姚东恒,
裴久渤^,,
汪景宽
沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院/土肥资源高效利用国家工程实验室/农业部东北耕地保育重点实验室 沈阳 110866
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2017YFD0200604
国家自然科学基金项目41807086
国家自然科学基金项目41671293
辽宁省自然科学基金项目20170540799
沈阳农业大学博士启动基金880416042
沈阳农业大学博士启动基金880416020

详细信息

作者简介:姚东恒, 主要从事耕地资源管理方面研究。E-mail:1377648109@qq.com

通讯作者:裴久渤, 主要从事土壤肥力与耕地质量方面研究。E-mail:peijiubo@syau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S158.9

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-07-02
录用日期:2019-10-30
刊出日期:2020-01-01

Temporal-spatial changes in cultivated land quality in a black soil region of Northeast China

YAO Dongheng,
PEI Jiubo^,,
WANG Jingkuan
College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University/National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources/Key Laboratory of Northeast Cultivated Land Conservation of Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang 110866, China
Funds: the National Key R & D Program of China2017YFD0200604
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41807086
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41671293
the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province20170540799
the Doctoral Research Start-Up Funding of Shenyang Agricultural University880416042
the Doctoral Research Start-Up Funding of Shenyang Agricultural University880416020

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Corresponding author:PEI Jiubo, E-mail:peijiubo@syau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:为揭示东北典型黑土区耕地质量时空变化特征，本研究遵循《耕地质量等级》（GB/T 33469-2016）国家标准，在利用特尔菲法选取16个评价指标、层次分析法确定评价指标权重的基础上，建立了东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价指标体系，借助ArcGIS软件对研究区2008年和2018年耕地质量进行同一指标体系和同一分级标准的耕地质量评价，旨在掌握研究区10年间的耕地质量时空变化特征，探究耕地质量变化原因。结果表明：东北典型黑土区耕地质量2008年以中低等地为主，平均耕地质量等级为5.14，2018年以中高等地为主，平均耕地质量等级为3.92，10年间东北典型黑土区耕地质量等级提升了1.22个等级；其中，1~4等地面积均有增加，5~10等地面积均减少，10年间研究区评价单元耕地质量等级提升最多为8个等级，下降最多为7个等级，耕地质量等级提升的评价单元总面积是等级下降评价单元总面积的3.5倍。10年间东北典型黑土区的中西部和西北部耕地质量上升较为明显，而其南部和东北部质量下降的耕地分布较多。本研究规范了研究区耕地质量时空对比分析的依据，合理揭示了其时空变化特征，为该区域今后耕地质量提升工作指明了方向，对今后进一步可持续利用和管理黑土地具有积极意义。
关键词:国家标准/
耕地质量/
评价指标体系/
分级标准/
东北典型黑土区
Abstract:Temporal-spatial variations in cultivated land quality in a typical black soil region in Northeast China were explored with 16 evaluation indices by means of the Delphi method, with weights determined by an analytic hierarchy process based on the National Standard of Cultivated Land Quality Grade (GB/T 33469-2016). ArcGIS software was used to evaluate the quality of cultivated land in the region using the same system and the same grading standard between 2008 and 2018. The goal was to identify temporal and spatial changes in cultivated land quality in the study area during the past 10 years, and the reasons for changes in the cultivated land quality. The results showed that the quality of cultivated land in the study region was dominated by medium-and low-level land in 2008, with an average cultivated land quality grade of 5.14. In 2018, the quality of cultivated land was mainly in medium-and high-level land, with an average cultivated land quality grade of 3.92. Over the past 10 years, the quality increased by 1.22. The area of first-to fourth-grade cultivated land had increased, and the area of fifth-to tenth-grade land had decreased. Meanwhile, the cultivated land grade rose 8 levels at most, and fell 7 levels most. The area of cultivated land that increased its grade was 3.5 times that of the land that experienced a decrease in grade. The quality of cultivated land in the mid-west and northwest regions of the study area increased significantly, while the south and northeast saw more decrease. This study standardized the basis of a temporal-spatial comparison analysis of cultivated land quality in the study area and revealed temporal-spatial variation characteristics of the study area, providing direction for improving cultivated land quality and sustainably utilizing and managing black soil in the future.
Key words:National standard/
Cultivated land quality/
Evaluation index system/
Grading standard/
Typical black soil region in Northeast China

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图1东北典型黑土区行政区划图
NJ:嫩江县; WDLC:五大连池市; BA:北安市; NH:讷河市; KS:克山县; KD:克东县; YA:依安县; BQ:拜泉县; HL:海伦市; MS:明水县; WK:望奎县; BL:北林区; BY:巴彦县; LX:兰西县; HL:呼兰区; SB:松北区; DW:道外区; BX:宾县; XF:香坊区; DL:道里区; NG1:南岗区; PF:平房区; AC:阿城区; SC:双城市; WC:五常市; YS:榆树市; DH:德惠市; NA:农安县; JT:九台市; KC:宽城区; LY:绿园区; GZL:公主岭市; ED:二道区; NG:南关区; CY:朝阳区; LS:梨树县; TX:铁西区; TD:铁东区; CT:昌图县。
Figure1.Administrative map of the typical black soil region in Northeast China
NJ: Nenjiang County; WDLC: Wudalianchi City; BA: Bei'an City; NH: Nehe City; KS: Keshan County; KD: Kedong County; YA: Yi'an County; BQ: Baiquan County; HL: Hailun City; MS: Mingshui County; WK: Wangkui County; BL: Beilin District; BY: Bayan County; LX: Lanxi County; HL: Hulan District; SB: Songbei District; DW: Daowai District; BX: Binxian County; XF: Xiangfang District; DL: Daoli District; NG1: Nangang District; PF: Pingfang District; AC: Acheng District; SC: Shuangcheng City; WC: Wuchang City; YS: Yushu City; DH: Dehui City; NA: Nong'an County; JT: Jiutai City; KC: Kuancheng District; LY: Luyuan District; GZL: Gongzhuling City; ED: Erdao District; NG: Nanguan District; CY: Chaoyang District; LS: Lishu County; TX: Tiexi District; TD: Tiedong District; CT: Changtu County.


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图22018年(a)和2008年(b)东北典型黑土区采样点分布图
Figure2.Sampling points distribution map of typical black soil in Northeast China in 2018 (a) and 2008 (b)


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图32008年(a)和2018年(b)东北典型黑土区耕地质量等级空间分布图
各地区字母含义见图 1。
Figure3.Distribution of cultivated land quality grades in the typical black soil areas in Northeast China in 2008 (a) and 2018(b)
The meaning of the region letters were shown in the Fig. 1


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图42008—2018年间东北典型黑土区耕地质量等级变化分布图
各地区字母含义见图 1。
Figure4.Distribution of changes of cultivated land quality grades in the typical black soil region of Northeast China from 2008 to 2018
The meaning of the region letters were shown in the Fig. 1.


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表1东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价指标体系及指标权重
Table1.Indexes and weights of cultivated land quality evaluation system of the typical black soil region in Northeast China

目标层 Objective	准则层 Criterion	权重 Weight	指标层 Index	组合权重 Combination weight
耕地质量 Cultivated land quality	立地条件 Site condition	0.171 9	地形部位Terrain position	0.106 2
			农田林网化程度Degree of field forest network	0.065 7
	剖面性状 Profile characteristics	0.246 9	有效土层厚度Effective soil layer thickness	0.082 3
			质地构型Texture configuration	0.059 1
	耕层理化性状 Arable layer physical and chemical property	0.184 4	障碍因素Obstacle factor	0.055 2
			耕层厚度Arable layer thickness	0.050 3
			耕层质地Arable layer texture	0.076 2
			土壤容重Soil bulk density	0.044 1
			pH	0.064 1
	养分状况 Nutrient status	0.165 6	有机质Organic matter	0.068 3
			有效磷Available P	0.053 8
			速效钾Available K	0.043 5
	健康状况 Health status	0.071 9	生物多样性Biodiversity	0.036 5
			清洁程度Cleaning degree	0.035 3
	土壤管理 Soil management	0.159 4	灌溉能力Irrigation capacity	0.109 9
			排水能力Drainage capability	0.049 5

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表2东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价定量指标隶属函数
Table2.Membership functions of quantitative indexes of cultivated land quality evaluation in the typical black soil region of Northeast China

函数类型Function type	指标Index	隶属函数Function	C	Ut
戒上型Upper limit	有效土层厚度Effective soil layer thickness (cm)	Y=1/[1+ 0.000 213×(U-C)2]	100.002 147	Ut1= 0, Ut2=100.002 147
戒上型Upper limit	耕层厚度Arable layer thickness (cm)	Y=1/[1+ 0.002 322×(U-C)2]	30.006 247	Ut1= 0, Ut2=30.006 247
戒上型Upper limit	有机质Organic matter (g·kg-1)	Y=1/[1+ 0.000 446×(U-C)2]	60.000 048	Ut1= 0, Ut2=60.000 048
戒上型Upper limit	有效磷Available P (mg·kg-1)	Y=1/[1+ 0.000 396×(U-C)2]	60.009 908	Ut1= 0, Ut2=60.009 908
戒上型Upper limit	速效钾Available K (mg·kg-1)	Y=1/[1+ 0.000 014×(U-C)2]	300.084 871	Ut1= 0, Ut2=300.084 871
峰型Peak	pH	Y=1/[1+ 0.209 720×(U-C)2]	6.776 050	Ut1= 0.22, Ut2=13.32
峰型Peak	土壤容重Soil bulk density (g·cm-3)	Y=1/[1+ 8.696 016×(U-C)2]	1.242 811	Ut1= 0.22, Ut2=2.26
Y表示指标隶属度, U表示样品观测值, C表示指标标准值, Ut1、Ut2表示指标下、上限值。Y indicates membership degree of index. U indicates sample observation value. C indicates standard value of index.Ut1 and Ut2 indicate the lower and upper limit value of index.

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表3东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价定性指标隶属度
Table3.Membership degrees of qualitative indexes of cultivated land quality evaluation in the typical black soil region of Northeast China

评价指标 Evaluation index	属性 Attribute	隶属度 Membership degree
地形部位 Terrain position	平原中阶Middle plain terrace	1.00
	宽谷盆地Broad valley basin	0.96
	平原高阶Upper plain terrace	0.89
	丘陵下部Lower part of hill	0.78
	丘陵中部Middle part of hill	0.77
	平原低阶Lower plain terrace	0.75
	山间盆地Intermontane basin	0.74
	山地坡下Lower part of mountain slope	0.64
	丘陵上部Upper part of hill	0.59
	山地坡中Middle part of mountain slope	0.54
	山地坡上Upper part of mountain slope	0.43
质地构型 Texture configuration	上松下紧型Upper loose lower tight	1.00
	海绵型Spongy	0.94
	夹层型Sandwich	0.63
	紧实型Compact	0.59
	上紧下松型Upper tight lower loose	0.53
	薄层型Thin layer	0.52
	松散型Loose	0.38
灌溉能力 Irrigation capacity	充分满足Fully satisfy	1.00
	满足Satisfy	0.85
	基本满足Basically satisfy	0.61
	不满足Not satisfy	0.40
清洁程度 Cleaning degree	清洁Cleaning	1.00
	尚清洁Still cleaning	0.72
障碍因素 Obstacle factor	无Nothing	1.00
	障碍层次Obstacle layer	0.71
	渍潜Waterlog	0.65
	瘠薄Barren	0.56
	酸化Acidification	0.55
	盐碱Saline-alkaline	0.40
耕层质地 Arable layer texture	中壤Medium loam	1.00
	轻壤Light loam	0.88
	重壤Heavy loam	0.84
	砂壤Sandy loam	0.71
	黏土Clay soil	0.60
	砂土Sandy soil	0.48
生物多样性 Biodiversity	丰富Abundant	1.00
	一般General	0.69
	不丰富Deficient	0.41
农田林网化程度 Degree of field forest network	高High	1.00
	中Middle	0.79
	低Low	0.53
排水能力 Drainage capability	充分满足Fully satisfy	1.00
	满足Satisfy	0.83
	基本满足Basically satisfy	0.59
	不满足Not satisfy	0.30

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表4东北典型黑土区耕地质量综合指数分级
Table4.Classification of comprehensive index of cultivated land quality in typical black soil areas in Northeast China

耕地质量 Cultivated land quality	等级 Grade	耕地质量综合指数 Integrated fertility index
高等 High quality	1	> 0.828 4
	2	0.807 0~0.828 4
	3	0.785 6~0.807 0
中等 Medium quality	4	0.764 2~0.785 6
	5	0.742 8~0.764 2
	6	0.721 4~0.742 8
低等 Low quality	7	0.700 0~0.721 4
	8	0.678 6~0.700 0
	9	0.657 2~0.678 6
	10	≤0.657 2

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表52008和2018年东北典型黑土区不同质量等级耕地面积及占比
Table5.Areas and proportions of different quality grades of cultivated land in the typical black soil areas in Northeast China in 2008 and 2018

等级 Grade		2008			2018
		面积 Area (104hm2)	占比 Percent (%)		面积 Area (104hm2)	占比 Percent (%)
高等地 High level	1	26.72	3.22		63.26	7.62
	2	39.34	4.73		113.94	13.72
	3	75.08	9.04		163.95	19.75
中等地 Medium level	4	147.09	17.72		201.79	24.30
	5	185.92	22.39		146.12	17.60
	6	167.78	20.21		70.56	8.50
低等地 Low level	7	116.72	14.06		50.73	6.11
	8	55.43	6.68		17.35	2.09
	9	13.22	1.59		2.22	0.27
	10	2.96	0.36		0.34	0.04
总计Total		830.26	100.00		830.26	100.00
平均质量等级 Average grade			5.14			3.92

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表62008—2018年间东北典型黑土区耕地质量等级变化面积对比
Table6.Comparison of area changes of cultivated land quality grades in the typical black soil region of Northeast China from 2008 to 2018

等级变化 Grade change	面积 Area (104hm2)	占比 Percentage (%)
-8	0.01	0.00
-7	2.20	0.27
-6	8.48	1.02
-5	22.10	2.66
-4	66.74	8.04
-3	116.99	14.09
-2	140.51	16.92
-1	183.11	22.05
0	136.79	16.48
1	89.95	10.83
2	37.22	4.48
3	17.03	2.05
4	5.93	0.71
5	2.88	0.35
6	0.24	0.03
7	0.08	0.01
等级变化负值表示耕地质量等级提升, 正值表示等级下降。The negative values of grade change means increase of cultivated land quality, while positive value means the decline of cultivated land quality grade.

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表7东北典型黑土区不同等级耕地典型地块实地调查信息对照
Table7.Field survey information of typical plots of different quality grades of cultivated land in the typical black soil region of Northeast China

地点 Location	评价等级 Grade	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg-1)	有效土层厚度 Effective soil layer thickness (cm)	耕层厚度 Arable layer thickness (cm)	地形部位 Terrain position	pH	灌溉能力 Irrigation capacity	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1)	耕层质地 Arable layer texture
梨树县Lishu County	1	60.86	100	22.00	平原中阶Middle plain terrace	7.24	满足Satisfy	35.15	中壤Medium loam
兰西县Lanxi County	2	48.99	96	17.25	平原中阶Middle plain terrace	7.51	满足Satisfy	27.40	中壤Medium loam
望奎县Wangkui County	3	43.64	100	18.90	丘陵下部Lower part of hill	6.97	基本满足Basically satisfy	37.40	重壤Heavy loam
嫩江县Nenjiang County	4	56.41	70	20.01	丘陵中部Middle part of hill	5.76	不满足Not satisfy	55.83	重壤Heavy loam
拜泉县Baiquan County	5	54.67	79	24.73	平原低阶Lower plain terrace	6.60	不满足Not satisfy	39.85	重壤Heavy loam
榆树市Yushu City	6	33.72	85	20.19	平原低阶Lower plain terrace	5.42	基本满足Basically satisfy	25.23	中壤Medium loam
农安县Nong’an County	7	15.67	90	18.23	平原低阶Lower plain terrace	7.80	不满足Not satisfy	28.86	重壤Heavy loam
巴彦县Bayan County	8	86.71	45	15.41	丘陵上部Upper part of hill	5.64	不满足Not satisfy	37.26	重壤Heavy loam
北林区Beilin District	9	17.28	34	14.80	平原低阶Lower plain terrace	5.46	基本满足Basically satisfy	30.34	黏土Clay soil
松北区Songbei District	10	30.23	27	18.89	平原低阶Lower plain terrace	5.64	不满足Not satisfy	29.65	砂壤Sandy loam

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