马腾1,,,
郑倩琳1,
刘妍君1,
罗飞2
1.中国地质大学(武汉)环境学院 武汉 430074
2.深圳市环境科学研究院 深圳 518114
基金项目: 国家科技重大专项课题2012ZX07204-003-04
详细信息
作者简介:廖曼, 主要研究方向为土壤和地下水调查污染方面的研究工作。E-mail:kathrinae@163.com
通讯作者:马腾, 主要研究方向为地下水污染防治。E-mail:mateng@cug.edu.cn
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出版历程
收稿日期:2018-08-12
录用日期:2019-01-05
刊出日期:2019-05-01
Tracing groundwater nitrogen source in Huai River Basin agro-ecosystem
LIAO Man1, 2,,MA Teng1,,,
ZHENG Qianlin1,
LIU Yanjun1,
LUO Fei2
1. School of Environment Studies, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan 430074, China
2. Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen 518114, China
Funds: the National Science and Technology Major Project of China2012ZX07204-003-04
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Corresponding author:E-mail:mateng@cug.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:淮河流域地下水体中的氮污染问题一直以来备受关注。为了从源头追溯氮污染物的来源，本文通过清单法收集淮河流域2002—2017年期间35个地级市的农业统计资料，首先构建基于化肥施用氮、人畜粪便返田氮、生物固氮、大气沉降氮、种子带入氮、秸秆带入氮为输入项和作物收获氮、反硝化脱氮、氨挥发脱氮为输出项的氮平衡模型，估算进入淮河流域农业生态系统内的氮盈余量和强度；然后利用氮盈余量与淋滤系数构建氮淋滤模型定量估算氮淋滤到地下水体中的量。研究发现：2002—2017年间淮河流域农业生态系统中氮年均输入量为1 005.01万t·a-1，化肥施用氮是最大的氮输入源，占总输入量的52.76%；淮河流域农业生态系统中氮年均输出量为706.43万t·a-1，作物收获氮在氮输出中所占的比例最大，达87.29%。随着时间的增加，氮盈余量和强度逐步降低。本次从地级市角度计算的氮源强度和其时间变化规律与以往从流域角度计算的氮源强度和其时间变化规律相差不大，保证了结果的准确性。从地区上分析，河南省各地级市的氮源强度最高，山东省和安徽省各地级市的最低。2002—2017年间，淮河流域农业区氮盈余量淋滤进入地下水中的氮污染物总量为26.22万~41.71万t·a-1，淋滤进入到地下水体中的氮污染物平均量为31.41万t·a-1，其中2006年最高。较大的氮淋滤值对水体环境造成了较大的污染负荷。采用SPSS 21.0中用F统计量和皮尔森相关系数（ρ）对地下水中的实际氮污染物浓度与估算值间的氮污染物量进行相关性检验，最终通过显著性检验且相关系数达到0.517，证实了本次模型选择的准确性。本文研究表示，2002—2017年淮河流域农业生态系统中地下水体中氮的来源主要为化肥输入，最主要的输出途径为作物收获，污染最严重年份为2006年，为解决农业面源污染问题提供了重要的前期资料，对地下水中氮污染的防控具有重要的现实意义。
关键词:地下水/
氮输入/
氮输出/
氮平衡模型/
氮淋滤模型
Abstract:Nitrogen pollution in groundwater systems in Huai River Basin has drawn a lot of attention. In order to trace the source of nitrogen pollution in groundwater, 2002-2017 agricultural statistics data for 35 cities in the Huai River Basin agro-ecosystem were collected. A nitrogen balance model was set up based on nitrogen input and output in Huai River Basin, and it was used to calculate nitrogen surplus and intensity in the basin. Nitrogen input included input from fertilizers, humans & animal excreta, atmospheric deposition, biological fixation, seed nitrogen and straw nitrogen. Nitrogen output included crop harvest, denitrification and ammonia volatilization output. Also, combined nitrogen surplus and leaching coefficient, the nitrogen leaching model was built to quantitatively estimate the amount of nitrogen leaching into groundwater bodies from agro-ecosystem in Huai River Basin. The results showed that average nitrogen input in Huai River Basin agro-ecosystem was up to 10 050 100 t·a-1 for the 2002-2017, fertilizer input was the largest source of this amount nitrogen input and it accounted for 52.76%. Average nitrogen output was up to 7 064 300 t·a-1 for the period 2002-2017, crop harvest was the largest amount output of this amount nitrogen and it accounted for 87.29%. Nitrogen surplus and nitrogen source intensity decreased gradually with time for the period from 2002 to 2017. Nitrogen source intensity result was the same with previous studies, which ensured the accuracy of the results. At the regional aspects, the city in Henan Province had the highest nitrogen source intensity, while the cities in Shandong and Anhui Provinces had the lowest nitrogen source intensity. The amount of nitrogen that leached into the groundwater in Huai River Basin agro-ecosystem was 2.622×105-4.171×105 t·a-1, with the highest amount in 2006. The average nitrogen amount in groundwater was 3.141×105 t·a-1 for the period from 2002 to 2017, which caused a large pollution load in the water environment. F statistic and ρ value tests in SPSS 21.0 gave the relationship between the actual nitrate concentration in groundwater and the estimation nitrogen amount leaching into the groundwater. Finally, the estimated and observed values passed significance test, with a correlation coefficient of 0.517, which confirmed the accuracy of the model. Nitrogen input as chemical fertilizer input and nitrogen output as crop harvest were respectively the main input and output factors in the study area. The most serious pollution was in 2006. The study provided important data needed to solve non-point agricultural pollution with important practical implications for the prevention and control of nitrogen pollution in groundwater.
Key words:Groundwater/
Nitrogen input/
Nitrogen output/
Nitrogen balance model/
Nitrogen leaching model
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图12002—2017年淮河流域耕地面积变化趋势分布示意图
Figure1.Distribution map of change trend of farmland area in the Huai River Basin from 2002 to 2017
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2农业生态系统氮平衡示意图(改自于OECD, 2001[30])
Figure2.Nitrogen balance description picture of agriculture ecosystem (modified from OECD, 2001)
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图32002—2017年淮河流域农业生态系统氮输入量的年际变化
Figure3.Annual variation of nitrogen input from different resources of agricultural ecosystem in the Huai River Basin from 2002 to 2017
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图42002—2017年淮河流域农业生态系统氮输出的年际变化
Figure4.Annual variation of nitrogen output through different ways of agricultural ecosystem in the Huai River Basin from 2002 to 2017
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图52002—2017年淮河流域农业生态系统氮平衡与氮盈余强度的年际变化
Figure5.Annual variations of nitrogen balance and nitrogen surplus intensities of agricultural ecosystem in the Huai River Basin from 2002 to 2017
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图62002—2017年淮河流域各地级市的农业生态系统氮盈余强度变化
Figure6.Nitrogen surplus intensities of agricultural ecosystems in different cities of Henan, Jiangsu, Shandong and Anhui Provinces in the Huai River Basin from 2002 to 2017
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图72002—2017年淮河流域农业生态系统淋滤进入地下水中氮污染物年际变化分布图
Figure7.Annual variation of nitrogen leaching into groundwater from agricultural ecosystem in Huai River Basin from 2002 to 2017
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图8淮河流域各市2014年淋溶进入地下水体的氮量空间分布
Figure8.Spatial distribution of nitrogen leaching into groundwater from agricultural ecosystem in 2014 in the Huai River Basin
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1人畜禽氮污染系数表[23-32]
Table1.Nitrogen pollution coefficient of feces and urine of human, livestock and poultry[23-32]
| 污染源类型 Pollution source type | 项目 Item | 总氮 Total nitrogen |
| 猪 Pig(kg·head-1) | 屎 Feces | 3.426 |
| 尿 Urine | 2.362 | |
| 牛 Cattle (kg·head-1) | 屎 Feces | 32.978 |
| 尿 Urine | 25.737 | |
| 羊、家禽 Sheep & poultry (kg·head-1) | 屎 Feces | 4.23 |
| 尿 Urine | 0.323 | |
| 人[2] Human(kg·cap.-1) | 粪尿 Feces & urine | 3.06 |
下载: 导出CSV表2不同固氮生物的生物固氮率
Table2.Biological nitrogen fixation rate in the Huai River Basin
| kg·hm-2·a-1 | ||||
| 大豆 Soybean | 花生 Peanut | 水稻 Rice | 微生物 Microbe | |
| 旱地非共生固氮 In dry land | 水田非共生固氮 In paddy fields | |||
| 128.5[35] | 95.6[26] | 45[36] | 15[26, 36] | 30[36] |
下载: 导出CSV表3淮河流域各年大气氮沉降量
Table3.Annual atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Huai River Basin
| kg·hm-2·a-1 | |||||
| 年份 Year | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2017 |
| 氮沉降 Nitrogen deposition | 22.7[38] | 30.9[39] | 42.5[40] | 45.04[41] | 59.83[42] |
下载: 导出CSV表4作物秸秆与种子带入土壤的氮参数表
Table4.Amounts of nitrogen input into soil through straws and seeds of crops
| 作物 Crop | 草谷比 Ratio of straw to seeds | 秸秆含氮量 Straw nitrogen content (kg·t-1) | 籽粒含氮量 Seed nitrogen content (kg·t-1) | 焚烧秸秆含氮量 Nitrogen content of burnt straw (kg·t-1) | 种子投入量 Nitrogen input through seeds (kg·hm-2) | 返田比例 Rate of straw returned to soil | 焚烧比例 Burning rate of straw |
| 水稻 Rice | 0.9 | 8.26 | 14.60 | 2.68 | 69.20 | 0.30 | 0.70 |
| 玉米 Corn | 1.2 | 8.69 | 25.80 | 4.60 | 25.90 | 0.20 | 0.80 |
| 小麦 Wheat | 1.1 | 6.17 | 25.20 | 2.53 | 227.10 | 0.45 | 0.55 |
| 大豆 Soybean | 1.6 | 16.33 | 81.40 | 3.83 | 104.30 | — | 1.00 |
| 油菜 Rapeseed | 1.5 | 8.40 | 43.00 | 5.75 | 2.80 | 0.40 | 0.60 |
| 花生 Peanut | 0.8 | 18.00 | 12.96 | 0.00 | 300.00 | 0.90 | 0.10 |
| 表中数据来源于李书田等[28]、卞建民等[43]和马广文等[35]。The data in the table are derived from Li et al.[28], Bian et al.[43] and Ma et al.[35]. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表5农作物的氮摄取量
Table5.Nitrogen uptake of crops
| 作物种类 Crop | 水稻 Rice | 小麦 Wheat | 玉米 Corn | 大豆 Soybean | 花生 Peanut | 油菜 Rapeseed | 烟草 Tobacco | 麻类 Hemp | 水果 Fruit | 蔬菜 Vegetable |
| 氮摄取量 Nitrogen intake (kg·t-1) | 19.1 | 23.2 | 14.3 | 59.2 | 40 | 39.8 | 13 | 13 | 3 | 3.5 |
| 表中数据来源于马广文等[35]和徐昔保等[45]。The data were derived from Ma et al.[35] and Xu et al.[45]. | ||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表6淮河流域不同地下水淋滤系数所占百分比
Table6.Percentage of groundwater leaching coefficient in cities of the Huai River Basin
| 淋滤系数 Leaching coefficient (%) | 5 | 10 | 15 |
| 所占百分比 Proportion (%) | 8.57 | 85.72 | 5.71 |
下载: 导出CSV表72002—2017 年淮河流域农业生态系统氮收支平衡
Table7.Nitrogen balance of agricultural ecosystem in the Huai River Basin from 2002 to 2017
| 类别 Category | 氮收支项目 Nitrogen input/output item | 变化范围 Range (×104t·a-1) | 年平均值 Annual average (×104t·a-1) | 所占比例 Proportion (%) |
| 氮输入 Nitrogen input | 总数 Sum | 883.16~1 348.75 | 1 005.01 | |
| 人畜粪便返田氮 Human & animal excreta input | 136.00~164.64 | 150.15 | 14.73 | |
| 化肥施用氮 Fertilizer input | 453.56~813.02 | 537.76 | 52.76 | |
| 生物固氮 Biological fixation input | 75.21~99.34 | 85.09 | 8.35 | |
| 大气沉降氮 Atmospheric deposition input | 85.56~152.08 | 111.16 | 10.90 | |
| 种子带入氮 Seed input | 6.50~8.13 | 7.52 | 0.74 | |
| 秸秆带入氮 Straw input | 97.59~135.92 | 113.33 | 11.12 | |
| 氮输出 Nitrogen output | 总数 Sum | 499.62~1 144.83 | 706.43 | |
| 作物收获氮 Crop harvest output | 375.25~874.26 | 539.24 | 87.29 | |
| 反硝化脱氮Denitrification output | 75.06~160.37 | 100.03 | 16.19 | |
| 氨挥发脱氮 Ammonia volatilization output | 49.31~110.20 | 67.16 | 10.87 | |
| 氮盈余 Nitrogen surplus (×104t·a-1) | 203.92~383.54 | 298.58 | ||
| 氮源强度 Nitrogen surplus intensity (kg·km-2·a-1) | 10 938~25 231 | 18 398 | ||
| 淋滤到地下水中的氮量 Nitrogen leaching into groundwater (×104t·a-1) | 26.22~41.71 | 31.41 | ||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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