张双奇1,
杨继元2,
杨雷3
1.商洛学院 商洛 726000
2.商洛市农业局 商洛 726000
3.商洛市畜牧产业发展中心 商洛 726000
基金项目: 陕西省科学技术研究发展计划项目2012K02-05
商洛学院根植地方行动计划项目GZ16046
详细信息
作者简介:王忙生, 主要研究方向为畜牧养殖与环境资源关系。E-mail:wangjiang6005@163.com
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出版历程
收稿日期:2018-02-22
录用日期:2018-06-30
刊出日期:2018-12-01
Livestock manure emission and cultivated land pollution load in the midst upstream of Danjiang River in Shangluo City
WANG Mangsheng1,,,ZHANG Shuangqi1,
YANG Jiyuan2,
YANG Lei3
1. Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China
2. Shangluo Agricultural Bureau, Shangluo 726000, China
3. Center of Shangluo Animal Husbandry Industry Development, Shangluo 726000, China
Funds: the Shaanxi Sci-tec Research Development Program Project2012K02-05
the Project of Regional Act Program of Shangluo UniversityGZ16046
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Corresponding author:WANG Mangsheng, E-mail:wangjiang6005@163.com
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摘要
摘要:南水北调中线上游水源地保护与水质持续安全一直是研究的重点之一。商洛市辖商州区、丹凤县和商南县被规划为丹江流域上游“水源地安全保护区”。掌握该地区畜牧养殖业发展情况、估算畜禽粪便的排放量、分析该地区常用耕地对畜禽粪便及其污染物的消纳能力、评估畜禽粪便可能造成的污染风险等是科学管控畜牧养殖业和有效实施水源地保护的基础性研究。目前，该地区尚无这些方面具体的成果和资料。本研究采用畜禽粪便排泄系数方法，估算了丹江上游流域自上游至下游的商洛市辖商州区、丹凤县、商南县2014—2016年各类畜禽粪便排放量，依据3区县的常年耕地面积分析了畜禽粪便猪粪当量耕地负荷，确定了当前商洛地区畜禽粪便猪粪当量最大适宜耕地负荷标准，并评估了3区县畜禽粪便耕地负荷的污染风险。结果表明：1）商州区、丹凤县和商南县年度平均畜禽粪便排放量猪粪当量分别为5.732×105 t·a-1、9.321×105 t·a-1和1.274×106 t·a-1；其中猪与禽的粪便占到总粪便排放量的68.06%。2）3区县畜禽粪便排放量猪粪当量耕地负荷依次为27.04 t·hm-2·a-1、76.72 t·hm-2·a-1和90.10 t·hm-2·a-1。3）商洛市畜禽粪便排放量猪粪当量最大适宜耕地负荷标准为61.22 t·hm-2·a-1。4）3区县畜禽粪便耕地负荷的污染风险警报级别分别是：商州区为Ⅱ级，稍有污染风险；丹凤县和商南县均为Ⅳ级，有较严重的污染风险。5）商州区、丹凤县和商南县的总氮平均耕地负荷分别为159 kg·hm-2·a-1、450 kg·hm-2·a-1和530 kg·hm-2·a-1，总磷平均耕地负荷分别是51 kg·hm-2·a-1、179kg·hm-2·a-1和199 kg·hm-2·a-1，生化需氧量平均耕地负荷分别为716 kg·hm-2·a-1、2 275 kg·hm-2·a-1和2 595kg·hm-2·a-1，化学需氧量平均耕地负荷分别为768 kg·hm-2·a-1、2 345 kg·hm-2·a-1和2 667 kg·hm-2·a-1，NH3-N平均耕地负荷分别为65 kg·hm-2·a-1、201 kg·hm-2·a-1和232 kg·hm-2·a-1。总之，商洛市商州区、丹凤县和商南县的畜禽养殖总量大，养殖结构不合理；商洛市常用耕地面积相对较少，畜禽粪便的耕地负荷及其污染物负荷均较大，且形成自上游到下游急剧增加的态势；商洛市超量污染物排放会造成氮素和磷素等成分的淋溶和流失，对于南水北调水源地的水质安全构成较大的潜在威胁。
关键词:丹江/
畜禽粪便/
耕地负荷/
排泄系数/
养殖结构
Abstract:Persistent water quality safety and protection have been a hot research in the upstream region of the middle route of China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Shangzhou District, Danfeng County and Shangnan County, which are governed by Shangluo City, have already delineated the zone for water source protection in the upstream reach of Danjiang River. There is a need of basic research on scientific management of livestock and efficient implementation of research on water source protection area. It is also necessary to understand development status of livestock, estimate livestock manure emission, analyze absorption capacity of cultivated lands, and evaluate pollution risk caused by the emission. Until now, less data or literature has existed on this field of research. In this study, the emission of livestock manure was estimated using the livestock manure emission coefficient method from 2014 to 2016 in the upstream region of Danjiang River in Shangluo City, including Shangzhou District, Danfeng County and Shangnan County along the river direction. Then the maximum cultivated land load of pig-waste equivalent was confirmed according to cultivated area and pollution risk of cultivated land due to livestock manure in the three districts was evaluated. The results showed that annual pig-waste equivalents of livestock manure in Shangzhou, Danfeng and Shangnan were respectively 5.732×105 t·a-1, 9.321×105 t·a-1 and 1.274×106 t·a-1, with livestock manure emissions from pig and poultry accounting for up to 68.06% of the total. The cultivated land load of pig-waste equivalents for livestock manure were respectively 27.04 t·hm-2·a-1, 76.72 t·hm-2·a-1 and 90.10 t·hm-2·a-1 in Shangzhou, Danfeng and Shangnan. The maximum standard of cultivated land load of pig-waste equivalent of livestock manure was 61.22 t·hm-2·a-1 for Shangluo City. Pollution risks were level Ⅱ for Shangzhou (moderate risk), and level Ⅳ for both Danfeng and Shangnan (severe risk). The average cultivated land loads for total nitrogen were respectively 159 kg·hm-2·a-1, 450 kg·hm-2·a-1 and 530 kg·hm-2·a-1 in the three districts; for total phosphorus were 51 kg·hm-2·a-1, 179 kg·hm-2·a-1 and 199 kg·hm-2·a-1; for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were 716 kg·hm-2·a-1, 2 275 kg·hm-2·a-1 and 2 595 kg·hm-2·a-1; for chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 768 kg·hm-2·a-1, 2 345 kg·hm-2·a-1 and 2 667 kg·hm-2·a-1; and for NH3-N were 65 kg·hm-2·a-1, 201 kg·hm-2·a-1 and 232 kg·hm-2·a-1. It was concluded that the number of livestock bred was large and the husbandry structure unreasonable in the three districts of Shangluo City. Because of the limited cultivated land, cultivated land loads and livestock manure pollution were pretty heavy, with increasing risks from upstream to downstream reaches. Excessive pollutants caused loss of nitrogen and phosphorus, which severely threatened water source safety of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
Key words:Danjiang River/
Livestock manure/
Cultivated land load/
Emission coefficient/
Husbandry structure
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图1丹江上游商洛市辖3区县位置图及其畜禽粪便猪粪当量负荷分布(t·hm-2·a-1)
Figure1.Locations of three districts of Shangluo City at the upstream of Danjiang River and distribution of load of equivalents of pig-waste for livestock manure (t·hm-2·a-1)
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表12014—2016年度商洛市辖商州区、丹凤县、商南县畜禽养殖基本数据与常用耕地面积
Table1.Basic data of livestock breeding and cultivated land area of Shangzhou, Danfeng and Shangnan in Shangluo City from 2014 to 2016
| 104 head | |||||||||
| 畜禽种类 Livestock species | 商州区Shangzhou | 丹凤县Danfeng | 商南县Shangnan | ||||||
| 当年出栏数 Slaughter number (2014/2015/2016) | 年末存栏数 Total inventory (2014/2015/2016) | 当年出栏数 Slaughter number (2014/2015/2016) | 年末存栏数 Total inventory (2014/2015/2016) | 当年出栏数 Slaughter number (2014/2015/2016) | 年末存栏数 Total inventory (2014/2015/2016) | ||||
| 大牲畜 Big livestock | 黄牛 Cattle | 0.92/0.88/0.83 | 2.08/1.94/1.85 | 1.28/1.94/0.78 | 1.60/1.95/1.45 | 1.03/1.11/1.10 | 2.26/2.47/2.39 | ||
| 猪Pig | 26.72/24.85/25.60 | 22.74/21.25/20.82 | 46.51/49.11/24.50 | 31.60/31.25/13.51 | 62.06/70.43/71.49 | 31.56/35.23/39.51 | |||
| 羊Sheep | 山羊Goat | 2.23/2.14/2.03 | 3.74/3.56/3.38 | 3.69/4.34/3.58 | 3.65/4.41/3.65 | 6.44/6.45/6.59 | 7.60/7.60/7.66 | ||
| 家禽 Poultry | 专用型蛋鸡 Layer | 51.16/56.72/53.88 | 61.48/61.14/65.19 | 51.62/76.05/71.99 | 62.00/61.18/52.77 | 160.75/179.00/206.45 | 179.20/213.50/237.33 | ||
| 专用型肉鸡Broiler | 24.00/23.69/16.99 | 12.30/12.45/7.62 | 3 326.13/3 893.91/2 288.22 | 737.16/883.12/310.29 | 140.00/150.00/167.68 | 70.20/80.00/95.60 | |||
| 兼用型鸡 Dual-purpose hen | 22.56/21.18/20.01 | 23.00/22.13/20.16 | 55.72/57.49/41.80 | 59.07/44.80/45.63 | 140.05/174.08/147.53 | 103.20/123.80/112.36 | |||
| 常用耕地面积 Cultivated land area (hm2) | 21 378/21 230/20 972 | 12 185/12 163/12 163 | 14 153/14 138/14 126 | ||||||
| 区域面积Region area (km2) | 2 672 | 2 438 | 2 307 | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV表2畜禽粪便排泄量计算公式与粪尿排泄系数
Table2.Computational formula of livestock manure emissions and manure emission coefficient
| 畜禽种类 Livestock species | 计算公式 Computational formula | 粪排泄系数 Fecal emission coefficient (kg·head-1·d-1) | 尿排泄系数 Urinary emission coefficient (kg·head-1·d-1) |
| 猪Pig | (年出栏量×180 d+年出栏量/14×365 d)×排泄系数 (Slaughter number × 180 d + slaughter number /14 × 365 d) × emission coefficient | 2.69 | 3.30 |
| 大牲畜 Big livestock | 年末存栏量×365 d×排泄系数 Total inventory × 365 d × emission coefficient | 22.50 | 10.55 |
| 羊Goat | 年末存栏量×365 d×排泄系数 Total inventory × 365 d × emission coefficient | 1.98 | 0.53 |
| 蛋鸡Layer | 年末存栏量×365 d×排泄系数 Total inventory × 365 d × emission coefficient | 0.12 | - |
| 肉鸡Broiler | 年出栏量×55 d×排泄系数 Slaughter number × 55 d × emission coefficient | 0.08 | - |
下载: 导出CSV表3畜禽粪尿污染物平均含量
Table3.Average pollution contents of livestock manure emission
| 畜禽粪便种类 Type of livestock manure | 总氮(TN) Total nitrogen (kg·t-1) | 总磷(TP) Total phosphorus (kg·t-1) | 生化需氧量(BOD) Biochemical oxygen demand (kg·t-1) | 化学需氧量(CODcr) Chemical oxygen demand (kg·t-1) | NH3-N (kg·t-1) |
| 猪粪Pig manure | 5.88 | 3.41 | 57.03 | 52.00 | 3.08 |
| 猪尿Pig urine | 3.30 | 0.52 | 5.00 | 9.00 | 1.43 |
| 大牲畜粪Big livestock manure | 4.37 | 1.18 | 24.53 | 31.00 | 1.71 |
| 大牲畜尿Big livestock urine | 8.00 | 0.40 | 4.00 | 6.00 | 3.47 |
| 羊粪Goat manure | 7.50 | 2.60 | 4.10 | 4.63 | 0.80 |
| 羊尿Goat urine | 14.00 | 1.96 | 4.10 | 4.63 | 0.80 |
| 鸡粪Poultry manure | 9.84 | 5.37 | 47.87 | 45.00 | 4.78 |
下载: 导出CSV表4畜禽粪便耕地负荷警报值分级
Table4.Alarm value classifications of the livestock manure loads of farmland
| 警报值(r) Alarm value | ≤0.4 | 0.4~0.7 | 0.7~1.0 | 1.0~1.5 | 1.5~2.5 | >2.5 |
| 级别Class | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ |
| 对环境的污染威胁 Pollution risk to environment | 无 No | 稍有 Slight | 有 Normal | 较严重 Slightly serious | 严重 Serious | 很严重 Strongly serious |
下载: 导出CSV表5畜禽粪便含氮量及换算成猪粪当量的换算系数
Table5.Nitrogen content and conversion coefficient of pig-waste equivalents of livestock manures
| 畜禽粪便种类 Type of livestock manure | 氮含量 Nitrogen content (%) | 换算系数 Conversion coefficient |
| 猪粪Pig manure | 0.588 | 1.000 |
| 猪尿Pig urine | 0.330 | 0.561 |
| 大牲畜粪Big livestock manure | 0.437 | 0.743 |
| 大牲畜尿Big livestock urine | 0.800 | 1.361 |
| 羊粪Goat manure | 0.750 | 1.276 |
| 羊尿Goat urine | 1.400 | 2.381 |
| 鸡粪Poultry manure | 0.984 | 1.673 |
下载: 导出CSV表62014—2016年商洛市辖3区县畜禽粪便猪粪当量与耕地负荷
Table6.Equivalents of pig-waste of livestock manure and cultivated land load in three districts of Shangluo City from 2014 to 2016
| 畜禽粪便种类 Type of livestock manure | 畜禽粪便排泄量猪粪当量 Equivalent of pig-waste for livestock manure (104 t·a-1) | 畜禽猪粪当量比重 Proportion of equivalents of pig-waste for livestock manure (%) | ||
| 商州区Shangzhou (2014/2015/2016) | 丹凤县Danfeng (2014/2015/2016) | 商南县Shangnan (2014/2015/2016) | ||
| 猪粪Pig manure | 25.00/23.26/23.96 | 43.52/45.96/22.93 | 58.07/65.91/66.91 | 45.04 |
| 大牲畜粪Big livestock manure | 23.59/22.01/20.98 | 18.14/22.11/16.44 | 25.63/28.01/27.11 | 24.47 |
| 羊粪Goat manure | 5.16/4.38/4.66 | 5.36/6.09/5.06 | 10.51/10.51/10.59 | 7.47 |
| 蛋鸡粪Poultry manure | 6.17/6.07/6.26 | 8.75/8.23/7.08 | 22.05/26.55/26.92 | 14.16 |
| 肉鸡粪Broiler manure | 0.18/0.17/0.12 | 24.48/28.66/16.85 | 1.04/1.10/1.24 | 8.86 |
| 年度猪粪当量 Annual equivalent of pig-waster | 60.10/55.89/55.98 | 100.25/111.03/68.36 | 117.30/132.08/132.77 | - |
| 年度耕地负荷 Annual cultivated land load (t·a-1·hm-2) | 28.11/26.33/26.69 | 82.27/91.29/56.61 | 82.88/93.42/93.99 | - |
| 平均耕地负荷 Average cultivated land load (t·a-1·hm-2) | 27.04 | 76.72 | 90.10 | |
| 耕地负荷比重 Proportion of cultivated land load (%) | 13.96 | 39.53 | 46.51 | 100.00 |
下载: 导出CSV表72014—2016年商洛市辖3区县畜禽粪便污染物排放量分布及其耕地负荷
Table7.Distribution of livestock manure pollutants emissions and cultivated land load in three districts of Shangluo City from 2014 to 2016
| 污染物 Pollutant | 商州区Shangzhou (2014/2015/2016) | 丹凤县Danfeng (2014/2015/2016) | 商南县Shangnan (2014/2015/2016) | |
| 排放量 Emission (104 kg·a-1) | 总氮(TN) Total nitrogen | 355.48/328.69/329.12 | 587.83/653.11/401.97 | 689.24/776.68/780.73 |
| 总磷(TP) Total phosphorus | 110.26/104.53/106.28 | 237.23/260.45/156.28 | 255.91/291.71/294.94 | |
| 生化需氧量(BOD) Biochemical oxygen demand | 1 582.40/1 482.42/1 492.45 | 2 939.77/3 213.91/2 170.51 | 3 352.06/3 798.67/3 855.95 | |
| 化学需氧量(CODcr) Chemical oxygen demand | 1 698.02/1 589.64/1 593.94 | 2 981.74/3 664.43/1 917.80 | 3 449.39/3 922.82/3 942.02 | |
| NH3-N | 143.50/126.94/139.97 | 266.09/293.67/176.41 | 299.76/340.97/343.14 | |
| 平均耕地负荷 Average cultivated land load (kg·hm-2·a-1) | 总氮(TN) Total nitrogen | 159 | 450 | 530 |
| 总磷(TP) Total phosphorus | 51 | 179 | 199 | |
| 生化需氧量(BOD) Biochemical oxygen demand | 716 | 2 275 | 2 595 | |
| 化学需氧量(CODcr) Chemical oxygen demand | 768 | 2 345 | 2 667 | |
| NH3-N | 65 | 201 | 232 |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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