体系项目CARS-22-G-12
国家自然科学基金项目31401350
国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项项目201503125-3
详细信息
作者简介:吕汉强, 研究方向为旱地与绿洲农作制。E-mail:1131021518@qq.com
通讯作者:于爱忠, 主要研究方向为节水农业、保护性耕作等。E-mail:yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
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出版历程
收稿日期:2019-11-13
录用日期:2020-01-16
刊出日期:2020-05-01
Response of maize yield and water use to different green manure utilization patterns in arid oasis irrigation area
LYU Hanqiang,YU Aizhong,,
CHAI Qiang
College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
Funds: the Special Fund for the Industrial Technology System Construction of Modern Agriculture of ChinaCARS-22-G-12
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31401350
the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201503125-3
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Corresponding author:YU Aizhong, E-mail:yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:针对绿洲灌区小麦-玉米长期连作，麦后休闲期长、光热水资源利用效率不高等问题，研究麦后复种绿肥对轮作玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响有重要意义。在石羊河流域，于2017—2019年度通过田间试验研究了麦后复种绿肥的不同还田利用方式（全量翻压、地表覆盖免耕、地上部收获后根茬翻压、地上部收获后免耕和不复种绿肥传统翻耕对照）对后茬玉米产量形成和水分利用特征的影响。两年试验结果表明，绿肥地表覆盖免耕和全量翻压处理玉米籽粒产量平均达14 274.9 kg·hm-2和14 687.5 kg·hm-2，较不复种绿肥翻耕处理（对照）显著提高18.2%和20.4%（P < 0.05）。绿肥地表覆盖免耕条件下，玉米穗数、穗粒数、百粒重分别较不复种绿肥翻耕处理（对照）平均高5.4%、9.6%、20.8%（P < 0.05），且较根茬还田处理（翻压、免耕）增幅显著。与此同时，绿肥地表覆盖免耕和全量翻压显著增加玉米叶面积指数、干物质累积量和平均净同化率。绿肥地表覆盖免耕处理水分利用效率平均达24.4 kg·hm-2·mm-1，较不复种绿肥翻耕处理（对照）显著提高29.9%（P < 0.05），该处理较不复种绿肥翻耕处理（对照）显著提高玉米播前土壤贮水量26.9%（P < 0.05），平均达280.7 mm，且该条件下玉米全生育期耗水量显著低于其他绿肥还田处理。绿肥根茬还田处理（翻压、免耕）下，玉米平均水分利用效率分别较不复种绿肥翻耕处理显著高16.7%、16.0%（P < 0.05）。因此，在干旱绿洲灌区，麦后复种绿肥地表覆盖免耕获得玉米高产的同时，实现了水资源的高效利用。
关键词:小麦-玉米轮作/
绿肥利用方式/
玉米/
产量/
水分利用特征
Abstract:With the aim of long-term continuous cropping of wheat and maize in arid oasis irrigation areas, the fallow-period after wheat harvest is long and the utilization efficiency of light, heat, and water resources is relative low; thus, it is important to study the effects of different green manure utilization patterns on maize yield and water use characteristics. In the Shiyang River basin, the effects of different green manure utilization patterns on the yield formation and water use characteristics of maize were studied through a field experiment on the wheat-green manure-maize rotation system. Different green manure utilization patterns included tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil (TG), no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on the soil surface (NTG), above ground green manure harvested and tillage with root incorporated in the soil (T), no-tillage with above ground green manure harvested (NT), and conventional tillage without green manure (CT) as the control. The results showed that the average maize grain yield for treatments of NTG and TG reached 14 274.9 kg·hm-2 and 14 687.5 kg·hm-2, respectively, which was 18.2% and 20.4% higher, respectively, than that of CT. This is mainly due to the fact that the number of ears, seed number per ear, and seed weight of maize for NTG were 5.4%, 9.6%, and 20.8% higher, respectively, than those of CT, and the effect was significantly higher than that of root utilization patterns (treatments T and NT). Meanwhile, TG and NTG treatments significantly increased maize leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, and average net assimilation rate. The average water use efficiency of the NTG treatment reached 24.4 kg·hm-2·mm-1, which was 29.9% higher than that of CT, which significantly increased the soil water storage before maize sowing to 26.9%, with an average of 280.7 mm. In addition, under NTG treatment, the water consumption of maize during the whole growth period was significantly lower than that of the other green manure treatments. Under the conditions of green manure root utilization (treatments T and NT), the water use efficiency of maize was 16.7% and 16.0% higher, respectively, than that of CT. Therefore, in the arid oasis irrigation area, for the wheat-green manure-maize rotation system, employing no-till with full quantity of green manure mulched on the soil surface achieves high yield of maize while achieving efficient use of water resources.
Key words:Wheat-maize rotation/
Green manure utilization patterns/
Maize/
Yield/
Water use characteristics
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图12017—2019年研究区玉米生育期内月平均降雨量
Figure1.Monthly average precipitation during maize growth period in the study area from 2017 to 2019
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2不同绿肥还田利用方式下玉米干物质累积量动态
不同处理的种植方式如表 1所示。
Figure2.Dynamics of dry matter accumulation of maize under different green manure utilization patterns
The planting method of each treatment is shown in table 1.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3不同绿肥还田利用方式下玉米平均净同化率
不同处理的种植方式如表 1所示。不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure3.Average net assimilation rate of maize under different green manure utilization patterns
The planting method of each treatment is shown in table 1. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among different treatments in the same year at P < 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4不同绿肥还田方式下玉米叶面积指数(LAI)的动态变化
不同处理的种植方式如表 1所示。
Figure4.Dynamics of leaf area index (LAI) of maize under different green manure utilization patterns
The planting method of each treatment is shown in table 1.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5不同绿肥还田利用方式下玉米平均叶面积指数
不同处理的种植方式如表 1所示。不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure5.Average leaf area index (MLAI) of maize under different green manure utilization patterns
The planting method of each treatment is shown in table 1. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among different treatments in the same year at P < 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图6不同绿肥还田方式下玉米全生育期总耗水量(A)和玉米播前0~110 cm土层土壤贮水量(B)
不同处理的种植方式如表 1所示。不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure6.Total water consumption during the whole growth period of maize (A) and soil water storage of 0-110 cm soil layer before maize sowing (B) under different green manure utilization patterns
The planting method of each treatment is shown in table 1. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among different treatments in the same year at P < 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图7不同绿肥还田利用方式下玉米水分利用效率
不同处理的种植方式如表 1所示。不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure7.Water use efficiency of maize under different green manure utilization patterns
The planting method of each treatment is shown in table 1. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among different treatments in the same year at P < 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同试验处理的绿肥还田方式及作物种植方式
Table1.Green manure utilization and crop planting patterns of different treatments in the experiment
| 处理 Treatment | 绿肥还田及作物种植方式 Pattern of green manure utilization and crop planting |
| CT | 春小麦收获后传统翻耕、休闲 Conventional tillage and leisure without green manure after spring wheat harvest |
| TG | 春小麦7月收获后复种绿肥, 10月绿肥全量翻压, 翌年4月覆膜平作玉米 Planting green manure after spring wheat harvest in July, tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil in October, and flat planting maize with film mulching in April of the next year |
| T | 春小麦7月收获后复种绿肥, 10月地上部收获移除根茬翻压, 翌年4月覆膜平作玉米 Planting green manure after spring wheat harvest in July, harvesting and removing above ground green manure and tillage with root incorporated in the soil in October, and flat planting maize with film mulching in April of the next year |
| NTG | 春小麦7月收获后复种绿肥, 10月绿肥地表覆盖免耕, 翌年4月覆膜平作玉米 Planting green manure after spring wheat harvest in July, no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface in October, and flat planting maize with film mulching in April of the next year |
| NT | 春小麦7月收获后复种绿肥, 10月绿肥地上部收获移除免耕, 翌年4月覆膜平作玉米 Planting green manure after spring wheat harvest in July, no-tillage with above ground green manure harvested and removed in October, and flat planting maize with film mulching in April of the next year |
下载: 导出CSV表2不同绿肥还田方式下玉米产量及产量构成因素
Table2.Maize yield and yield components under different green manure utilization patterns
| 年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm-2) | 穗数 Ear number (ears·hm-2) | 穗粒数 Seed number per ear | 百粒重 100-seed weight (g) |
| 2018 | CT | 11 185.8±235b | 73 256±1 431b | 470±11.2b | 32.0±2.6c |
| NT | 11 686.8±168b | 74 274±1 325b | 419±14.6c | 37.6±3.1b | |
| NTG | 14 015.3±423a | 77 156±1 502a | 516±10.5a | 40.6±3.4a | |
| T | 12 386.0±498b | 74 413±1 322b | 501±14.5a | 34.1±2.9bc | |
| TG | 14 372.7±154a | 78 249±1 445a | 492±16.5a | 40.5±3.6a | |
| 2019 | CT | 12 198.9±142c | 74 117±1 224b | 478±18.6b | 32.8±2.3c |
| NT | 13 861.2±201b | 73 356±1 445b | 546±10.5a | 34.6±2.1b | |
| NTG | 14 534.4±399a | 78 595±1 448a | 533±12.3a | 41.2±3.5a | |
| T | 13 717.5±195b | 74 004±1 223b | 514± 9.8ab | 36.6±3.3ab | |
| TG | 15 002.2±268a | 78 891±1 523a | 557± 9.1a | 39.7±2.7a | |
| 不同处理的种植方式如表 1所示。表中同列不同小写字母表示同一年份各处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。The planting method of each treatment is shown in table 1. Different lowercase letters in a column in the same year represent significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 level. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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