何忠虎2,
董永华3,
戴巍1,
杨晓磊4,
曹林奎1,
沙之敏1,,
1.上海交通大学农业与生物学院 上海 200240
2.上海新农饲料股份有限公司 上海 201600
3.上海市农产品质量安全中心 上海 201799
4.上海市农业技术推广服务中心 上海 201103
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2016YFD08011106
上海市科技兴农推广项目(2018) No. 4-7
上海市科技兴农推广项目(2019) No. 2-1
详细信息
作者简介:宋蝶, 主要研究方向为农业生态学。E-mail:lmtsd681@163.com
通讯作者:沙之敏, 主要研究方向为植物营养学与农业面源污染控制。E-mail:zhiminsha@sjtu.edu.cn
中图分类号:S157.1计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2019-11-22
录用日期:2020-02-11
刊出日期:2020-04-01
Nitrogen losses and Cu, Pb changes of paddy field affected by adding duckweed under biogas slurry application
SONG Die1,,HE Zhonghu2,
DONG Yonghua3,
DAI Wei1,
YANG Xiaolei4,
CAO Linkui1,
SHA Zhimin1,,
1. School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2. Shanghai New Type Feed Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201600, China
3. Shanghai Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Center, Shanghai 201799, China
4. Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Shanghai 201103, China
Funds: This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD08011106
the Shanghai Science and Technology Promotion Project(2018) No. 4-7
the Shanghai Science and Technology Promotion Project(2019) No. 2-1
More Information
Corresponding author:SHA Zhimin, E-mail:zhiminsha@sjtu.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:养分流失和重金属积累是沼液还田资源化利用过程中的主要问题。为探讨利用浮萍吸收氮磷、富集重金属的能力调控沼液施用中环境污染问题的可行性，在上海市金山区开展了水稻田间试验，研究沼液施用条件下添加浮萍对稻田氮素流失和Cu、Pb的影响。试验设置4个处理：常规化肥、常规化肥+浮萍、沼液全量替代化肥和沼液全量替代化肥+浮萍，测定并比较了不同处理下稻田田面水氮素浓度变化、径流水氮素流失负荷，土壤、水稻籽粒及秸秆中Cu和Pb含量差异。结果表明：不同处理田面水总氮、铵态氮(NH4+-N)浓度变化趋势基本一致，均在每次施肥后第1 d达到峰值，此后逐日递减，在施肥后第5 d降至峰值的30%以下；硝态氮(NO3--N)浓度峰值滞后3~7 d。稻田中添加浮萍能够显著降低田面水TN含量，沼液全量替代化肥+浮萍处理的TN总径流流失负荷为3.67 kg·hm-2，比常规化肥处理显著降低37.2%。沼液全量替代化肥+浮萍处理土壤Cu和Pb含量为22.65 mg·kg-1和49.05 mg·kg-1，与其他处理间无显著差异；但土壤有效态Cu和Pb含量较常规化肥处理显著提高18.6%和17.5%。不同处理水稻秸秆Cu和Pb、籽粒Pb含量无显著差异，但沼液全量替代化肥+浮萍处理水稻籽粒Cu含量较沼液全量替代化肥处理显著减少41.1%。综上，沼液施用条件下添加浮萍可以降低稻田氮素流失，在控制土壤、籽粒和秸秆中重金属Cu和Pb含量增加方面具有一定效果，在短期内可以作为沼液还田模式下水体和土壤污染有效的调控手段。
Abstract:Nutrient loss and heavy metal accumulation are major problems in the utilization of biogas slurry as a resource. Duckweed, which can absorb nitrogen and phosphorus and take up heavy metals, can be used to control environmental pollution in biogas slurry irrigation. To study the effects of duckweed on nitrogen loss and reduction in Cu and Pb heavy metals in a paddy field fertilized with biogas slurry, a field experiment was conducted in Jinshan District, Shanghai, China. The experiment comprised four treatments: (1) chemical fertilization (CF); (2) chemical fertilization + duckweed (CF + D); (3) biogas slurry (BS); (4) biogas slurry + duckweed (BS + D). The changes in nitrogen concentration in paddy field surface water, nitrogen-loss load in runoff water, and the levels of Cu and Pb in soil, rice grain and straw under different treatments were measured and compared. The results showed that the trends in the variation of total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentrations in the surface water of different treatments were the same. The concentrations reached peak values on the first day after each fertilization, and then decreased day by day. On the fifth day after fertilization, they dropped below 30% of the peak. The peak value of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) concentration lagged by 3-7 days. The addition of duckweed when biogas slurry application significantly reduced TN content in surface water, and the total TN loss load of BS+D treatment was 3.67 kg·hm-2. Compared with the CF treatment, the TN loss load with BS+D treatment was lower by 37.2%. The Cu and Pb contents of the soil treated with BS+D was 22.65 mg·kg-1 and 49.05 mg·kg-1, which was not significantly different to levels in the other treatments, but the available Cu and Pb levels in the soil treated with BS+D treatment were significantly higher than those treated with CF, by 18.6% and 17.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the contents of Cu and Pb in rice straw and grain, but the grain content of Cu in BS+D treatment decreased by 41.1% compared with BS treatment. In summary, adding duckweed to field applied with biogas slurry can reduce nitrogen loss in paddy fields, and can control the increase of Cu and Pb in soil and rice grain and straw to a certain extent. It can be an effective means to control water and soil pollution under biogas slurry irrigation mode.
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图1径流装置示意图
Figure1.Schematic diagram of runoff device
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2浮萍对沼液施用条件下稻田田面水总氮(TN)、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度的动态变化
Figure2.Dynamic changes of total nitrogen (TN), NH4+-N and NO3--Nconcentrations in surface water of paddy field with or without duckweed under biogas slurry application
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3浮萍对沼液施用条件下稻田总氮(TN)径流流失动态变化
不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure3.Dynamic change of total nitrogen (TN) runoff loss in paddy field with or without duckweed under biogas slurry application
Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05).
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4浮萍对沼液施用条件下水稻籽粒和秸秆的Cu和Pb含量
不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure4.Cu and Pb contents in rice grain and straw under treatments of duckweed and biogas slurry application
Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05).
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5稻田土壤、水稻植株重金属含量与土壤理化性质的相关性
Soil TN:土壤全氮; Soil TP:土壤全磷; Soil TK:土壤全钾; Ec:电导率; OM:土壤有机质; Soil Pb:土壤总铅; Soil Cu:土壤总铜; Avail Pb:土壤有效铅; Avail Cu:土壤有效铜; Grain Cu:籽粒铜; Grain Pb:籽粒铅; Straw Pb:秸秆铅; Straw Cu:秸秆铜。
Figure5.Correlation analysis of soil and rice plant heavy metals contents and soil physicochemical properties of paddy field
Soil TN: soil total nitrogen content; Soil TP: soil total phosphorus content; Soil TK: soil total potassium content; Ec: soil electrical conductivity; OM: soil organic matter content; Soil Pb: soil Pb content; Soil Cu: soil Cu content; Avail Pb: soil available Pb content; Avail Cu: soil available Cu content; Grain Cu: grain Cu content; Grain Pb: grain Pb content; Straw Pb: straw Pb content; Straw Cu: straw Cu content.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同处理的施肥量
Table1.Fertilizers application rates of different treatments
| 处理 Treatment | 沼液 Biogas slurry [kg(N)?hm–2] | 尿素 Urea (kg?hm–2) | 过磷酸钙 Calcium superphosphate (kg?hm–2) | 硫酸钾 Potassium sulfate (kg?hm–2) | 浮萍投入量 Duckweed [kg(FW)?hm–2] | |
| CF | 常规化肥Chemical fertilizer | 0 | 652 | 122 | 240 | 0 |
| CF+D | 常规化肥+浮萍Chemical fertilizer + duckweed | 0 | 652 | 122 | 240 | 2 000 |
| BS | 沼液全量代替化肥Biogas slurry | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BS+D | 沼液全量代替化肥+浮萍Biogas slurry + duckweed | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 000 |
下载: 导出CSV表2浮萍对沼液施用条件下稻田氮素总径流流失负荷
Table2.Total runoff loss load of nitrogen in paddy field with or without duckweed under biogas slurry application
| 处理 Treatment | 总氮Total nitrogen | NH4+-N (kg?hm-2) | NO3--N (kg?hm-2) | |
| 流失负荷 Loss load (kg?hm-2) | 占施氮比 Proportion of N application (%) | |||
| CF | 5.84±0.47a | 1.95±0.14a | 0.72±0.08a | 2.13±0.45a |
| CF+D | 4.17±0.17bc | 1.39±0.24bc | 0.99±0.13a | 1.73±0.24ab |
| BS | 5.27±1.07ab | 1.76±0.11ab | 1.04±0.12a | 1.78±0.25ab |
| BS+D | 3.67±0.79c | 1.22±0.26c | 0.71±0.18a | 1.44±0.18b |
| 不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表3假设产生10 mm径流排水量浮萍对沼液施用条件下不同施肥时期稻田总氮的流失负荷动态变化
Table3.Dynamic changes of total nitrogen loss load at different fertilization stages under assumed 10 mm runoff discharge
| 处理 Treatment | 第1次施肥后天数 Days after the first fertilization (d) | 第2次施肥后天数 Days after the second fertilization (d) | 第3次施肥后天数 Days after the third fertilization (d) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | ||||||||||||
| CF | 4.51 | 2.69 | 0.98 | 0.62 | 2.38 | 1.77 | 0.60 | 0.51 | 2.95 | 1.12 | 0.35 | 0.29 | |||||||||||
| CF+D | 3.11 | 2.50 | 1.39 | 0.82 | 2.40 | 2.12 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 2.73 | 0.84 | 0.11 | 0.12 | |||||||||||
| BS | 4.59 | 2.10 | 0.80 | 0.61 | 2.05 | 1.98 | 0.70 | 0.47 | 2.10 | 1.05 | 0.46 | 0.22 | |||||||||||
| BS+D | 3.36 | 2.43 | 0.84 | 0.57 | 3.19 | 1.40 | 0.75 | 0.44 | 0.89 | 0.47 | 0.25 | 0.18 | |||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表4浮萍对沼液施用条件下稻田土壤Cu和Pb全量和有效态含量
Table4.Total and available contents of Cu and Pb in soils of paddy field with or without duckweed under biogas slurry application
| 处理 Treatment | 全Cu Total Cu | 有效铜 Available Cu | 全Pb Total Pb | 有效铅 Available Pb |
| CF | 24.38±0.67a | 5.01±0.19b | 53.28±0.55a | 2.68±0.15b |
| CF+D | 23.35±0.26a | 5.80±0.53ab | 51.57±1.06a | 3.03±0.27ab |
| BS | 22.66±2.21a | 5.46±0.59ab | 48.45±4.99a | 3.09±0.25ab |
| BS+D | 22.65±1.82a | 5.94±0.21a | 49.05±4.97a | 3.15±0.22a |
| 同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). | ||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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