赵向阳,
丛佳慧,
安志超,
陈明优,
郭校伟,
赵凌,
崔振岭^,
中国农业大学资源与环境学院 北京 100193
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0200107

详细信息

作者简介:赵向阳, 主要研究方向为小麦/玉米养分综合管理。E-mail:18801261351@126.com

通讯作者:崔振岭, 主要研究方向为养分管理与作物施肥。E-mail:cuizl@cau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S513

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-09-24
录用日期:2019-12-26
刊出日期:2020-03-01

Nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and high-yield limiting factors of summer maize in the southern Hebei Province

ZHAO Xiangyang,
CONG Jiahui,
AN Zhichao,
CHEN Mingyou,
GUO Xiaowei,
ZHAO Ling,
CUI Zhenling^,
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFD0200107

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Corresponding author:CUI Zhenling: cuizl@cau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:夏玉米产量的形成受气候、栽培、施肥等诸多因素的影响，为找到产量、氮肥效率的变异特征和产量差异在土壤养分和管理措施上的响应，提出科学的优化方案，本研究以河北省曲周县为例，连续4年对农户田块的田间管理和土壤养分进行实时跟踪，研究农户尺度的产量、氮肥效率变异特征；同时采用边界线的分析方法对管理措施和土壤养分进行分析，找出该地区限制高产的主要因素。结果表明：2015-2018年农户夏玉米平均产量为10.26 t·hm^-2，变异系数为15.64%，年度之间产量和氮肥效率呈波动状。2015-2018年总农户产量差为4.02 t·hm^-2，当季农户产量差的变化范围为1.96~3.68 t·hm^-2，消除产量差可实现16.46%~34.72%的增产。4年内农户获得高产或氮肥高效的次数呈正态分布，获得一次高产和一次氮肥高效的占比最大，同一个农户不同年份的产量、氮肥效率处于不稳定的状况。高产稳定型农户分别在有效穗数、千粒重、播期、密度上与低产稳定型农户有显著差异（P < 0.05）。产量差的形成均是由各个因素共同导致，不同年份各因素对产量差的贡献不同，总体来看，密度、土壤有机质、播期是造成该区域产量差的主要因素。区域产量的提高，农户间产量差和氮肥效率差的缩减，以及低产农户向高产稳定型农户的转变，都需要土壤养分的改善和综合管理措施的优化。
关键词:夏玉米/
田块尺度/
高产/
氮肥效率/
产量差/
管理措施
Abstract:The output of summer maize from the Huanghuaihai region accounts for approximately 35% of the national maize output, and so increasing the summer maize output of this region is of great significance to China's food security. The formation of summer maize yield is affected by many factors, such as climate, cultivation, fertilization, and so on. To find the yield variation characteristics, improve the nitrogen fertilizer efficiency, understand the different yield responses to soil nutrients and management measures, and propose a scientific optimization plan, this study used the example of Quzhou County of Hebei Province to investigate nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and high-yield limiting factors of summer maize. The management and soil nutrients of farmer's fields were tracked in real time for 4 consecutive years, and the yield variation characteristics and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency were studied at the farm scale. Meanwhile, the management measures and soil nutrients were analyzed using the boundary line analysis method, to identify the main factors that limit high yields in the region. The results showed that the average summer maize yield for farmers during 2015-2018 was 10.26 t·hm^-2, the coefficient of variation was 15.64%, and the yield and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency fluctuated between years. From 2015 to 2018, the total yield gap was 4.02 t·hm^-2, which varied from 1.96 to 3.68 t·hm^-2 between years. Eliminating the yield gap could achieve a yield increase of 16.46%-34.72%. Over 4 years, the occurrences of farmers obtaining a high yield or nitrogen fertilizer efficiency was normally distributed. The proportions of obtaining one high yield and one high nitrogen fertilizer efficiency were the largest. The yield and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency of a farmer were in an unstable state over the years. The stable-high-yield farmers had significant differences concerning the number of productive ears, 1000-grain weight, sowing date, and density compared with the stable-low-yield farmers (P < 0.05). This study showed that, in this region, the optimal sowing date was June 9-14, the optimal harvest density was 56 000-59 000 plants·hm^-2, the optimal N application rate was 210-230 kg·hm^-2, the optimal P₂O₅ application rate was 45-65 kg·hm^-2, the optimal K₂O application rate was 50-60 kg·hm^-2, and the optimal N-bass application ratio was 0.7-0.8. The formation of the yield gap was caused by various factors, and the contribution of different factors to the yield gap was different in different years. Generally speaking, the density, soil organic matter, and sowing date were the main factors that influenced the yield gap. Increasing regional yields, shrinking yield gaps between farmers, and increasing nitrogen fertilizer efficiency, as well as the shift from low-yield farmers to stable-high-yield farmers, all require improvements in soil nutrients and the optimization of comprehensive management measures.
Key words:Summer maize/
Field scale/
High yield/
Nitrogen fertilizer efficiency/
Yield gap/
Management measures

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图1农户夏玉米产量限制因素的边界线分析方法示意图
Figure1.Schematic diagram of the boundary line analysis method of yield limiting factors of summer maize of farmers


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图22015-2018年农户夏玉米产量、氮肥效率的稳定情况
Figure2.Stability of summer maize yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity (N-PFP) of farmers in 2015-2018


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图3高产稳定型农户和低产稳定型农户的土壤养分和管理因素差异
*表示两组农户间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。H3代表 4年中3次获得高产的农户, H0代表 4年中0次获得高产的农户。* indicates significant difference between two farmer groups at 0.05 level. H3: a farmer got 3 high yield in 4 years; H0: a farmer got 0 high yield in 4 years.
Figure3.Differences in soil nutrients and management factors between stable-high-yield farmers and stable-low-yield farmers


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图4各因素边界线分析与对夏玉米可解释产量差的贡献比例
Figure4.Boundary lines of various factors and the contribution to the interpretable yield gaps of summer maize


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图5区域作物增产解析模型
Figure5.Analytical model of regional crop yield increase


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表1不同年份3个村庄跟踪田块数量
Table1.Number of tracked fields in the three investigated villages in different years

年份 Year	王庄 Wangzhuang	付庄 Fuzhuang	小李庄 Xiaolizhuang	总计 Total
2015	90	13	12	115
2016	92	9	12	113
2017	84	15	13	112
2018	70	8	14	92

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表22015-2018年不同夏玉米产量和氮肥效率(氮肥偏生产力)表现类型的农户比例
Table2.Proportions of farmers with different types of yield and nitrogen efficiency (partial factor productivity, N-PFP) in2015-2018??%

年份Year	样本量Number of sample	农户类型Farmer type
		HH	HL	LH	LL
2015	115	15.7	20.9	18.3	45.2
2016	113	42.9	41.1	7.1	8.9
2017	112	0.9	0	20.5	78.6
2018	92	2.2	2.2	15.2	80.4
2015-2018	432	16.0	16.7	15.3	52.0
HH:高产高效; HL:高产低效; LH:低产高效; LL:低产低效。HH: high-yield and high-N-PFP; HL: high-yield and low-N-PFP; LH: low-yield and high-N-PFP; LL: low-yield and low-N-PFP.

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表32015-2018年农户夏玉米产量和氮肥偏生产力(N-PFP)的变异分析
Table3.Variation analysis of yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity (N-PFP) of summer maize in 2015-2018

项目 Item	年份 Year	样本量 Number of samples	平均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	最大值 Max.	最小值 Min.	中位值 Med.	变异系数 CV (%)	产量差/氮肥效率差 Yield gap/N-PFP gap
产量	2015	115	10.60b	1.21	14.28	7.31	10.59	11.42	3.68
Yield	2016	113	11.91a	1.02	13.87	9.63	11.94	8.55	1.96
(t·hm-2)	2017	112	9.02c	1.09	11.89	5.63	9.14	12.13	2.87
	2018	92	9.32c	1.14	12.36	6.43	9.40	12.19	3.04
	2015-2018	432	10.26	1.60	14.28	5.63	10.25	15.64	4.02
N-PFP	2015	115	51.50b	19.59	113.63	25.53	42.79	38.04	62.14
(kg·kg-1)	2016	113	59.49a	18.68	95.95	26.66	59.42	31.40	36.46
	2017	112	50.62b	15.02	97.62	21.98	51.98	29.66	46.99
	2018	92	52.27b	9.38	79.24	29.56	51.55	17.94	26.97
	2015-2018	432	53.51	16.78	113.63	21.98	51.31	31.35	60.12
平均值后同列不同字母表示不同年份间在0.05水平差异显著(Duncan检验)。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different years at 0.05 level according to Duncan test.

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表4高产稳定型农户和低产稳定型农户的产量要素差异
Table4.Differences in production factors between stable-high-yield farmers and stable-low-yield farmers

产量构成 Yield composition	农户分组 Group	样本量 Number of samples	平均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	最大值 Max.	最小值 Min.	中位值 Med.	变异系数 CV(%)
穗数 Ear numbers(104·hm-2)	H3	12	5.74*	0.46	6.67	4.77	5.68	8.08
	H0	28	5.32	0.59	6.30	4.18	5.40	11.01
穗粒数 Grains per ear	H3	12	543.16	86.75	716.90	416.56	522.51	15.97
	H0	28	543.86	65.44	681.95	436.50	534.07	12.03
千粒重 1 000-grain weight (g)	H3	12	314.11*	22.21	348.13	276.30	315.40	7.07
	H0	28	300.54	16.73	343.74	274.15	304.89	5.57
*表示两组农户间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。H3代表 4年中3次获得高产的农户, H0代表 4年中0次获得高产的农户。* indicates significant difference between two farmer groups at 0.05 level. H3: a farmer got 3 high yield in 4 years; H0: a farmer got 0 high yield in 4 years.

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