冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式氮、磷、钾养分循环与产量可持续性特征

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张帆
湖南省土壤肥料研究所长沙 410125
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划专项2016YFD0300208

详细信息

作者简介:张帆, 主要研究方向为农业生态与耕作制度。E-mail:zhangfan898@sina.com

中图分类号:S365;S344

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收稿日期:2018-08-14
录用日期:2018-11-27
刊出日期:2019-05-01

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium cycling and sustainability of rice yield in a winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system

ZHANG Fan
Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha 410125, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0300208

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摘要
摘要:研究分析农业生态系统NPK养分循环和产量的可持续性，对实现养分资源优化管理和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。基于长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植定位试验，分析了2004—2017年冬闲-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、黑麦草-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等轮作种植模式早、晚稻产量的可持续性与稳定性；采用投入产出法（Input-Output Analysis）分析不同轮作种植模式NPK养分循环与平衡状况。结果表明：1）黑麦草-双季稻模式早稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.09和0.81，说明稻田冬种黑麦草有利于促进早稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高；油菜-双季稻模式晚稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.07和0.82，说明稻田冬种油菜有益于晚稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高；2）长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植未影响水稻产量和糙米NPK养分含量（P>0.05）；3）在稻田轮作种植周年内目前的NPK投入水平下，黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻等模式均存在严重的K亏缺现象，K亏缺量分别为375.70 kg（K）·hm^-2、279.98 kg（K）·hm^-2、363.71 kg（K）·hm^-2、93.74 kg（K）·hm^-2；黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等模式均在冬季作物种植季存在严重的K亏缺现象，K亏缺量分别为240.07 kg（K）·hm^-2、89.57 kg（K）·hm^-2、140.08 kg（K）·hm^-2，但马铃薯-双季稻模式在马铃薯种植季K盈余为255.21 kg（K）·hm^-2；同时黑麦草-双季稻模式和紫云英-双季稻模式均存在冬季作物种植季存在N亏缺，N亏缺量分别为59.47 kg（N）·hm^-2和89.17 kg（N）·hm^-2；油菜-双季稻模式和马铃薯-双季稻模式在晚稻种植季均存在严重的K亏缺现象，K亏缺量分别为45.93 kg（K）·hm^-2、124.33 kg（K）·hm^-2。冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式的养分循环是冬季作物和外部投入的NPK肥料共同驱动的养分循环，建议科学管理冬季作物和3季的NPK养分投入。
关键词:冬季作物/
双季稻/
NPK/
养分循环/
产量可持续性指数/
稳定性指数
Abstract:The study of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrient cycling and yield sustainability in agricultural ecosystems is fundamental for achieving optimal nutrient management and sustainable agricultural development. A long-term experiment of a winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system initiated in 2004 on a red paddy soil in Hunan Province, consisting of five treatments, including fallow-double cropping rice (CK), potato-double cropping rice, ryegrass-double cropping rice, milk vetch-double cropping rice, and rape-double cropping rice with three replicates of all the treatments. The sustainability and stability of double cropping rice yields were analyzed, and N, P, and K cycling and balance were calculated based on an Input-Output analysis method. The results indicated:1) the sustainable yield index (SYI) and yield stability (CV) of early rice in the ryegrass-double cropping rice rotation system were 0.81 and 0.09, respectively. Winter ryegrass in the paddy field promoted the stability and sustainability of early rice yield. The SYI and CV of late rice in the rape-double cropping rice rotation system were 0.82 and 0.07, respectively. Winter rape in the paddy field improved of yield stability and sustainability of late rice. 2) Long-term winter crop-double cropping rice rotation did not significantly affect rice yield and the N, P, and K contents of brown rice (P>0.05). 3) Under the current input level of N, P, K in the annual rotation of winter crop and double cropping rice, the ryegrass-double cropping rice rotation, milk vetch-double cropping rice rotation, rape-double cropping rice rotation, and potato-double cropping rice rotation systems had serious K deficiency; the K deficit was 375.70, 279.98, 363.71, and 93.74 kg(K)·hm^-2, respectively. Ryegrass-double cropping rice rotation, milk vetch-double cropping rice rotation, and rape-double cropping rice rotation systems had serious K deficiency in the winter crop planting season, the K deficit was 240.07, 89.57, and 140.08 kg(K)·hm^-2, respectively. However, the potato-double cropping rice rotation system had a K surplus of 255.21 kg(K)·hm^-2 in the potato planting season; simultaneously, both the ryegrass-double cropping rice rotation and milk vetch-double cropping rice rotation systems had a N deficit in the winter crop planting season of 59.47 and 89.17 kg(N)·hm^-2, respectively. Both the rape-double cropping rice rotation and potato-double cropping rice rotation systems had serious K deficiency in the late rice planting season of 45.93 and 124.33 kg(K)·hm^-2, respectively. Nutrient cycling of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation systems was a nutrient cycle driven by winter crops and external N, P, and K fertilizers. Based on the results, the winter crops should be scientifically managed, with the input of N, P, and K in the three seasons.
Key words:Winter crop/
Double cropping rice/
NPK/
Nutrient cycling/
Sustainable yield index/
Stability index

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图1长期冬季作物-双季稻种植模式对早稻(a)和晚稻(b)的产量效应
CK:冬闲-双季稻模式; Potato:马铃薯-双季稻模式; Ryegrass:黑麦草-双季稻模式; Milk vetch:紫云英-双季稻模式; Rape:油菜-双季稻模式。
Figure1.Yield responses of early rice (a) and late rice (b) to rotation patterns in a long-term experiment of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system
CK: rotation of fallow-double cropping rice; Potato: rotation of potato-double cropping rice; Ryegrass: rotation of ryegrass-double cropping rice; Milk vetch: rotation of milk vetch-double cropping rice; Rape: rotation of rape-double cropping rice.

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图2不同冬季作物-双季稻轮作模式早稻(a)和晚稻(b)产量可持续指数(SYI)与变异系数(CV)
CK:冬闲-双季稻模式; Potato:马铃薯-双季稻模式; Ryegrass:黑麦草-双季稻模式; Milk vetch:紫云英-双季稻模式; Rape:油菜-双季稻模式。
Figure2.Sustainable yield indexes (SYI) and coefficients of variations (CV) of yields of early rice (a) and late rice (b) under different patterns of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system
CK: rotation of fallow-double cropping rice; Potato: rotation of potato-double cropping rice; Ryegrass: rotation of ryegrass-double cropping rice; Milk vetch: rotation of milk vetch-double cropping rice; Rape: rotation of rape-double cropping rice.

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表1不同冬季作物-双季稻轮作模式各作物的施肥量
Table1.Fertilizer management practices for crops in different patterns of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation systemkg·hm^-2

养分 Nutrient	早稻Early rice		晚稻Late rice		冬季作物Winter crop
	早稻Early rice		晚稻Late rice		马铃薯Potato	紫云英Milk vetch	油菜Rape		黑麦草Ryegrass
	基肥Base fertilizer	追肥Top dressing	基肥Base fertilizer	追肥Top dressing	基肥Base fertilizer	基肥Base fertilizer	基肥Base fertilizer	追肥Top dressing	基肥Base fertilizer	追肥Top dressing
N	103.5	69.0	138.0	87.4	34.5	34.5	34.5	66.7	34.5	34.5
P₂O₅	45.0	—	45.0	—	45.0	45.0	45.0	—	45.0	—
K₂O	67.5	—	67.5	—	360.0	—	—	—	—	—

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表2不同冬季作物-双季稻轮作模式早、晚稻产量及糙米N、P、K养分含量
Table2.Yields and total N, P, and K contents of double cropping rice in different patterns of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system

年份Year	处理Treatment	早稻Early rice				晚稻Late rice
年份Year	处理Treatment	全氮Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷Total P (g·kg^-1)	全钾Total K (g·kg^-1)	产量Yield (kg·hm^-2)	全氮Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷Total P (g·kg^-1)	全钾Total K (g·kg^-1)	产量Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2016	CK	17.64±0.31a	3.43±0.17a	2.71±0.13a	6 246.00±531.06a	15.24±0.72a	3.33±0.27a	2.64±0.52a	6 712.46±430.68a
	Potato	19.70±2.13a	3.73±1.66a	2.90±0.46a	6 633.00±458.29a	17.40±1.31a	3.60±0.52a	2.80±1.13a	8 264.05±1 113.65a
	Ryegrass	17.82±1.05a	3.51±0.92a	2.64±0.05a	6 454.50±300.76a	16.91±1.61a	3.34 ±0.38a	2.43±0.36a	6 985.20±536.22a
	Milk vetch	18.80±2.04a	3.52±0.33a	2.80±0.52a	6 670.50±297.40a	15.93±0.92a	3.53±0.15a	2.81±0.53a	6 800.34±700.15a
	Rape	18.63±1.76a	3.54 ±1.25a	2.73 ±0.33a	5 961.03±216.88a	16.62±1.14a	3.51±0.36a	2.33±0.07a	7 545.83±912.61a
2017	CK	17.43±1.16a	3.67±0.11a	2.87±0.06a	4 337.06±840.53a	15.83±1.20a	3.32±0.32a	2.53±0.19a	6 721.89±1 341.11a
	Potato	16.73 ±1.44a	5.17± 2.29a	2.93±0.29a	4 229.37±655.07a	11.14±0.83a	3.14±0.73a	2.53±0.24a	6 756.45±518.63a
	Ryegrass	16.43 ±1.66a	3.67±0.35a	2.83±0.40a	4 673.20±212.77a	17.40±2.07a	3.04±0.18a	2.32±0.07a	6 558.47±1 151.80a
	Milk vetch	17.70±1.28a	3.60±0.53a	3.13 ±0.38a	4 399.07±438.31a	16.50±1.59a	3.43±0.26a	2.51±0.23a	7 513.80±571.36a
	Rape	16.93±0.40a	4.03±0.23a	3.13±0.25a	4 405.59±568.09a	16.03±1.13a	3.30±0.17a	2.50±0.41a	6 838.16±979.94a
CK:冬闲-双季稻模式; Potato:马铃薯-双季稻模式; Ryegrass:黑麦草-双季稻模式; Milk vetch:紫云英-双季稻模式; Rape:油菜-双季稻模式。同一年份同列不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著。CK: rotation of fallow-double cropping rice; Potato: rotation of potato-double cropping rice; Ryegrass: rotation of ryegrass-double cropping rice; Milk vetch: rotation of milk vetch-double cropping rice; Rape: rotation of rape-double cropping rice. Different letters in the same column denote significant differences at 5% in the same year.

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表3冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式冬季作物种植季稻田土壤系统NPK的输入输出
Table3.N, P and K input-output of soil system of winter crops in different patterns of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system

元素 Element	轮作模式 Rotation pattern	输入Input				输出Output				平衡Balance
元素 Element	轮作模式 Rotation pattern	冬季作物种子Winter crop seeds	化肥 Chemical fertilizer	前茬晚稻秸秆 Previous late rice straw	合计 Total	还田的冬季作物秸秆 Winter crop straw incorporated	移出田的冬季作物秸秆 Unreturned winter crop straw	经济目标输出 Economic output	冬季作物吸收 Uptake of winter crop	平衡Balance
N [kg(N)·hm^-2]	CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Potato	10.62	34.5	67.6	112.72	30.22	—	56.49	86.71	26.01
	Ryegrass	0.46	69.0	—	69.46	55.78	—	73.15	128.93	-59.47
	Milk vetch	0.97	34.5	—	35.47	100.36	24.28		124.64	-89.17
	Rape	0.15	101.2	—	101.35	37.25	—	38.85	76.10	25.25
P [kg(P)·hm^-2]	CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Potato	12.00	19.65	8.4	40.05	1.94	—	11.13	13.07	26.98
	Ryegrass	0.09	19.65	—	19.74	11.53	—	14.02	25.55	-5.81
	Milk vetch	0.11	19.65	—	19.76	8.29	2.05	—	10.34	9.42
	Rape	0.03	19.65	—	19.68	3.89	—	8.25	12.14	7.54
K [kg(K)·hm^-2]	CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Potato	13.98	298.72	135.2	447.90	97.76	—	94.93	192.69	255.21
	Ryegrass	0.13	—	—	0.13	93.09	—	147.11	240.20	-240.07
	Milk vetch	0.20	—	—	0.20	75.32	14.45	—	89.77	-89.57
	Rape	0.03	—	—	0.03	131.17	—	8.94	140.11	-140.08
CK:冬闲-双季稻模式; Potato:马铃薯-双季稻模式; Ryegrass:黑麦草-双季稻模式; Milk vetch:紫云英-双季稻模式; Rape:油菜-双季稻模式。平衡=输入-输出。CK: rotation of fallow-double cropping rice; Potato: rotation of potato-double cropping rice; Ryegrass: rotation of ryegrass-double cropping rice; Milk vetch: rotation of milk vetch-double cropping rice; Rape: rotation of rape-double cropping rice. Balance = input - output.

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表4冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式早稻季稻田土壤系统NPK的输入输出
Table4.N, P and K input-output of soil system of early rice in different patterns of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system

元素 Element	轮作模式 Rotation pattern	输入Input				输出Output					平衡 Balance
元素 Element	轮作模式 Rotation pattern	水稻秧苗 Rice seedling	冬季作物秸秆 Winter crop straw	化学肥料 Chemical fertilizer	合计 Total	水稻植株地下部分 Rice root	水稻秸秆 Rice straw	糙米 Brown rice	谷壳 Chaff	水稻吸收 Uptake of early rice	平衡 Balance
N [kg(N)·hm^-2]	CK	3.73	—	172.5	176.23	12.14b	48.93ab	60.21a	7.21a	128.49	47.74
	Potato	3.73	30.22	172.5	206.45	10.47c	56.09a	56.11a	8.09a	130.68	75.77
	Ryegrass	3.73	55.78	172.5	232.01	7.64e	41.74b	61.49a	8.86a	119.73	112.28
	Milk vetch	3.73	100.36	172.5	276.59	15.09a	42.82ab	62.41a	6.88a	127.20	149.39
	Rape	3.73	37.25	172.5	213.48	8.91d	52.93ab	59.73a	7.96a	129.53	83.95
P [kg(P)·hm^-2]	CK	0.35	—	19.65	20.00	2.18b	5.06ab	12.75a	0.87a	20.86	-0.86
	Potato	0.35	1.94	19.65	21.94	2.77c	6.65a	17.98a	1.30a	28.70	-6.76
	Ryegrass	0.35	11.53	19.65	31.53	1.44d	4.85b	13.74a	1.16a	21.19	10.34
	Milk vetch	0.35	8.29	19.65	28.29	3.14a	4.11b	12.57a	0.81a	20.63	7.66
	Rape	0.35	3.89	19.65	23.89	1.84d	4.90b	14.28a	1.29a	22.31	1.58
K [kg(K)·hm^-2]	CK	3.04	—	56.01	59.05	9.50c	90.87bc	9.93a	3.37a	113.68	-54.63
	Potato	3.04	97.76	56.01	156.81	18.07a	117.11a	10.03a	3.31a	148.52	8.29
	Ryegrass	3.04	93.09	56.01	152.14	10.43b	82.77cd	10.62a	3.33a	107.15	44.99
	Milk vetch	3.04	75.32	56.01	134.37	19.80a	80.32d	10.96a	3.14a	114.22	20.15
	Rape	3.04	131.17	56.01	190.22	13.46b	97.62b	11.09a	3.50a	125.67	64.55
CK:冬闲-双季稻模式; Potato:马铃薯-双季稻模式; Ryegrass:黑麦草-双季稻模式; Milk vetch:紫云英-双季稻模式; Rape:油菜-双季稻模式。平衡=输入-输出。同一元素同列不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著。CK: rotation of fallow-double cropping rice; Potato: rotation of potato-double cropping rice; Ryegrass: rotation of ryegrass-double cropping rice; Milk vetch: rotation of milk vetch-double cropping rice; Rape: rotation of rape-double cropping rice. Balance = input - output. Different letters in the same column denote significant differences at 5% for the same element.

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表5冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式晚稻季稻田土壤系统NPK的输入输出
Table5.N, P and K input-output of soil system of late rice in different patterns of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system

元素 Element	轮作模式 Rotation pattern	输入Input					输出Output					平衡 Balance
元素 Element	轮作模式 Rotation pattern	水稻秧苗 Rice seedling	化学肥料 Chemical fertilizer	早稻秸秆 Early rice straw	早稻根系 Early rice root	合计 Total	晚稻根系 Late rice root	晚稻秸秆 Late rice straw	糙米 Brown rice	谷壳 Chaff	晚稻吸收 Uptake of late rice	平衡 Balance
N [kg(N)·hm^-2]	CK	6.57	225.4	48.93	12.14	293.04	43.56a	73.14b	84.28a	7.52a	208.50	84.54
	Potato	6.57	225.4	56.01	10.47	298.45	36.54a	96.16a	59.86a	9.20a	201.76	96.69
	Ryegrass	6.57	225.4	41.74	7.64	281.35	20.95c	54.36c	92.40a	9.54a	177.25	104.10
	Milk vetch	6.57	225.4	42.82	15.09	289.88	30.10b	69.88b	99.10a	9.12a	208.20	81.68
	Rape	6.57	225.4	52.93	8.91	293.81	39.32a	55.72c	87.77a	9.16a	191.97	101.84
P [kg(P)·hm^-2]	CK	0.70	19.65	5.06	2.18	27.59	7.69a	6.88b	17.58a	0.54a	32.69	-5.10
	Potato	0.70	19.65	6.65	2.77	29.77	8.54a	8.44a	16.98a	1.30a	35.26	-5.49
	Ryegrass	0.70	19.65	4.85	1.44	26.64	2.81c	4.79e	15.78a	1.04a	24.42	2.22
	Milk vetch	0.70	19.65	4.11	3.14	27.60	4.19b	6.32c	20.33a	0.95a	31.79	-4.19
	Rape	0.70	19.65	4.90	1.84	27.09	6.69a	5.69d	17.99a	1.07a	31.44	-4.35
K [kg(K)·hm^-2]	CK	6.25	56.01	90.87	9.51	162.64	28.03c	171.26b	13.67a	8.52a	221.48	-58.84
	Potato	6.25	56.01	117.11	18.07	197.44	74.58a	224.83a	13.51a	8.85a	321.77	-124.33
	Ryegrass	6.25	56.01	82.77	10.43	155.46	13.46d	113.04d	12.14a	11.15a	149.79	5.67
	Milk vetch	6.25	56.01	80.32	19.80	162.38	28.36c	142.53c	14.86a	11.75a	197.50	-35.12
	Rape	6.25	56.01	97.62	13.46	173.34	51.83b	142.78c	13.61a	11.05a	219.27	-45.93
CK:冬闲-双季稻模式; Potato:马铃薯-双季稻模式; Ryegrass:黑麦草-双季稻模式; Milk vetch:紫云英-双季稻模式; Rape:油菜-双季稻模式。平衡=输入-输出。同一元素同列不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著。CK: rotation of fallow-double cropping rice; Potato: rotation of potato-double cropping rice; Ryegrass: rotation of ryegrass-double cropping rice; Milk vetch: rotation of milk vetch-double cropping rice; Rape: rotation of rape-double cropping rice. Balance = input - output. Different letters in the same column denote significant differences at 5% for the same element.

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表6冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式稻田周年N的输入输出
Table6.N input-output of soil system of different patterns of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system

轮作模式 Rotation pattern	输入Input [kg(N)·hm^-2]					经济目标输出Economic output [kg(N)·hm^-2]			平衡Balance [kg(N)·hm^-2]	归还量Return [kg(N)·hm^-2]				非经济目标输出Noneconomic output [kg(N)·hm^-2]				循环率 Cycling rate (%)
轮作模式 Rotation pattern	冬季作物种子 Winter crop seeds	双季稻秧苗 Rice seedling	肥料 Chemical fertilizer	前茬晚稻秸秆 Previous late rice straw	合计 Total	冬季作物 Winter crop	糙米 Brown rice	合计 Total	平衡Balance [kg(N)·hm^-2]	冬季作物秸秆Winter crop straw incorporated	早稻秸秆Early rice straw	双季稻稻植株地下部分Rice root	合计Total	冬季作物秸秆Unreturned winter crop straw	晚稻秸秆Late rice straw	谷壳Chaff	合计Total	循环率 Cycling rate (%)
CK	—	10.30	397.9	—	408.20	—	144.49	144.49	71.21	—	48.93	55.70	104.63	—	73.14	14.73	87.87	31.05
Potato	10.62	10.30	432.4	67.6	520.92	56.49	115.97	172.46	101.77	30.22	56.01	47.01	133.24	—	96.16	17.29	113.45	31.79
Ryegrass	0.46	10.30	466.9	—	477.66	73.15	153.89	227.04	51.75	55.78	41.74	28.59	126.11	—	54.36	18.40	72.76	29.61
Milk vetch	0.97	10.30	432.4	—	443.67	—	161.51	161.51	-16.37	100.36	42.82	45.19	188.37	24.28	69.88	16.00	110.16	40.95
Rape	0.15	10.30	499.1	—	509.55	38.85	147.50	186.35	111.95	37.25	52.93	48.23	138.41	—	55.72	17.12	72.84	34.81
CK:冬闲-双季稻模式; Potato:马铃薯-双季稻模式; Ryegrass:黑麦草-双季稻模式; Milk vetch:紫云英-双季稻模式; Rape:油菜-双季稻模式。平衡=输入-(经济目标输出+非经济目标输出+归还); 循环率=归还量/(经济目标输出+非经济目标输出+归还)×100%。CK: rotation of fallow-double cropping rice; Potato: rotation of potato-double cropping rice; Ryegrass: rotation of ryegrass-double cropping rice; Milk vetch: rotation of milk vetch-double cropping rice; Rape: rotation of rape-double cropping rice. Balance = input - (economic output + noneconomic output + return); Cycling rate = return / (economic output + noneconomic output + return) ×100%.

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表7冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式稻田周年P的输入输出
Table7.P input-output of soil system of different patterns of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system

轮作模式 Rotation pattern	输入Input [kg(N)·hm^-2]					经济目标输出Economic output [kg(N)·hm^-2]			平衡Balance [kg(N)·hm^-2]	归还量Return [kg(N)·hm^-2]				非经济目标输出Noneconomic output [kg(N)·hm^-2]				循环率 Cycling rate (%)
轮作模式 Rotation pattern	冬季作物种子 Winter crop seeds	双季稻秧苗 Rice seedling	肥料 Chemical fertilizer	前茬晚稻秸秆 Previous late rice straw	合计 Total	冬季作物 Winter crop	糙米 Brown rice	合计 Total	平衡Balance [kg(N)·hm^-2]	冬季作物秸秆Winter crop straw incorporated	早稻秸秆Early rice straw	双季稻稻植株地下部分Rice root	合计Total	冬季作物秸秆Unreturned winter crop straw	晚稻秸秆Late rice straw	谷壳Chaff	合计Total	循环率 Cycling rate (%)
CK	—	1.05	39.30	—	40.35	—	30.33	30.33	-6.32	—	5.06	9.87	14.93	—	6.88	1.41	8.29	27.88
Potato	12.00	1.05	58.95	8.4	80.40	11.13	34.96	46.09	11.81	1.94	6.65	11.31	19.90	—	8.44	2.60	11.04	25.83
Ryegrass	0.09	1.05	58.95	—	60.09	14.02	29.52	43.54	-6.28	11.53	4.85	4.25	20.63	—	4.79	2.20	6.99	28.99
Milk vetch	0.11	1.05	58.95	—	60.11	—	32.90	32.90	5.72	8.29	4.11	7.33	19.73	2.05	6.32	1.76	10.13	31.44
Rape	0.03	1.05	58.95	—	60.03	8.25	32.27	40.52	-0.17	3.89	4.90	8.53	17.32	—	5.69	2.36	8.05	26.29
CK:冬闲-双季稻模式; Potato:马铃薯-双季稻模式; Ryegrass:黑麦草-双季稻模式; Milk vetch:紫云英-双季稻模式; Rape:油菜-双季稻模式。平衡=输入-(经济目标输出+非经济目标输出+归还); 循环率=归还量/(经济目标输出+非经济目标输出+归还)×100%。CK: rotation of fallow-double cropping rice; Potato: rotation of potato-double cropping rice; Ryegrass: rotation of ryegrass-double cropping rice; Milk vetch: rotation of milk vetch-double cropping rice; Rape: rotation of rape-double cropping rice. Balance = input - (economic output + noneconomic output + return); Cycling rate = return / (economic output + noneconomic output + return) ×100%.

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表8冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式稻田周年K的输入输出
Table8.K input-output of soil system of different patterns of winter crop-double cropping rice rotation system

轮作模式 Rotation pattern	输入Input [kg(N)·hm^-2]					经济目标输出Economic output [kg(N)·hm^-2]			平衡Balance [kg(N)·hm^-2]	归还量Return [kg(N)·hm^-2]				非经济目标输出Noneconomic output [kg(N)·hm^-2]				循环率 Cycling rate (%)
轮作模式 Rotation pattern	冬季作物种子 Winter crop seeds	双季稻秧苗 Rice seedling	肥料 Chemical fertilizer	前茬晚稻秸秆 Previous late rice straw	合计 Total	冬季作物 Winter crop	糙米 Brown rice	合计 Total	平衡Balance [kg(N)·hm^-2]	冬季作物秸秆Winter crop straw incorporated	早稻秸秆Early rice straw	双季稻稻植株地下部分Rice root	合计Total	冬季作物秸秆Unreturned winter crop straw	晚稻秸秆Late rice straw	谷壳Chaff	合计Total	循环率 Cycling rate (%)
CK	—	9.29	112.02	—	121.31	—	23.60	23.60	-213.85	—	90.87	37.54	128.41	—	171.26	11.89	183.15	38.31
Potato	13.98	9.29	410.74	135.2	569.24	94.93	23.54	118.47	-93.74	97.76	117.11	92.65	307.52	—	224.83	12.16	236.99	46.38
Ryegrass	0.13	9.29	112.02	—	121.44	147.11	22.76	169.87	-375.70	93.09	82.77	23.89	199.75	—	113.04	14.48	127.52	40.18
Milk vetch	0.20	9.29	112.02	—	121.51	—	25.82	25.82	-279.98	75.32	80.32	48.16	203.80	14.45	142.53	14.89	171.87	50.76
Rape	0.03	9.29	112.02	—	121.34	8.94	24.70	33.64	-363.71	131.17	97.62	65.29	294.08	—	142.78	14.55	157.33	60.63
CK:冬闲-双季稻模式; Potato:马铃薯-双季稻模式; Ryegrass:黑麦草-双季稻模式; Milk vetch:紫云英-双季稻模式; Rape:油菜-双季稻模式。平衡=输入-(经济目标输出+非经济目标输出+归还); 循环率=归还量/(经济目标输出+非经济目标输出+归还)×100%。CK: rotation of fallow-double cropping rice; Potato: rotation of potato-double cropping rice; Ryegrass: rotation of ryegrass-double cropping rice; Milk vetch: rotation of milk vetch-double cropping rice; Rape: rotation of rape-double cropping rice. Balance = input - (economic output + noneconomic output + return); Cycling rate = return / (economic output + noneconomic output + return) ×100%.

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