王琦明^{1, 3,},
胡发龙^{2, 3},
柴强^{2, 3,,}
1.甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院 兰州 730070
2.甘肃农业大学农学院 兰州 730070
3.甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室 兰州 730070
基金项目: 国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项201503125-3
国家自然科学基金项目31771738
国家自然科学基金项目31860363

详细信息

作者简介:王琦明, 主要从事农田生态系统研究。E-mail:wangqiming0614@yahoo.com

通讯作者:柴强, 主要从事多熟种植、节水农业和循环农业的研究。E-mail:Chaiq@gsau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S344

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收稿日期:2019-01-20
录用日期:2019-04-03
刊出日期:2019-09-01

Effect of conservation tillage on natural resources utilization efficiency and sustainability of integrated wheat-maize intercropping system

WANG Qiming^{1, 3,},
HU Falong^{2, 3},
CHAI Qiang^{2, 3,,}
1. Faculty of Resources and Environment, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. Faculty of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
3. Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
Funds: the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201503125-3
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31771738
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31860363

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Corresponding author:CHAI Qiang, E-mail: Chaiq@gsau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:农田复合系统是集约化农作的有效途径之一，在增加生物多样性和提高产量方面具有重要作用。干旱区农业生产中，温室气体减排和作物耗水减量是发展高效可持续农业的重要参考指标，研发基于作物复合生产的模式是该区节水、减排和可持续农业发展面临的重大课题。本研究以河西绿洲灌区长期规模化种植的小麦/玉米复合生产系统为对象，于2010-2012年度在甘肃农业大学校地联合绿洲农业科研教学基地（武威站），通过集成免耕立茬（NTS）、免耕秸秆覆盖（NTM）、少耕秸秆翻压（RTS）形成不同小麦/玉米间作复合系统，并以传统间作（CTI）为对照，重点研究了不同系统的土壤碳排放量和水分利用特征，比较分析了其生产效率和可持续性。结果表明，小麦和玉米复合系统的生物热能产较单作小麦提高113%，较单作玉米提高21%，该系统基于生物热能产的土地当量比均大于1。农田复合生产系统能有效降低土壤CO₂排放，特别是集成免耕秸秆覆盖的间作系统，土壤CO₂排放量比单作玉米降低12%，比传统间作降低13%，排放效率比单作玉米提高39%，比传统间作提高31%。此外，农田复合生产系统还显著降低了作物耗水，与传统间作相比，集成免耕秸秆覆盖的间作系统的棵间蒸发量、耗水总量和单位耗水碳排放量分别降低11%、5%和9%，但单位耗水生物热能产提高19%。农田复合生产系统较传统间作具有更高的土地当量比（1.78）、碳排当量比（1.48）和耗水当量比（1.22），三者分别提高14%、28%和20%，因而其可持续评价指数提高了13%。小麦/玉米间作集成免耕秸秆覆盖的农田复合生产系统可作为河西绿洲灌区高效可持续农作的可行模式。
关键词:小麦/玉米间作/
保护性耕作/
土壤CO₂排放/
水分利用/
生物热能产
Abstract:The integrated production system is effective for crop intensification and also plays an important role in improving biodiversity and grain yield. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and crop water consumption are important parameters in developing high-efficient and sustainable agriculture in arid areas. Researches on soil carbon emission, water use and characteristic of the integrated production system will benefit the productivity and sustainability of agricultural practices in this region. The experiment was carried out in 2011 and 2012 at the Oasis Agricultural Scientific Researching and Teaching Station of Gansu Agriculture University and Local Government, China. Wheat-maize intercropping system was used as the object of this study due to its long-term application in Hexi Oasis region. Through integration, different conservation practices, including no-till with stubble standing, no-till with stubble mulching, and reduced tillage with stubble incorporation were applied in wheat-maize intercropping system forming three integrated production systems (named NTS, NTM and RTS, respectively), with conventional intercropping (CTI), conventional monocropped maize (CTM) and wheat (CTW) as the control systems. The study mainly focused on soil carbon emission and water use characteristics of different cropping systems, and further compared the differences in system effectiveness and sustainability. Results showed that the energy yield of integrated wheat-maize intercropping system increased by 113% over monocropping wheat, and by 21% over monocropping maize, and the land equivalent ratios of integrated intercropping systems based on energy yield were greater than 1. The integrated system also significantly reduced soil CO₂ emission, especially for the NTM, of which, the soil CO₂ emission was reduced by 12% than CTM, and by 13% than CTI. Also, its' CO₂ emission efficiency increased by 39% over CTM, and by 31% over CTI. In addition, the integrated system significantly reduced the crop water consumption. Compared to CTI, NTM reduced evaporation, water consumption and carbon emission per unit of water by 11%, 5% and 9%, respectively. Nevertheless, the energy yield per unit of water improved by 19%. Compared to CTI, land (1.78), carbon (1.48) and water (1.22) equivalent ratios improved by 14%, 28% and 20% under NTM respectively. Therefore, the sustainability index was enhanced by 13% over the CTI. Consequently, the integrated wheat-maize production system can be used as a high-efficient and sustainable cropping model in the Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area.
Key words:Wheat-maize intercropping/
Conservation tillage/
Soil CO₂ emission/
Water utilization/
Energy yield

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图1小麦/玉米间作示意图
Figure1.Diagrammatic sketch of maize and wheat intercropping


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图22011年和2012年不同耕作方式下小麦/玉米复合生产系统的生物热能产(A)和土地当量比(B)
NTS:免耕立茬间作; NTM:免耕秸秆覆盖间作; RTS:少耕秸秆翻压间作; CTI:传统间作; CTM:传统单作玉米; CTW:传统单作小麦。不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure2.Energy yield (A) and land equivalent ratio (B) of wheat and maize intercropping systems under different tillage practices in 2011 and 2012
NTS: no-till with stubble standing of intercropping system; NTM: no-till with stubble mulching of intercropping system; RTS: reduced tillage with stubble incorporation of intercropping system; CTI: conventional intercropping system; CTM: conventional monocropping of maize; CTW: conventional monocropping of wheat. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).


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图32011年和2012年不同耕作方式下小麦/玉米复合生产系统和传统间作的生物热能产耗水当量比(WER_EY)和碳排耗水当量比(WER_CE)
NTS:免耕立茬间作; NTM:免耕秸秆覆盖间作; RTS:少耕秸秆翻压间作; CTI:传统间作。不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure3.Water equivalent ratio of energy yield (WER_EY) and water equivalent ratio of carbon emission (WER_CE) of wheat and maize intercropping systems under different tillage practices and the conventional intercropping system in 2011 and 2012
NTS: no-till with stubble standing of intercropping system; NTM: no-till with stubble mulching of intercropping system; RTS: reduced tillage with stubble incorporation of intercropping system; CTI: conventional intercropping system. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).


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表1武威站2011—2012年作物生育期内逐月气象资料
Table1.Monthly meteorological data during the growing season in Wuwei Station in 2011 and 2012

年份 Year	项目 Item	3月 Match	4月 April	5月 May	6月 June	7月 July	8月 August	9月 September
2011	温度Temperature (℃)	1.7	9.2	16.3	21.7	22.8	21.0	14.6
	降雨量Rainfall (mm)	5.2	2.5	27.3	15.5	37.8	90.2	41.4
	参考蒸发ETo (mm)	1.3	2.5	3.9	4.3	4.3	3.5	3.3
2012	温度Temperature (℃)	2.7	10.4	13.8	18.0	19.1	18.8	12.9
	降雨量Rainfall (mm)	9.2	14.8	22.8	21.3	52.6	18.6	32.9
	参考蒸发ETo (mm)	1.8	4.3	3.4	4.5	4.7	3.0	2.7

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表2不同小麦/玉米间作复合生产系统主要农艺参数
Table2.Major agronomic parameters of various wheat and maize intercropping system

作物系统 Cropping system	作物 Crop	带宽 Strip width (cm)	膜宽 Mulch width (cm)	行数 Row number	行距 Rows spacing (cm)	株距 Plants spacing (cm)	密度 Planting density (plants·hm-2)
间作Intercropping	小麦Wheat	80	—	6	12	—	6 750 000
	玉米Maize	80	80	2	40	24	82 500
单作小麦Monocropping wheat	小麦Wheat	—	—	—	12	—	3 750 000
单作玉米Monocropping maize	玉米Maize	—	120	3	40	30	52 500

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表5不同耕作方式下小麦/玉米复合生产系统的可持续性
Table5.Sustainability of wheat and maize intercropping systems under different tillage practices

处理 Treatment	ji	参考指标Functional component						可持续评价系数 Evaluation index
		作物水分利用效率 Crop water use efficiency	土地当量比 Land equivalent ratio	生物热能产 Energy yield	单位耗水生物热能产 energy yield of per unit water use efficiency	土壤CO2排放量 Soil CO2 emissions	单位耗水碳排放 carbon emission of per unit water use efficiency
NTS	1	0.86	0.93	0.89	0.87	0.37	0.64	0.73b
NTM	2	0.89	0.93	0.95	0.94	0.42	0.74	0.78a
RTS	3	0.82	0.89	0.86	0.83	0.41	0.73	0.73b
CTI	4	0.77	0.85	0.83	0.79	0.37	0.67	0.69c
CTW	5	0.61	0.44	0.41	0.72	0.82	0.81	0.61d
CTM	6	0.76	0.44	0.73	0.82	0.34	0.52	0.53e
NTS:免耕立茬间作; NTM:免耕秸秆覆盖间作; RTS:少耕秸秆翻压间作; CTI:传统间作; CTM:传统单作玉米; CTW:传统单作小麦。NTS: no-till with stubble standing of intercropping system; NTM: no-till with stubble mulching of intercropping system; RTS: reduced tillage with stubble incorporation of intercropping system; CTI: conventional intercropping system; CTM: conventional monocropping of maize; CTW: conventional monocropping of wheat.

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表32011年和2012年不同耕作方式下小麦/玉米复合生产系统土壤CO₂排放特征
Table3.Soil CO₂ emission characteristics of wheat and maize intercropping systems under different tillage practices in 2011 and 2012

处理 Treatment	土壤CO2排放量 Soil CO2 emission (t·hm-2)			CO2排放效率 Carbon emission efficiency (MJ·kg-1)			碳排当量比 Carbon equivalent ratio
	2011	2012		2011	2012		2011	2012
NTS	10.3a	8.6c		53.7d	57.6b		1.10c	1.39b
NTM	7.9c	8.4c		73.8a	63.6a		1.46a	1.50a
RTS	8.4c	8.5c		63.8b	56.3b		1.33b	1.35c
CTI	9.6b	9.1bc		52.6d	52.0d		1.10c	1.22d
CTW	4.1d	4.3d		60.7c	55.8bc		—	—
CTM	10.4a	9.7a		42.4e	43.0e		—	—
P-value	0.000	0.000		0.000	0.000		0.000	0.000
LSD (0.05)	0.44	0.14		2.7	2.2		0.05	0.07
NTS:免耕立茬间作; NTM:免耕秸秆覆盖间作; RTS:少耕秸秆翻压间作; CTI:传统间作; CTM:传统单作玉米; CTW:传统单作小麦。不同不写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。NTS: no-till with stubble standing of intercropping system; NTM: no-till with stubble mulching of intercropping system; RTS: reduced tillage with stubble incorporation of intercropping system; CTI: conventional intercropping system; CTM: conventional monocropping of maize; CTW: conventional monocropping of wheat. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05).

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表42011年和2012年不同耕作方式下小麦/玉米复合生产系统的耗水特征
Table4.Water use characteristics of wheat and maize intercropping systems under different tillage practices in 2011 and 2012

处理 Treatment	棵间蒸发 Evaporation (mm)			E/ET (%)			耗水总量 Water consumption (mm)			WUEEY (MJ·hm-2·mm-1)			WUECE (kg·hm-2·mm-1)
	2011	2012		2011	2012		2011	2012		2011	2012		2011	2012
NTS	297bc	261c		39.4c	38.6c		752b	676bc		735b	736b		3.74b	3.46bc
NTM	292bc	254cd		39.6c	37.9cd		736c	670c		791a	795a		2.92d	3.36c
RTS	305b	274b		40.4bc	40.0b		756b	686b		706c	698d		3.02d	3.37c
CTI	320a	293a		41.6b	42.1a		771a	695a		652e	676e		3.38c	3.55b
CTW	156e	144e		36.8d	37.8cd		424e	378e		581f	631f		2.61e	3.16d
CTM	286d	248d		44.4a	41.9a		644d	592d		682d	704c		4.39a	4.46a
P-value	0.000	0.000		0.000	0.000		0.000	0.000		0.000	0.000		0.000	0.000
LSD (0.05)	9.8	7.2		3.9	2.3		4.3	11.5		32.3	31.5		0.03	0.09
NTS:免耕立茬间作; NTM:免耕秸秆覆盖间作; RTS:少耕秸秆翻压间作; CTI:传统间作; CTM:传统单作玉米; CTW:传统单作小麦。E:蒸发; ET:蒸散发; WUEEY:单位耗水热能产; WUECE:单位耗水碳排放。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。NTS: no-till with stubble standing of intercropping system; NTM: no-till with stubble mulching of intercropping system; RTS: reduced tillage with stubble incorporation of intercropping system; CTI: conventional intercropping system; CTM: conventional monocropping of maize; CTW: conventional monocropping of wheat. E: evaporation; ET: evapotranspiration; WUEEY: energy yield of per unit water use efficiency; WUEEC: carbon emission of per unit water use efficiency. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05).

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