典型岩溶地下河系统不同水体中硝酸盐时空分布规律及其影响因素分析

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申春华^1,,
韩志伟^1,,,
郭永丽^{2, 3},
张水¹,
涂汉¹,
郭芳^{2, 3}
1.贵州大学资源与环境工程学院贵阳 550025
2.中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所桂林 541004
3.国土资源部/广西壮族自治区岩溶动力学重点实验室桂林 541004
基金项目: 国土资源部/广西壮族自治区岩溶动力学重点实验室开放课题KDL201401
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目41501018
贵州省科技厅联合资金项目LH[2014]7653
贵州省国内一流学科建设项目GNYL[2017]007

详细信息

作者简介:申春华, 主要研究方向为岩溶水环境。E-mail:793257167@qq.com

通讯作者:韩志伟, 主要研究方向为流域水环境。E-mail:zwhan@gzu.edu.cn

中图分类号:X523

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出版历程

收稿日期:2018-11-02
录用日期:2019-03-26
刊出日期:2019-08-01

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and factors influencing nitrate level in waters of a typical karst underground river system

SHEN Chunhua^1,,
HAN Zhiwei^1,,,
GUO Yongli^{2, 3},
ZHANG Shui¹,
TU Han¹,
GUO Fang^{2, 3}
1. College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
2. Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Guilin 541004, China
3. Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources & Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin 541004, China
Funds: the Open Project of the Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics Laboratory, Ministry of Land and Resources & GuangxiKDL201401
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41501018
the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou ProvinceLH[2014]7653
the First Class Disciplines Construction Project of Guizhou ProvinceGNYL[2017]007

More Information

Corresponding author:HAN Zhiwei, E-mail: zwhan@gzu.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:岩溶地下河在西南地区分布极广，作为当地重要的生活和生产水源，近年来遭受了不同程度的污染，其中硝酸盐污染是岩溶地下河面临的最突出最普遍的问题之一。且由于岩溶地区含水层的高度非均质性，使得硝酸盐的分布及其形成规律很难通过模拟手段揭示。本文选取广西柳州市大良镇官村的典型岩溶地下河系统作为研究对象，分别于丰水期和枯水期系统采集不同水体样品。通过水化学及氢氧同位素示踪和统计分析等方法，分析硝酸盐浓度及稳定同位素的变化特征。结果表明，该岩溶地下河系统中，丰水期和枯水期硝酸盐浓度变化趋势一致，上湖洞到下湖洞段硝酸盐浓度逐渐升高，下湖洞到地下河出口硝酸盐浓度呈降低趋势；水体明显受到人为活动的影响，水体中的硝酸盐主要来自农业源和生活源，农业源的输入对水体中硝酸盐浓度的影响较强；由于不同季节地下河系统硝酸盐来源的差异及补给水的不同，使地下河系统不同水体的氢氧同位素特征和硝酸盐浓度分布呈现明显的季节性差异，丰水期水体中硝酸盐平均浓度大于枯水期硝酸盐平均浓度；受外源硝酸盐输入、不同补给水的混合作用及还原作用的影响，岩溶地下河系统中不同水体的硝酸盐浓度分布亦呈现明显的空间差异性。本研究通过示踪的方法分析了硝酸盐在岩溶地下河系统中的时空分布规律及其影响因素，对岩溶地区面源污染防治策略的形成具有重要意义。
Abstract:Karst underground rivers, which are widely distributed in karst areas in Southwest China, are important water resources. In recent years, with the continuous economic development, karst underground rivers have been rendered polluted to variable proportions. Nitrate pollution is a prominent and common problem in karst underground rivers. The high heterogeneity of karst aquifers makes it difficult to decipher the formation and distribution process of nitrate by simulation. The typical karst underground river system in Guancun Village, Daliang Town, Liuzhou City, Guangxi was selected as the study area. The land use was dominated by agriculture and the primary pollutant was nitrate. Multiple water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons. The nitrate concentration and stable isotope variation characteristics were analyzed employing tracing and statistical methods. The results indicated that in the Guancun karst underground river system the trending of nitrate concentration during the wet and dry periods were consistent. The nitrate levels gradually increased from the Shanghu Cave to Xiahu Cave. On the contrary, the nitrate levels decreased from the Xiahu Cave to the underground river outlet. The waters of study area were obviously affected by human activities. The nitrates in the water primarily originated from agricultural and living sources. The input from the agricultural source had a profound influence on the nitrate concentration in the water. Due to the different sources of nitrate in the recharge water in different seasons, the distribution of nitrate concentration and stable water isotopes showed significant seasonal characteristics of the underground river system with the average nitrate concentration during wet season being greater than that during the dry season. As a result of the input of exogenous nitrate, mixing waters, and reduction processes, the distribution of nitrate concentration in karst underground river system also exhibit obvious spatial distribution characteristics. In this study, tracing method was employed to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and the factors influencing nitrate levels in the karst underground river system. The conclusions arrived at would be significant in formulating non-point source pollution prevention strategies in karst areas.

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图1官村岩溶地下河系统及采样点分布图
Q1~Q5为泉点水样点, S1~S11为地下河样点。
Figure1.Location of Guancun karst underground river stream and sampling sites
Q1-Q5 are spring samples, S1-S11 are underground river samples.

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图2研究区地下河水体中NO₃^-/Cl^-摩尔比率与Cl^-浓度的关系
Figure2.Relationship between mole ratio of NO₃^-/Cl^- and concentration of Cl^- in underground river water of the study area

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图3研究区地下河水体中丰水期变量对应分析平面图
Figure3.Correspondence analysis plane plot for water samples and parameters of underground river water during the wet season of the study area

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图4官村岩溶地下河系统硝酸根浓度分布图
Q1~Q5为泉点水样点, S1~S11为地下河样点。
Figure4.Distribution of nitrate concentration in Guancun karst underground river system
Q1-Q5 are spring samples, S1-S11 are underground river samples.

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图5研究区地下河水体中丰/枯水期硝酸根浓度对比(S5和S10为地下河样点, Q2为泉点样点)
Figure5.Comparison of nitrate concentration in underground river water of the study area between dry season and wet season (S5 and S10 are underground river samples, Q2 is spring sample)

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图6研究区地下河丰水期和枯水期不同水体中硝酸盐浓度计算值与实际值的比较[X轴表示官村岩溶地下河投影在水流方向上采样点之间的相对距离(单位: km), 相对位置如图 1所示]
S1~S11为地下河样点。
Figure6.Comparison between calculated value and actual value of nitrate concentration in underground river water of the study area [X-axis is the relative distance based on flow direction of projected sampling site of the Guancun krast underground river system (unit: km) and their location refer to Fig. 1]
S1-S11 are underground river samples.

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图7官村地下河氢氧同位素沿程变化[X轴表示官村岩溶地下河投影在水流方向上采样点之间的相对距离(单位: km), 相对位置如图 1所示]
S1~S11为地下河样点。
Figure7.Changes of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes along the Guancun karst underground river catchment [X-axis is the relative distance based on flow direction of projected sampling site of the Guancun krast underground river system (unit: km) and their location refer to Fig. 1]
S1-S11 are underground river samples.

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表1研究区地下河水体中丰水期和枯水期主量元素平均浓度的相关性
Table1.Pearson correlation matrixes for average concentrations of main chemical compositions of underground river system in wet and dry seasons in the study area

		Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺	HCO₃^-	Cl^-	NO₃^-	SO₄^2-
丰水期 Wet season	Ca²⁺	1.00
	Mg²⁺	0.02	1.00
	K⁺	-0.81^**	-0.38	1.00
	Na⁺	-0.19	0.43	-0.10	1.00
	HCO₃^-	0.71^**	0.69^**	-0.85^**	-0.15	1.00
	Cl^-	-0.20	-0.10	0.11	0.38	-0.15
	NO₃^-	-0.24	0.02	-0.13	0.66^**	-0.09	0.84^**	1.00
	SO₄^2-	0.35	0.68^**	-0.24	0.07	0.51	-0.53^*	-0.59^*	1.00
枯水期 Dry season	Ca²⁺	1.00
	Mg²⁺	0.30	1.00
	K⁺	-0.16	-0.41	1.00
	Na⁺	-0.45	0.20	0.10	1.00
	HCO₃^-	0.66^**	0.63^**	-0.34	0.37	1.00
	Cl^-	0.31	0.01	0.51	0.77^**	0.18
	NO₃^-	0.29	0.01	0.41	0.75^**	0.11	0.97^**	1.00
	SO₄^2-	-0.11	-0.06	-0.68^**	0.01	-0.02	-0.57^*	-0.52^*	1.00
^*和^分别表示在0.01和0.05水平显著相关(双侧)。^** and ^* indicate significant correlation at 0.01 and 0.05 levels (both sides), respectively.

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表2研究区地下河水体丰水期和枯水期变量因子载荷参数表
Table2.Load parameters of factors of underground river water of underground river system in wet and dry seasons in the study area

变量 Variable	丰水期 Wet season		枯水期 Dry season
变量 Variable	F1	F2	F1	F2
K⁺	-0.440	-2.180	0.690	-0.118
Na⁺	-0.002	0.529	0.247	0.031
Ca²⁺	0.236	-0.152	0.259	-0.260
Mg²⁺	-1.343	1.070	-0.839	1.029
HCO₃^-	0.031	0.054	-0.073	0.036
SO₄^2-	0.088	0.098	-0.163	-0.511
Cl^-	-0.970	-1.272	0.976	0.581
NO₃^-	-1.687	-1.563	2.055	1.486

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