张怀志,
张认连,
徐爱国,
田昌玉
中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业农村部植物营养与养分循环重点开放实验室 北京 100081
基金项目: 农业农村部公益性行业专项201503121-13
国家重点研发计划项目2016YFC0501302
详细信息
作者简介:冀宏杰, 主要从事土壤养分库调控增效技术研究。E-mail:jihongjie@caas.cn
中图分类号:S19计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2019-04-19
录用日期:2019-06-27
刊出日期:2019-09-01
Early warning system of field phosphorus loss risk for double cropping area in North China
JI Hongjie,,ZHANG Huaizhi,
ZHANG Renlian,
XU Aiguo,
TIAN Changyu
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrient and Nutrient Cycle, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
Funds: the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201503121-13
the National Key R & D Program of China2016YFC0501302
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Corresponding author:JI Hongjie, E-mail:jihongjie@caas.cn
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摘要
摘要:轮作是长期以来在各地形成的相对固定的作物组合模式，同时也是农田养分平衡状况计算的基本单元，多年累积形成的养分盈亏则直接影响环境。在植物必需的3种大量营养元素中，对环境影响最大的营养元素是磷和氮，与氮素相比，磷素循环途径则相对稳定，没有气态损失，磷的表观养分平衡与环境污染的相关性高，且计算方便，因而本文选择磷素作为环境风险预警指示元素。为探究简易、有效的轮作环境效应预警方法，从筛选适宜预警的关键元素和环境风险产生的关键环节入手，提出适合我国小农户现实国情的、基于农田地块级别的预警指标体系，并以华北两熟区5种轮作类型、38个地块的调查数据为例进行了验证。该预警体系包括3级评价指标（周年磷平衡、耕层土壤质地、周年磷肥运筹）共6种预警级别并用3种色系进行标识（深绿、浅绿、浅黄、深黄、浅红、深红）。该预警方法的特点为：研究对象为整个轮作周期而非单茬作物；磷平衡既考虑周年的总量均衡（即整个轮作周期磷素投入、产出平衡状况），又考虑不同茬次间的科学分配（即磷素统筹），且二者均采用相对平衡值而非绝对平衡值，从而使得不同轮作类型之间的磷平衡可以进行统一量化和比较；土壤质地简化为沙土、壤土、黏土3种。验证结果表明，磷肥用量、运筹合理、环境友好（深绿）的地块仅占10.53%；而高环境风险（深红、浅红）的轮作地块达57.89%，即一半以上的地块目前的轮作方式存在高或极高的环境风险。该预警方法具有科学、实用、简便，所需数据容易获得的特点，可用于农户对自己地块磷流失风险进行判断，也可用于国家、区域或地方农业主管部门进行种植业结构调整时参考。
关键词:两熟区/
轮作/
农田养分/
磷/
流失风险/
预警系统/
华北
Abstract:Rotation is a relatively fixed crop combination pattern that forms in various places over a long period. It is also the basic unit for the calculation of farmland nutrient balance. The accumulation of nutrient surplus or deficiency over the years directly affects the environment. Among the three essential nutrients for plants, the most important for the environment are phosphorus and nitrogen. Compared with nitrogen, the phosphorus cycle is relatively stable, has no gas loss, and reveals a high correlation between apparent nutrient balance and environmental pollution of phosphorus, and the calculation for which is convenient. Therefore, phosphorus was selected as the indicator for environment risk in this study. In order to establish a simple and effective method to detect early warnings of environmental effects, starting with the screening of key elements suitable for early warning and key links to phosphorus loss in farmland, this article proposed an early warning indicator system based on farmland plots suitable for small-holder farmers in China. The study also performed trial calculations with survey data from 38 plots, including five typical rotation systems in North China. The early warning system included three evaluation indicators-annual phosphorus balance, plough layer soil texture, and annual phosphate fertilizer operation. A total of six early warning levels of phosphorus loss was set in the early warning system-dark green, light green, light yellow, deep yellow, light red, and deep red, in which the red meant high phosphorus loss risk, the green meant low phosphorus loss risk, the yellow meant medium phosphorus loss risk, deep and light mean degree of the level. The characteristics of the early warning system were 1) measuring the entire rotation cycle rather than a single crop; and 2) the phosphorus balance considered the total balance of the anniversary (i.e., the phosphorus input and output balance of the entire rotation cycle) and considered the difference between different crops. Scientific allocation (i.e., phosphorus co-ordination) used relative equilibrium values rather than absolute equilibrium values so that the phosphorus balance between different rotation types could be uniformly quantified and compared. Soil texture was simplified to sand, loam, and clay species. The trial results showed that a low early warning level (dark green) which was rational in application of phosphate fertilizer with reasonable application rate and co-ordination between rotation crops only occupied 10.53% of all plots analyzed, while the high environmental risk (dark red, light red) rotation plots accounted for 57.89%, i.e., more than half of the plots using the current rotation methods had high or extremely high environmental risks. The early warning system was scientific, practical, and simple, and the required data were easy to be obtained. It can be used for farmers to judge the risk of phosphorus loss in their own plots and for national, regional, or local agricultural authorities to reference when adjusting planting structures.
Key words:Double cropping area/
Crop rotation system/
Farmland nutrient/
Phosphorus/
Loss risk/
Early warning system/
North China
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表1一年两作轮作农田磷流失预警指标体系表1)
Table1.Indicators of early warning system of phosphorus loss for rotation fields of two crops in one year1)
| 土壤质地 Soil texture | 预警指标 Warning indicator | 指标分级标准 Grading standard of indicator | |||||
| 砂质土 Sandy soil | 周年磷平衡Annual P balance | 0.9~1.1 | < 0.9 | > 1.1 | |||
| 周年磷肥运筹Annual P allocation | > 1 | ≤1 | > 1 | ≤1 | > 1 | ≤1 | |
| 预警级别Early warning level | 深绿 Dark green | 浅绿 Light green | 浅黄 Light yellow | 深黄 Deep yellow | 浅红 Light red | 深红 Deep red | |
| 壤质土 Loamy soil | 周年磷平衡Annual P balance | 0.8~1.2 | < 0.8 | > 1.2 | |||
| 周年磷肥运筹Annual P allocation | > 1 | ≤1 | > 1 | ≤1 | > 1 | ≤1 | |
| 预警级别Early warning level | 深绿 Dark green | 浅绿 Light green | 浅黄 Light yellow | 深黄 Deep yellow | 浅红 Light red | 深红 Deep red | |
| 黏质土 Clay soil | 周年磷平衡Annual P balance | 0.7~1.3 | < 0.7 | > 1.3 | |||
| 周年磷肥运筹Annual P allocation | > 1 | ≤1 | > 1 | ≤1 | > 1 | ≤1 | |
| 预警级别Early warning level | 深绿 Dark green | 浅绿 Light green | 浅黄 Light yellow | 深黄 Deep yellow | 浅红 Light red | 深红 Deep red | |
| 1)用绿、黄、红3种色系代表预警级别的高低, 红色代表风险等级最高, 绿色代表风险最低, 黄色风险居中; 深浅表示级别的程度。1) The alert level is shown by the colors. The red means high phosphorus loss risk; the green means low phosphorus loss risk; the yellow means medium phosphorus loss risk. Deep and light mean degree of the level. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表2华北不同轮作系统的周年磷平衡、秋播作物与夏播作物磷肥投入比、土壤质地及预警结果
Table2.Annual phosphorus balance, phosphorus input ratio of autumn-sowing crop to summer-sowing crop, soil texture and early warning results of different rotation systems in North China
| 序号 Number | 地块 Plot | 轮作系统 Rotation system | 周年磷平衡 Annual phosphorus balance | 周年磷肥运筹1) Annual phosphorus allocation1) | 土壤质地 Soil texture | 预警结果 Early warning result |
| 1 | 沂水1 Yishui 1 | 冬小麦-花生Winter wheat-peanut | 1.5 | 0.8 | 沙质土Sandy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 2 | 莒南1 Junan 1 | 冬小麦-花生Winter wheat-peanut | 1.7 | 0.8 | 沙质土Sandy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 3 | 莒南2 Junan 2 | 冬小麦-花生Winter wheat-peanut | 2.0 | 0.9 | 沙质土Sandy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 4 | 莒南3 Junan 3 | 冬小麦-花生Winter wheat-peanut | 2.3 | 0.8 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 5 | 临沭1 Linshu 1 | 冬小麦-花生Winter wheat-peanut | 1.8 | 1.0 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 6 | 临沭2 Linshu 2 | 冬小麦-花生Winter wheat-peanut | 1.8 | 1.0 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 7 | 临沭3 Linshu 3 | 冬小麦-花生Winter wheat-peanut | 1.3 | 1.0 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 8 | 兰陵1 Lanling 1 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 2.0 | 1.6 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 浅红Light red |
| 9 | 兰陵2 Lanling 2 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.3 | 0.3 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 10 | 巨野1 Juye 1 | 大蒜-棉花Garlic-cotton | 0.6 | #DIV/0!2) | 沙质土Sandy soil | 浅黄Light yellow |
| 11 | 巨野2 Juye 2 | 大蒜-棉花Garlic-cotton | 1.9 | #DIV/0! | 沙质土Sandy soil | 浅红Light red |
| 12 | 巨野3 Juye 3 | 大蒜-棉花Garlic-cotton | 1.2 | #DIV/0! | 沙质土Sandy soil | 浅红Light red |
| 13 | 巨野4 Juye 4 | 大蒜-棉花Garlic-cotton | 0.3 | #DIV/0! | 沙质土Sandy soil | 浅黄Light yellow |
| 14 | 郓城1 Yuncheng 1 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.1 | 1.3 | 黏质土Clay soil | 深绿Dark green |
| 15 | 郓城2 Yuncheng 2 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 2.0 | 0.7 | 黏质土Clay soil | 深红Deep red |
| 16 | 郓城3 Yuncheng 3 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 2.4 | 2.4 | 黏质土Clay soil | 浅红Light red |
| 17 | 东平1 Dongping 1 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.2 | 1.0 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 浅绿Light green |
| 18 | 东平2 Dongping 2 | 冬小麦-大豆Winter wheat-soybean | 1.3 | #DIV/0! | 壤质土Loamy soil | 浅红Light red |
| 19 | 东平3 Dongping 3 | 冬小麦-大豆Winter wheat-soybean | 0.4 | #DIV/0! | 壤质土Loamy soil | 浅黄Light yellow |
| 20 | 东平4 Dongping 4 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.8 | 0.8 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深黄Deep yellow |
| 21 | 东平5 Dongping 5 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.2 | 0.9 | 黏质土Clay soil | 浅绿Ligh green |
| 22 | 大名1 Daming 1 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.9 | 0.8 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深黄Deep yellow |
| 23 | 大名2 Daming 2 | 冬小麦-花生Winter wheat-peanut | 1.0 | 0.7 | 沙质土Sandy soil | 浅绿Light green |
| 24 | 大名3 Daming 3 | 冬小麦-花生Winter wheat-peanut | 1.0 | 0.8 | 沙质土Sandy soil | 浅绿Light green |
| 25 | 邱县1 Qiuxian 1 | 冬小麦-棉花Winter wheat-cotton | 0.6 | #DIV/0! | 沙质土Sandy soil | 浅黄Light yellow |
| 26 | 邱县2 Qiuxian 2 | 冬小麦-棉花Winter wheat-cotton | 0.9 | #DIV/0! | 沙质土Sandy soil | 深绿Dark green |
| 27 | 陵城1 Lingcheng 1 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.7 | 0.5 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 28 | 陵城2 Lingcheng 2 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 2.1 | 2.0 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 浅红Light red |
| 29 | 陵城3 Lingcheng 3 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.1 | #DIV/0! | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深绿Dark green |
| 30 | 陵城4 Lingcheng 4 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.3 | #DIV/0! | 壤质土Loamy soil | 浅红Light red |
| 31 | 陵城5 Lingcheng 5 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 2.3 | 1.0 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 32 | 陵城6 Lingcheng 6 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.3 | 1.7 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 浅红Light red |
| 33 | 陵城7 Lingcheng 7 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 2.7 | 0.9 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 34 | 陵城8 Lingcheng 8 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 0.7 | #DIV/0! | 壤质土Loamy soil | 浅黄Light yellow |
| 35 | 齐河1 Qihe 1 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.3 | 2.7 | 黏质土Clay soil | 深绿Dark green |
| 36 | 齐河2 Qihe 2 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.5 | 2.0 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 浅红Light red |
| 37 | 齐河3 Qihe 3 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.1 | 1.0 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 浅绿Light green |
| 38 | 齐河4 Qihe 4 | 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 2.8 | 1.5 | 壤质土Loamy soil | 深红Deep red |
| 1)周年磷肥运筹指秋播与夏播磷肥投入比; 2)“#DIV/0!”代表夏播作物磷投入量为零, 此种情况按秋播作物与夏播作物磷肥投入比大于1计。1) The annual phosphorus allocation is the phosphorus input ratio of autumn-sowing crop to summer-sowing crop. 2) “#DIV/0!” means that the amount of phosphorus input of summer-sowing crop is zero, the phosphorus input ratio of autumn-sowing crop to summer-sowing crop is greater than 1. | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV表3华北几种典型轮作类型的周年磷平衡
Table3.Anniversary phosphorus balance of typical rotation systems in North China
| 轮作类型 Rotation | 平均值 Mean | 最大值 Max | 最小值 Min | 标准差 Standard deviation | 样本量 Sample size |
| 冬小麦-夏玉米Winter wheat-summer corn | 1.66 | 2.80 | 0.70 | 0.58 | 21 |
| 冬小麦-花生Winter wheat-peanut | 1.60 | 2.30 | 1.00 | 0.44 | 9 |
| 大蒜-棉花Garlic-cotton | 1.00 | 1.90 | 0.30 | 0.71 | 4 |
| 冬小麦-棉花Winter wheat-cotton | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.60 | 0.21 | 2 |
| 冬小麦-大豆Winter wheat-soybean | 0.85 | 1.30 | 0.40 | 0.64 | 2 |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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