任家兵1,
马心灵1, 3,
龙光强1,
鲁耀2,
汤利1,,
1.云南农业大学资源与环境学院 昆明 650201
2.云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所 昆明 650205
3.文山学院三七学院 文山 663000
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划2017YFD02002007
国家自然科学基金项目41361065
国家自然科学基金项目31760615
云南省科技计划重点项目2015FA022
详细信息
作者简介:耿川雄, 主要从事养分资源高效利用研究。E-mail:1007234769@qq.com
通讯作者:汤利, 主要从事农业资源与环境等方面的研究。E-mail:ltang@ynau.edu.cn
中图分类号:S162计量
文章访问数:614
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2019-09-27
录用日期:2019-10-30
刊出日期:2020-02-01
Yield improvement and greenhouse effect of different intercropping systems based on life cycle assessment
GENG Chuanxiong1, 2,,REN Jiabing1,
MA Xinling1, 3,
LONG Guangqiang1,
LU Yao2,
TANG Li1,,
1. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
2. Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
3. School of Sanqi, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663000, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2017YFD02002007
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41361065
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31760615
the Key Projects of Yunnan Science and Technology Plan2015FA022
More Information
Corresponding author:TANG Li, E-mail:ltang@ynau.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:为了探究间作体系对农田生态系统温室效应和产量优势的影响，本文选用小麦/蚕豆和玉米/马铃薯间作种植体系，通过为期2年的田间小区试验，采用生命周期评价法（LCA），以小麦/蚕豆间作和小麦单作、玉米/马铃薯间作和玉米单作为研究对象，以生产1 000 kg作物为评价的功能单元，建立农资系统和农作系统生命周期资源消耗以及温室气体排放清单，研究了不同种植体系的作物产量、全球增温潜势和能源消耗等指标的差异。结果表明：与单作小麦相比，间作小麦两年的产量分别增加18.04%和39.94%；与单作玉米相比，间作玉米的产量分别增加2.65%和23.16%；小麦/蚕豆间作系统两年平均增幅高于玉米/马铃薯间作系统。小麦/蚕豆间作的土地当量比两年均大于1，玉米/马铃薯间作的土地当量比仅有1年大于1。与单作小麦相比，两年间作小麦的全球变暖潜值分别降低15.28%和28.53%，能源消耗分别减少15.29%和28.53%；与单作玉米相比，间作玉米的全球变暖潜值分别降低2.61%和19.05%，能源消耗分别减少2.61%和18.83%。小麦/蚕豆间作的间作产量优势优于玉米/马铃薯，但玉米/马铃薯间作的增温潜势低于小麦/蚕豆间作。合理间作具有显著增产效应，同时可以降低温室效应以及能源消耗，以更低环境代价获得作物高产高效。
关键词:间作/
生命周期评价法(LCA)/
温室效应/
玉米/马铃薯/
小麦/蚕豆/
产量优势
Abstract:Global warming has become the most pressing problem affecting the ecological environment, and the greenhouse gases (N2O, CH4, and CO2) produced due to agricultural practices are one of the factors that cannot be neglected. Establishing different planting models and production management measures, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the farmland ecosystems, and achieving high yields and efficiency in an environment friendly manner are important safety strategies for sustainable agricultural development. In this study, the effects of intercropping systems on greenhouse gas emission and yields were explored in the farm ecosystems for the wheat/faba bean and corn/potato intercropping systems. Two years of research using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method has produced data that compare the differences in crop yield, global warming potential, and energy consumption in the intercropping and monocropping systems. The wheat/faba bean intercropping and wheat monocropping system as well as the corn/potato intercropping and maize monocropping systems were used as research objectives and a production unit of 1 000 kg was evaluated as the functional unit. The agricultural capital system, life cycle resource consumption, and greenhouse gas emission inventory for agricultural resources systems and farming systems under different planting models were established; and monocropping and intercropping environmental impact assessments was conducted. The results showed that compared to the yield of monocropped wheat, the yield of intercropped wheat increased by 18.04% and 39.94%, respectively, in 2014 and 2015. Besides, the global warming potential of intercropped wheat decreased by 15.28% and 28.53%, while the energy consumption decreased by 15.29% and 28.53%, respectively, in 2014 and 2015. Furthermore, compared with monocropped maize, the yield of intercropped maize increased by 2.65% and 23.16%, whereas the global warming potential of intercropped maize decreased by 2.61% and 19.05%, respectively, in 2014 and 2015. In addition, energy consumption decreased by 2.61% and 18.83%, respectively, in 2014 and 2015. Compared with monocropping, reasonable intercropping significantly increased the crop yield while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. This aided in protecting the environment while reducing energy consumption, and achieving a high yield and efficiency of crops at a lower environmental cost.
Key words:Intercropping/
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)/
Greenhouse effect/
Maize/potato/
Wheat/faba bean/
Yield improvement
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图12014年和2015年单作小麦、与蚕豆间作小麦和单作玉米、与马铃薯间作玉米的产量
不同小写字母表示单作、间作产量在5%水平差异显著。
Figure1.Yields of wheat monocropped and intercropped with faba bean, and maize monocropped and intercropped with potato in 2014 and 2015
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between monocropped and intercropped crops at 0.05 level. IW: intercropped wheat; MW: monocropped wheat; IM: intercropped maize; MM: monocropped maize.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图22014年和2015年小麦/蚕豆间作系统(a)和玉米/马铃薯(b)间作体系的土地当量比(LER)
Figure2.Land equivalent ratios (LER) of wheat/faba bean intercropping system (a) and maize/potato intercropping system (b) in 2014 and 2015
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图32014年和2015年小麦/蚕豆和玉米/马铃薯间作体系的全球增温潜势
不同小写字母表示单作、间作在5%水平差异显著。
Figure3.Global warming potentials of wheat/faba bean and maize/potato intercropping systems in 2014 and 2015
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between monocropping and intercropping systems at 0.05 level. MW: monocropped wheat; IW: intercropped wheat; MM: monocropped maize; IM: intercropped maize.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表12014年和2015年小麦、玉米单、间作体系物质投入产出表
Table1.Input-output inventory of intercropped and monocropped wheat and maize in 2014 and 2015
| 物质投入-产出 Input-output inventory | 单作小麦 Monocropped wheat | 与蚕豆间作的小麦 Wheat intercropped with faba bean | 单作玉米 Monocropped maize | 与马铃薯间作的玉米 Maize intercropped with potato | ||||||||
| 2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | |||||
| 投入 Input | N (kg·hm-2) | 180 | 180 | 180 | 180 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | |||
| P2O5 (kg·hm-2) | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | ||||
| K2O (kg·hm-2) | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 125 | 125 | 125 | 125 | ||||
| 灌溉水 Irrigation water (m3·hm-2) | 1 200 | 1 500 | 1 200 | 1 500 | 425 | 400 | 425 | 400 | ||||
| 电力Electricity (kW·h·hm-2) | 525 | 575 | 525 | 575 | 175 | 150 | 175 | 150 | ||||
| 柴油Diesel oil (kg·hm-2) | 17 | 5 | 17 | 5 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 19 | ||||
| 产出 Output | 籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm-2) | 4 154.0 | 5 242.4 | 5 813.4 | 6 188.2 | 11 690.0 | 11 475.2 | 14 397.5 | 11 780.2 | |||
下载: 导出CSV表2农资系统(化肥生产)的温室气体排放量及能源消耗
Table2.Greenhouse gases emissions and energy depletion of agricultural materials system (fertilizers production)
| 化肥Fertilizer | CO (g·kg-1) | NOx (g·kg-1) | CO2 (g·kg-1) | CH4 (g·kg-1) | N2O (g·kg-1) | 能源消耗Energy depletion (MJ·kg-1) |
| N | 4.255 | 35.400 | 10 125.56 | 0.241 | 0.173 | 92.924 |
| P2O5 | 0.870 | 4.620 | 1 496.49 | 0.021 | 0.018 | 20.958 |
| K2O | 0.805 | 6.208 | 973.20 | 0.044 | 0.027 | 13.130 |
下载: 导出CSV表32014年和2015年小麦、玉米单、间作体系农资系统清单
Table3.Inventory of agricultural materials subsystem for intercropped and monocropped wheat and maize in 2014 and 2015
| 因子 Factor | 单作小麦 Monocropped wheat | 与蚕豆间作的小麦 Wheat intercropped with faba bean | 单作玉米 Monocropped maize | 与马铃薯间作的玉米 Maize intercropped with potato | |||||||
| 2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||
| 能源消耗Energy depletion (MJ) | 4 765.083 9 | 4 105.101 1 | 3 405.538 5 | 3 477.198 7 | 2 262.554 4 | 2 304.865 0 | 1 836.320 2 | 2 244.659 0 | |||
| CO (kg·t-1) | 0.220 8 | 0.174 9 | 0.157 8 | 0.148 2 | 0.105 2 | 0.107 2 | 0.085 4 | 0.104 4 | |||
| NOx(kg·t-1) | 1.768 5 | 1.401 5 | 1.263 9 | 1.187 2 | 0.853 2 | 0.869 2 | 0.692 5 | 0.846 5 | |||
| CO2 (kg·t-1) | 492.258 7 | 390.116 3 | 351.819 4 | 330.461 8 | 236.596 7 | 241.021 1 | 192.023 8 | 234.722 7 | |||
| CH4 (kg·t-1) | 0.011 9 | 0.009 4 | 0.008 5 | 0.008 0 | 0.005 8 | 0.005 9 | 0.004 7 | 0.005 7 | |||
| N2O (kg·t-1) | 0.008 5 | 0.006 7 | 0.006 1 | 0.005 7 | 0.004 1 | 0.004 2 | 0.003 3 | 0.004 1 | |||
下载: 导出CSV表4农作系统的温室气体排放量及能源消耗
Table4.Greenhouse gases emissions and energy depletion of farming system
| 能源Energy | CO (g) | NOx (g) | CO2 (g) | CH4 (g) | N2O (g) | 能源消耗Energy depletion (MJ) |
| 柴油Diesel oil (kg) | 0.772 | 1.789 | 690.691 | 0.645 | 0.121 | — |
| 电力Electricity (kW·h) | 0.01 | — | 1 767.83 | 13.68 | — | 3.596 |
下载: 导出CSV表52014年和2015年小麦、玉米单作和间作体系农作系统清单
Table5.Inventory of farming subsystem for intercropping and monocropping systems of wheat and maize in 2014 and 2015
| 因子 Factor | 单作小麦 Monocropped wheat | 与蚕豆间作的小麦 Wheat intercropped with faba bean | 单作玉米 Monocropped maize | 与马铃薯间作的玉米 Maize intercropped with potato | |||||||
| 2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||
| 能源消耗Energy depletion (MJ) | 454.462 5 | 394.420 8 | 324.754 8 | 334.135 9 | 53.832 3 | 47.005 7 | 43.709 0 | 45.788 7 | |||
| CO (kg·t-1) | 0.004 4 | 0.001 8 | 0.003 2 | 0.001 6 | 0.001 3 | 0.001 4 | 0.001 0 | 0.001 4 | |||
| NOx (kg·t-1) | 0.796 9 | 0.680 9 | 0.569 4 | 0.576 9 | 0.125 9 | 0.116 3 | 0.102 2 | 0.113 3 | |||
| CO2 (kg·t-1) | 226.243 3 | 194.551 8 | 161.669 5 | 164.826 2 | 27.465 9 | 24.252 1 | 22.294 1 | 23.616 5 | |||
| CH4 (kg·t-1) | 1.731 5 | 1.501 0 | 1.237 3 | 1.271 7 | 0.205 7 | 0.179 9 | 0.167 0 | 0.175 2 | |||
| N2O (kg·t-1) | 0.793 4 | 0.628 5 | 0.567 1 | 0.532 4 | 0.391 6 | 0.399 0 | 0.317 8 | 0.388 5 | |||
下载: 导出CSV表62014年和2015年小麦、玉米单作和间作体系的能源消耗
Table6.Energy depletion of intercropped and monocropped wheat and maize in 2014 and 2015?
| 年份 Year | 单作小麦 Monocropped wheat | 与蚕豆间作的小麦 Wheat intercropped with faba bean | 单作玉米 Monocropped maize | 与马铃薯间作的玉米 Maize intercropped with potato |
| 2014 | 5 219.5±273.0a | 3 730.3±222.6b | 2 316.4±260.5a | 1 880.0±156.2b |
| 2015 | 4 499.5±144.7a | 3 811.3±84.2b | 2 351.9±243.9a | 2 290.4±115.5a |
| 不同小写字母表示单作、间作在0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between monocropped and intercropped crops at 0.05 level. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表72014年和2015年小麦/蚕豆和玉米/马铃薯间作体系能源消耗和全球增温潜势生命周期加权分析结果
Table7.Weighting of life cycle assessment (LCA) of energy consumption and global warming potential of wheat/faba bean and maize/potato intercropping systems in 2014 and 2015
| 年份 Year | 作物 Crop | 能源消耗(权重后影响指数) Energy consumption (weighed impact index) | 全球增温潜势(权重后影响指数) Global warming potential (weighed impact index) | |||
| 单作Monocropping | 间作Intercropping | 单作Monocropping | 间作Intercropping | |||
| 2014 | 小麦Wheat | 0.002 0a | 0.001 4b | 0.027 09a | 0.019 36b | |
| 玉米Maize | 0.000 9a | 0.000 7a | 0.010 00a | 0.008 11b | ||
| 2015 | 小麦Wheat | 0.001 7a | 0.001 5b | 0.022 05a | 0.019 50a | |
| 玉米Maize | 0.000 9a | 0.000 9a | 0.010 04a | 0.009 78a | ||
| 不同小写字母表示单作、间作体系在5%水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between monocropping and intercropping systems at 0.05 level. | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV表82014年和2015年小麦/蚕豆和玉米/马铃薯间作体系生命周期环境影响减缓潜力
Table8.Potentials of mitigating environmental impact of life cycle assessment (LCA) of wheat/faba bean and maize/potato intercropping systems in 2014 and 2015?
| 环境影响因子 Environmental impacting factor | 2014 | 2015 | |||
| 间作小麦 Monocropping wheat | 间作玉米 Monocropping maize | 间作小麦 Intercropping wheat | 间作玉米 Intercropping maize | ||
| 能源消耗Energy depletion | 27.04±2.9 | 20.08±1.7 | 22.12±8.5 | 2.84±0.3 | |
| 全球增温潜势Global warming potential | 29.08±0.8 | 21.95±4.3 | 11.89±0.5 | 4.68±2.9 | |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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