张秋英2,,,
李发东3, 4,
张鑫1,
毕直磊1,
张强1
1.西北大学城市与环境学院陕西省地表系统与环境承载力重点实验室 西安 710127
2.中国环境科学研究院 北京 100012
3.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室 北京 100101
4.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院 北京 100190
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目41601017
国家自然科学基金项目41771292
国家自然科学基金项目41271047
陕西省自然科学基础研究项目2017JQ4001
中国博士后基金项目2015M572591
陕西省教育厅科研计划项目17JK0771
详细信息
作者简介:张妍, 主要研究方向为农业生态水循环与环境氮污染。E-mail:yanz@nwu.edu.cn
通讯作者:张秋英, 主要研究方向为流域水环境。E-mail：zhangqy@craes.org.cn
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2018-09-29
录用日期:2018-11-27
刊出日期:2019-03-01
Source identification of nitrate contamination of groundwater in Yellow River Irrigation Districts using stable isotopes and Bayesian model
ZHANG Yan1,,ZHANG Qiuying2,,,
LI Fadong3, 4,
ZHANG Xin1,
BI Zhilei1,
ZHANG Qiang1
1. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
2. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
3. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
4. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China41601017
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41771292
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41271047
the Natural Science Foundation Research Project of Shaanxi Province2017JQ4001
the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China2015M572591
the Scientific Research Plan Projects of Shaanxi Education Department17JK0771
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Corresponding author:ZHANG Qiuying, E-mail: zhangqy@craes.org.cn
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摘要
摘要:地下水硝酸盐（NO3-）污染已经成为全球严重的水环境问题之一，由于饮用水中高含量NO3-会转化成亚硝酸盐而增加各种疾病和癌症风险，其来源的确定对于NO3-污染的预防和控制非常重要。本文以黄河下游第二大灌区——潘庄灌区为例，首次采用NO3-的氮氧稳定同位素结合贝叶斯模型追溯地下水NO3-的来源并量化各种来源的贡献比例。结果表明，地下水NO3-含量分布在0.1~197.0 mg·L-1，平均值为34.2 mg·L-1。与《生活饮用水卫生标准》中规定的地下水NO3-最大含量[20 mg（N）·L-1，相当于NO3-含量90 mg·L-1]相比，有10%的样品NO3-含量超标。井深 < 30 m、30~60 m和>60 m的地下水NO3-平均含量分别为25.9 mg·L-1、39.7 mg·L-1和20.1 mg·L-1。空间上，宁津县、武城县、平原县和禹城市有大片区域地下水NO3-含量较高。地下水NO3-的δ15N组成范围为0.72‰~23.93‰，平均值为11.62‰；δ18O组成范围为0.49‰~22.50‰，平均值为8.46‰。同位素结果表明粪便和污水、农业化肥是地下水中NO3-的主要污染来源。这反映了人类活动是引起地下水NO3-污染的主要原因。贝叶斯模型结果显示，粪便和污水对潘庄灌区地下水中NO3-平均贡献率高达56.2%，化肥的平均贡献率为19.3%，大气降水和土壤的平均贡献率分别为6.2%和12.3%。由于污水、粪便和化肥是地下水中NO3-的主要来源，为保护和改善研究区地下水水质，建议加强污水管道建设，强化畜禽粪便的管理以及提高化肥利用效率。
关键词:氮污染/
地下水污染/
硝酸盐/
同位素/
贝叶斯模型
Abstract:Nitrate (NO3-) pollution in groundwater has become a serious environmental problem across the world. It is very important to determine the sources of nitrogen contamination in order to prevent and control NO3- pollution in groundwater. This is because the intake of polluted water can increase health risk of methemoglobinemia and cancer in both aquatic lives and humans. There has been an increasing trend in NO3- pollution in groundwater in the Lower Yellow River Irrigation Districts. Once groundwater is polluted by NO3-, recovery efforts can be very daunting. The effective control and management of NO3- pollution require accurate identification of the actual sources of pollution. In this paper, the sources of NO3- in groundwater in the Lower Yellow River Irrigation District (Panzhuang Irrigation District) were identified using stable isotopes (δ15N and δ18O) and the Bayesian model. The results showed that the range of NO3- concentrations in groundwater in the study area was 0.1-197.0 mg·L-1, with a mean of 34.2 mg·L-1. About 10% of the groundwater samples had NO3- concentration in excess of the maximal standard of nitrate level in drinking water in China (90 mg·L-1). Samples were divided into three depths, including 0-30 m (shallow layer), 30-60 m (middle layer) and >60 m (deep layer). The average NO3- concentrations in shallow groundwater layer, middle layer and deep layer were 25.9 mg·L-1, 39.7 mg·L-1 and 20.1 mg·L-1, respectively. There were high NO3- concentrations in groundwater across Ningjin County, Wucheng County, Pingyuan County and Yucheng City. The composition of δ15N was in the range of 0.72‰-23.93‰, with an average of 11.62‰. That of δ18O was 0.49‰-22.50‰, with an average of 8.46‰. The values of δ15N and δ18O indicated that NO3- in groundwater in the study area mainly originated from chemical fertilizers, manure and sewage. The contributions of the four sources of NO3- (precipitation, chemical fertilizer, soil, manure and sewage) were quantified and estimated using the Bayesian model. The results showed that manure and sewage contributed the most to the overall NO3- level, with a mean NO3- contribution ratio of 56.2%. Chemical fertilizer was the second contributor, with a mean NO3- contribution ratio of 19.3%. The mean NO3- contribution ratio of precipitation and soil was 6.2% and 12.3%, respectively. After identification of NO3- pollution levels and sources, measures were required to reduce NO3- pollution in groundwater. Based on this study, the necessary measures included the construction of sewage pipeline and improving the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in order to reduce NO3- pollution and improve water quality.
Key words:Nitrogen pollution/
Groundwater contamination/
Nitrate/
Stable isotopes/
Bayesian model
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图1潘庄引黄灌区地下水采样点(G1-G40)分布图
Figure1.The distribution of groundwater sampling sites (G1-G40) in Panzhuang Irrigation District
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2潘庄引黄灌区地下水EC和主要离子含量与井深的关系
Figure2.The relationship between EC and ion concentrations vs. well depth in groundwater in Panzhuang Irrigation District
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3潘庄引黄灌区地下水NO3-含量的空间分布
Figure3.The spatial distribution of NO3- concentration of groundwater in Panzhuang Irrigation District
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4潘庄引黄灌区地下水中δ15N和δ18O与NO3-的关系图
Figure4.The relationship between δ15N and δ18O vs. NO3- concentration in groundwater in Panzhuang Irrigation District
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5潘庄引黄灌区地下水中NO3-的δ15N和δ18O关系图(不同来源的δ15N和δ18O范围来自文献[9, 13])
Figure5.Relationship between δ15N and δ18O of NO3- in groundwater in Panzhuang Irrigation District (δ15N and δ18O of various sources from references [9, 13])
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图6潘庄引黄灌区地下水NO3-潜在来源对地下水NO3-的贡献率
Figure6.The contribution ratios of different potential sources to NO3- in groundwater in Panzhuang Irrigation District
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图71993-2013年山东省(a)和潘庄灌区(b)化肥施用量年变化
Figure7.The changes of fertilizer application in Shandong Province (a) and Panzhuang Irrigation District (b) from 1993 to 2013
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1潘庄引黄灌区地下水水化学特征
Table1.The statistic characteristics of hydrochemical concentrations of groundwater in Panzhuang Irrigation District
| 最小值 Min. | 最大值 Max. | 平均值 Mean | 标准差 Standard deviation | 变异系数 Variation Coefficient (%) | 超标率 Over-standard rate (%) | |
| Ca2+ (mg·L-1) | 37.7 | 716.9 | 149.1 | 116.3 | 78.0 | |
| Mg2+ (mg·L-1) | 21.5 | 260.4 | 86.4 | 46.3 | 53.6 | |
| Na+ (mg·L-1) | 48.7 | 627.2 | 247.6 | 128.4 | 51.8 | |
| K+ (mg·L-1) | 0.1 | 20.0 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 74.9 | |
| HCO3- (mg·L-1) | 294.5 | 1 259.4 | 689.2 | 215.1 | 31.2 | |
| SO42- (mg·L-1) | 37.7 | 1 370.1 | 343.4 | 281.8 | 82.1 | |
| Cl- (mg·L-1) | 32.7 | 1 358.8 | 256.4 | 228.2 | 89.0 | |
| NO3- (mg·L-1) | 0.1 | 197.0 | 34.2 | 47.7 | 139.4 | 10 |
| EC (mS·cm-1) | 770.00 | 7 090.00 | 2 187.20 | 1 318.07 | 60.26 | |
| pH | 6.99 | 8.28 | 7.48 | 0.30 | 3.96 | |
| DO (mg·L-1) | 0.01 | 6.70 | 2.41 | 2.09 | 86.72 | |
| ORP (mV) | -156.40 | 300.00 | 79.20 | 155.11 | 195.85 |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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