王慧军^1,,,
张喜英²
1.河北省农林科学研究院 石家庄 050031
2.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心 石家庄 050022
基金项目: 公益性行业（农业）科研专项2013030133


详细信息

通讯作者:王慧军, 主要从事作物耕作栽培及农业经济理论和技术研究。E-mail:nkywhj@126.com

中图分类号:S512.1

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收稿日期:2020-01-13
录用日期:2020-02-26
刊出日期:2020-05-01

Evaluating the comprehensive effects of planting winter wheat in the groundwater depletion regions in the North China Plain

WANG Huijun^1,,,
ZHANG Xiying²
1. Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
2. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
Funds: the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China2013030133


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Corresponding author:WANG Huijun, E-mail:nkywhj@126.com

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摘要
摘要:华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟种植模式为维护国家粮食安全发挥了重要作用。但冬小麦生长期正处于华北平原降水较少的干旱季节，实现高产依赖于灌溉，是华北平原地下水超采的主导因素之一。随着国家地下水限采政策的实施，在地下水超采区如何稳定冬小麦的种植面积和产量是面临的一个重要问题。本文通过综述以往研究并结合典型地点田间试验结果，从冬小麦种植可减少休闲期土壤蒸发损失、具有的深根系系统可充分利用土壤储水、可利用微咸水替代淡水灌溉、通过限水灌溉发展优质麦生产、冬春形成覆盖层美化和防沙尘效应等方面论述了华北平原种植冬小麦的优势，提出华北平原冬小麦生产需要转变传统高耗水高产量理念，充分发挥冬小麦抗旱、耐盐能力强的特点，在不实施大规模压缩冬小麦种植面积条件下，通过冬小麦限水灌溉和微咸水利用满足对地下水压采需求，充分发挥华北平原冬小麦种植冬春防风沙、美化环境的生态功能，同时满足区域口粮安全的保障功能。
关键词:地下水压采/
冬小麦种植/
生态效应/
抗旱耐盐/
防风沙/
优质高效/
华北平原
Abstract:The traditional annual double cropping system of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China Plain (NCP) can take the full advantage of regional climate resources, and has played an important role in maintaining national food security. However, high winter wheat production depends on irrigation, which is one of the leading factors for groundwater over-exploitation in the NCP. With the implementation of the national groundwater extraction restriction policy, how to develop winter wheat in groundwater over-extraction areas is becoming an important issue. Based on long-term field experimental data and literatures, this paper discussed aspects such as reducing soil evaporation loss during fallow period, brackish water resources utilization, deficit irrigation to improve quality, and effective cover formation in winter and spring seasons by planting winter wheat. The production of winter wheat in the groundwater depletion regions in the NCP would involve a change from the traditional practice of applying adequate irrigation water for high yield to using limited irrigation for higher quality and higher water use efficiency. The planting of winter wheat can reduce soil evaporation and fully use the rainfall resources during winter and spring seasons. Winter wheat can also form an effective coverage to reduce soil erosion and green the rural areas. By applying reduced irrigation based on the irrigation water availability in a region, winter wheat can still maintain a stable yield due to its deep root characteristics which can efficiently absorb the deep soil water stored during the summer rainy season. Under reduced irrigation, the quality of winter wheat can be improved, which provides the opportunity to grow high-quality winter wheat in the NCP. In the low plain of the NCP, where shallow saline water is abundant, irrigation for winter wheat by fresh water can be replaced by the shallow saline water. Growing winter wheat based on the irrigation water availability in the NCP has the benefits of wind erosion protection, beautification of the rural environment, and meeting regional food security.
Key words:Restriction for groundwater withdrawing/
Planting winter wheat/
Ecological effects/
Drought and salt resistance/
Wind erosion prevention/
High quality and efficiency/
North China Plain

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图12017—2018年度和2018—2019年度冬小麦季休闲的起始和结束期0~2 m土壤含水量的变化(栾城试验站中子仪观测数据)
Figure1.Soil water contents along the 0–2 m soil profile at the initial and end of the fallow season during the winter wheat growing season for 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 seasons (data was obtained from the Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences)


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图2栾城试验站2004—2005年冬小麦生长季根长密度在土壤中分布随生育期的变化(a)和生育期不灌水条件下冬小麦播种和收获期土壤水分剖面分布(b)
Figure2.in root length density along the soil profile for winter wheat sampled at different growth stages (a) and changes in soil water contents from sowing to harvesting under rain fed condition (b) for the season of 2004–2005 at the Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences


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图3冬小麦在播种时底墒充足生育期没有灌水条件下2007—2018年冬小麦生长季节降水、土壤水消耗(SWD)和土壤储水消耗占总蒸散(ET)的比例(栾城试验站结果)
Figure3.Rainfall, soil water depletion (SWD), ratio of SWD in seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) for rainfed winter wheat with sufficient soil water at sowing during 2007–2018 at the Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences


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图4冬小麦2013—2019年利用不同矿化度微咸水在拔节期灌水1次与生育期不灌水和淡水灌水1次的产量比较(南皮试验站结果)
Figure4.Yields of winter wheat without irrigation and with one irrigation at jointing stage using fresh and saline water with different salt contents from 2013 to 2019 at the Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences


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表12007—2018年冬小麦生育期不同灌溉策略下平均产量(Y)、耗水量(ET)、土壤水消耗量(SWD)、土壤水消耗占耗水量(SWD/ET)的比例及水分利用效率(WUE)(栾城试验站结果)
Table1.Yield (Y), evapotranspiration (ET), soil water depletion (SWD), ratio of SWD/ET and water use efficiency (WUE) for winter wheat under three irrigation strategies for 2007–2018 at the Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences

灌溉制度Irrigation schedule	ET (mm)	SWD (mm)	SWD/ET (%)	Y (kg?hm–2)	WUE (kg?m–3)
生育期不灌水Without irrigation	244.9	153.2	62.8	4 883.8	1.99
拔节期灌水1次Irrigation once	332.6	156.4	47.0	6 381.1	1.92
充分灌溉Full irrigation	446.6	110.4	24.7	7 372.8	1.65

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