王龙昌1,,,
赵琳璐1,
杜娟1,
张赛1,
周泉1
1.西南大学农学与生物科技学院/三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室/南方山地农业教育部工程研究中心 重庆 400716
2.河南科技大学农学院 洛阳 471003
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目31271673
公益性行业（农业）科研专项201503127
详细信息
作者简介:熊瑛, 主要研究方向为农业资源高效利用。E-mail:amber1109@126.com
通讯作者:王龙昌, 主要研究方向为农业生态与高效农作制度。E-mail:wanglc2003@163.com
中图分类号:S344.3计量
文章访问数:672
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2018-02-11
录用日期:2018-05-18
刊出日期:2018-11-01
Soil respiration, carbon balance, and economic and environmental benefits of triple intercropping system of fava bean, maize and sweet potato under conservation tillage
XIONG Ying1, 2,,WANG Longchang1,,,
ZHAO Linlu1,
DU Juan1,
ZHANG Sai1,
ZHOU Quan1
1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University/Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400716, China
2. College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31271673
the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201503127
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Corresponding author:WANG Longchang, E-mail:wanglc2003@163.com
摘要
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摘要
摘要:垄作和秸秆覆盖是实现西南丘陵区旱地农田稳产高产和固碳的适宜保护性耕作模式。为探讨该保护性耕作模式下蚕豆/玉米/甘薯三熟制农田土壤碳排放的特征，对平作无覆盖（T）、垄作无覆盖（R）、平作+秸秆半量覆盖（TS1）、垄作+秸秆半量覆盖（RS1）、平作+秸秆全量覆盖（TS2）、垄作+秸秆全量覆盖（RS2）6种耕作模式下西南紫色土丘陵区蚕豆/玉米/甘薯三熟制农田土壤呼吸、粮食产量特征进行测定，分析农田碳平衡及经济-环境效益，为量化评估农田生态系统碳收支提供理论依据。结果表明：在整个间套作系统内，蚕豆、玉米和甘薯全生育期内土壤呼吸速率均值分别为3.704 μmol·m-2·s-1、4.847 μmol·m-2·s-1和4.606 μmol·m-2·s-1，垄作降低了3种作物的农田土壤呼吸速率（P < 0.05），秸秆覆盖则增加了土壤呼吸（P < 0.05），垄作和秸秆覆盖配合使用后土壤呼吸总量和微生物呼吸总量增加（P < 0.05）。保护性耕作促进三熟制农田生态系统内作物固碳；土壤-作物系统碳平衡表现为碳汇，RS2、TS2、RS1、TS1、R分别较T高25.41%、25.37%、9.84%、26.74%、13.26%。与平作相比，垄作和秸秆覆盖提高了粮食产量，以RS2（17 460.45 kg·hm-2）最高，TS2（16 498.73 kg·hm-2）次之。蚕豆/玉米/甘薯三熟制农田生产每千克籽粒释放CO2量处理间表现为T（1.88 kg·kg-1）> TS1（1.83 kg·kg-1）> R（1.76 kg·kg-1）> TS2（1.75 kg·kg-1）> RS1（1.69 kg·kg-1）> RS2（1.68 kg·kg-1）。垄作和秸秆覆盖提高了套作的经济-环境效益，秸秆覆盖量越高，经济-环境效益越好。从农田碳平衡和经济-环境效益综合考虑，垄作结合秸秆全量覆盖（RS2）具有最大的碳汇能力和最优的经济-环境效益，可以优先作为该地区农田实现固碳增汇减排的耕作措施。
关键词:土壤呼吸/
碳平衡/
碳汇/
经济-环境效益/
蚕豆/玉米/甘薯三熟制/
保护性耕作
Abstract:Ridge tillage and straw mulching are suitable modes of conservation tillage that increase crop productivity and sequestrate carbon in the purple hilly region of Southwest China. A field experiment was conducted with six treatments-traditional tillage without straw mulching (T), ridge tillage without straw mulching (R), traditional tillage with straw mulching at 3 750 kg·hm-2 (TS1), ridge tillage with straw mulching at 3 750 kg·hm-2 (RS1), traditional tillage with straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2 (TS2) and ridge tillage with straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2 (RS2). The characteristics of soil respiration, carbon balance, crop yield, and economic and environmental benefits for the triple intercropping system of fava bean, maize and sweet potato were evaluated. The study provided the theoretical basis for quantifying carbon budget of farmland ecosystems in the region. It was noted that mean soil respiration rates during growth period of fava bean, maize and sweet potato were 3.704 μmol·m-2·s-1, 4.847 μmol·m-2·s-1 and 4.606 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively. Ridge tillage reduced soil respiration rate during growth period of three crops, whereas straw mulching increased it (P < 0.05). Ridge tillage with straw mulching increased cumulative soil respiration and cumulative microbial respiration (P < 0.05). All treatments of conservation tillage improved carbon sequestration of crops in the triple intercropping system. The soil-crop system exhibited carbon sink and the treatments of RS2, TS2, RS1, TS1 and R significantly increased carbon sequestration respectively by 25.41%, 25.37%, 9.84%, 26.74% and 13.26%, compared with treatment T. Ridge tillage and straw mulching treatments increased total crop yield of the triple intercropping system, which was highest under RS2 (17 460.45 kg·hm-2) and next TS2 (16 498.73 kg·hm-2). The amount of CO2 released from soil per 1 kg grain in the triple intercropping system was in the order of:T (1.88 kg·kg-1) > TS1 (1.83 kg·kg-1) > R (1.76 kg·kg-1) > TS2 (1.75 kg·kg-1) > RS1 (1.69 kg·kg-1) > RS2 (1.68 kg·kg-1). This meant that both ridge tillage and straw mulching increased the economic and environmental benefit index. The more straw was added during mulching, the more was the economic and environmental benefits. In conclusion, the RS2 treatment (ridge tillage + straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2) had the largest carbon sink capacity and the optimal economic and environmental benefits. Thus, it was recommended for adoption as tillage pattern to increase carbon sequestration and reduce carbon release in the study area.
Key words:Soil respiration/
Carbon balance/
Carbon sequestration/
Economic and environmental benefits/
Fava bean, maize and sweet potato triple intercropping system/
Conservation tillage
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图1垄作和平作的蚕豆/玉米/甘薯套作田间试验示意图
Figure1.Schematic illustrations of ridge or traditional tillage patterns of intercropping of fabe bean/maize/sweet potato
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2测定土壤呼吸用的PVC环在田间的安放位置
图内小圆圈代表一个1 m条带内布置的PVC环, 从左到右依次为行间、株间和条带边缘。The small circles in the chart represent PVC collars arranged in a 1 m belt, being placed successively at interline, interplant and belt edge from left to right.
Figure2.Installed positions of PVC collars for soil respiration measurement in the test plot
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3不同保护性耕作处理下蚕豆/玉米/甘薯三熟制系统农田土壤呼吸速率动态变化
T:平作无覆盖; R:垄作无覆盖; TS1:平作+秸秆半量覆盖; RS1:垄作+秸秆半量覆盖; TS2:平作+秸秆全量覆盖; RS2:垄作+秸秆全量覆盖。T: traditional tillage without straw mulching; R: ridge tillage without straw mulching; TS1: traditional tillage with straw mulching at 3 750 kg·hm-2; RS1: ridge tillage with straw mulching at 3 750 kg·hm-2; TS2: traditional tillage with straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2; RS2: ridge tillage with straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2.
Figure3.Dynamics of soil respiration rates in field of triple intercropping system of fava bean, maize and sweet potato under different conservation tillage treatments
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同保护性耕作处理下蚕豆/玉米/甘薯三熟制系统的作物固碳量
Table1.Amount of carbon sequestration by each crop in the triple intercropping system of fava bean, maize and sweet potato under different conservation tillage treatments
| kg(C)?hm-2 | |||||
| 作物 Crop | 处理 Treatment | 秸秆 Straw | 根系 Root | 籽粒(块根) Grain (tuber) | 总量 Total |
| 蚕豆 Fava bean | T | 1 926.75±69.41b | 825.70±68.66c | 1 253.63±103.10d | 4 006.08±146.12d |
| TS1 | 1 816.09±6.91b | 1 274.82±87.35b | 1 791.11±84.79abc | 4 882.02±47.89b | |
| TS2 | 2 431.11±150.23a | 1 228.95±80.29b | 1 967.76±68.07ab | 5 627.82±269.95a | |
| R | 1 895.86±89.01b | 782.03±30.90c | 1 678.27±53.09c | 4 356.16±53.72c | |
| RS1 | 1 820.60±191.31b | 1 182.07±50.78b | 1 749.15±75.88bc | 4 751.82±156.68b | |
| RS2 | 2 311.75±164.33a | 1 582.80±129.39a | 2 062.09±198.27a | 5 956.64±286.54a | |
| 玉米 Maize | T | 6 155.96±227.02bc | 570.44±33.66d | 4 541.14±40.47b | 11 005.42±187.66d |
| TS1 | 7 446.33±248.31a | 1 481.31±99.37a | 5 044.14±39.68a | 13 468.78±127.62a | |
| TS2 | 5 780.23±252.74c | 846.46±22.21c | 4 279.02±123.86c | 11 670.83±131.16c | |
| R | 5 470.18±287.80c | 1 263.56±152.18b | 3 868.12±93.36d | 10 601.86±90.47d | |
| RS1 | 7 095.51±199.28ab | 1 324.89±108.72ab | 4 895.37±280.17a | 12 756.09±182.92b | |
| RS2 | 6 450.24±234.32b | 1 288.09±67.11b | 4 335.69±87.56bc | 12 633.70±122.42b | |
| 甘薯 Sweat potato | T | 1 967.92±33.21e | 154.58±14.47c | 3 860.30±7.34e | 5 982.82±44.71e |
| TS1 | 3 094.36±48.90a | 256.87±9.72a | 4 771.54±65.20c | 8 122.78±79.80c | |
| TS2 | 2 150.32±66.64d | 178.49±17.59bc | 5 612.98±176.68b | 7 941.80±195.01c | |
| R | 2 595.89±28.03c | 180.01±25.82bc | 4 231.07±104.88d | 7 006.99±111.95d | |
| RS1 | 2 768.55±73.55b | 209.82±27.41b | 5 482.83±122.62b | 8 461.21±86.12b | |
| RS2 | 2 100.15±115.41d | 104.32±9.70d | 7 878.85±187.08a | 10 083.34±127.27a | |
| T:平作无覆盖; R:垄作无覆盖; TS1:平作+秸秆半量覆盖; RS1:垄作+秸秆半量覆盖; TS2:平作+秸秆全量覆盖; RS2:垄作+秸秆全量覆盖。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。T: traditional tillage without straw mulching; R: ridge tillage without straw mulching; TS1: traditional tillage with straw mulching at 3 750 kg·hm-2; RS1: ridge tillage with straw mulching at 3 750 kg·hm-2; TS2: traditional tillage with straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2; RS2: ridge tillage with straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2. Different letters in the same column show significant differences among treatments at 5% level. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV表2不同保护性耕作处理下蚕豆/玉米/甘薯三熟制农田土壤呼吸总量、微生物呼吸总量与碳平衡
Table2.Cumulative soil respiration, cumulative microbial respiration and carbon balance in the triple intercropping system of fava bean, maize and sweet potato under different conservation tillage treatments
| kg(C)·hm-2 | |||||||
| 作物Crop | 项目Item | T | TS1 | TS2 | R | RS1 | RS2 |
| 蚕豆 Fava bean | CRs | 5 297.21±412.42c | 5 996.09±96.09eb | 8 138.05±479.88a | 4 932.01±32.01ec | 5 241.64±236.13c | 6 224.10±114.89b |
| CRm | 2 921.83±154.70a | 2 855.69±186.42a | 3 013.76±219.54a | 2 613.90±155.16a | 3 563.65±176.60a | 3 139.49±274.10a | |
| NPP | 4 006.08±146.12d | 4 882.01±47.89b | 5 627.82±269.94a | 4 356.15±53.71c | 4 751.83±156.68b | 5 956.63±286.54a | |
| NEP | 1 084.25±146.12c | 2 026.32±47.89b | 2 614.06±269.94a | 1 742.25±53.71b | 1 188.18±156.68c | 2 817.14±286.54a | |
| 玉米 Maize | CRs | 4 147.85±83.03b | 6 509.51±602.76a | 6 454.36±547.41a | 3 611.25±353.80b | 5 912.33±321.24a | 6 516.75±670.51a |
| CRm | 2 396.01±131.19b | 4 116.06±664.41a | 4 530.67±781.75a | 2 408.46±69.58b | 4 471.48±579.54a | 4 498.88±581.75a | |
| NPP | 11 005.42±175.14d | 13 468.78±173.44a | 11 670.83±171.07c | 10 601.86±348.91d | 12 756.09±378.95b | 12 633.70±252.90b | |
| NEP | 8 609.41±175.14b | 9 352.72±173.44a | 7 140.16±171.07c | 8 193.40±348.91b | 8 284.60±378.95b | 8 134.82±252.90b | |
| 甘薯 Sweat potato | CRs | 7 725.66±237.06b | 8 089.31±555.99b | 7 814.70±468.07b | 7 770.08±158.14b | 8 041.70±518.96b | 8 965.38±157.36a |
| CRm | 5 186.50±190.58b | 6 169.31±228.89a | 5 238.08±487.80b | 4 929.33±434.72b | 6 028.12±287.29a | 6 190.24±169.55a | |
| NPP | 5 982.82±44.71e | 8 122.78±79.80c | 7 941.80±195.01c | 7 006.99±111.95d | 8 461.21±86.12b | 10 083.34±127.27a | |
| NEP | 796.32±44.71e | 1 953.47±79.80d | 2 755.30±195.01b | 2 077.66±111.95cd | 2 270.97±86.12c | 4 055.22±127.27a | |
| 空闲 Unplanted | CRs | 6 634.25±134.31b | 6 597.04±468.22b | 6 706.11±308.35b | 6 414.39±387.17b | 6 593.09±463.23b | 7 745.56±207.07a |
| CRm | 3 304.99±262.89b | 4 226.26±309.45b | 3 449.70±365.70b | 3 875.40±220.34b | 4 013.96±332.27b | 5 834.07±381.59a | |
| NPP | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NEP | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 总量Total | CRs | 23 804.97±760.78d | 27 191.95±497.57b | 29 113.22±633.16a | 22 727.73±472.12d | 25 788.76±756.60c | 29 451.79±465.26a |
| CRm | 13 809.33±558.90d | 17 392.32±142.07b | 16 232.20±532.80c | 13 827.09±186.91d | 18 077.20±742.07b | 19 712.67±363.62a | |
| NPP | 20 994.31±363.67e | 26 473.58±231.05b | 25 240.45±115.97c | 21 965.00±327.74d | 25 969.13±573.87b | 28 673.67±463.77a | |
| NEP | 7 184.98±85.69c | 9 106.26±70.61a | 9 008.24±19.16a | 8 137.92±186.87b | 7 891.92±149.02b | 9 010.99±219.47a | |
| T:平作无覆盖; R:垄作无覆盖; TS1:平作+秸秆半量覆盖; RS1:垄作+秸秆半量覆盖; TS2:平作+秸秆全量覆盖; RS2:垄作+秸秆全量覆盖。CRs:土壤呼吸总量; CRm:土壤微生物呼吸总量; NPP:净初级生产力; NEP:净生态系统生产力。同行不同小写字母表示不同处理在0.05水平上差异显著。T: traditional tillage without straw mulching; R: ridge tillage without straw mulching; TS1: traditional tillage with straw mulching at 3 750 kg·hm-2; RS1: ridge tillage with straw mulching at 3 750 kg·hm-2; TS2: traditional tillage with straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2; RS2: ridge tillage with straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2. CRs: cumulative soil respiration; CRm: cumulative microbial respiration; NPP: net primary productivity; NEP: net ecosystem productivity. Different letters in the same line represent significant differences among different treatments at 0.05 level. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表3不同保护性耕作处理下蚕豆/玉米/甘薯三熟制农田粮食产量和经济-环境效益值
Table3.Crop yield and economic-environmental benefit value of the triple intercropping system of fava bean, maize and sweet potato under different conservation tillage treatments
| 处理 Treatment | 粮食产量Crop yield (kg·hm-2) | 土壤呼吸总量 Cumulative soil respiration [kg(C)·hm-2] | 经济-环境效益 Economic-environmental benefit value (kg·kg-1) | |||
| 蚕豆Fava bean | 玉米Maize | 甘薯Sweet potato | 总量Total | |||
| T | 1 905.81±53.86d | 7 088.90±405.11de | 3 637.08±112.25e | 12 631.79±295.74d | 23 804.97±760.78d | 1.88±0.05a |
| TS1 | 2 072.84±128.01cd | 8 221.48±394.01bc | 4 585.14±175.05c | 14 879.45±295.42c | 27 191.95±497.57b | 1.83±0.01b |
| TS2 | 2 137.95±99.33c | 9 133.56±769.93a | 5 227.22±90.92b | 16 498.73±690.96b | 29 113.22±633.16a | 1.75±0.02c |
| R | 2 150.73±140.19c | 6 701.72±239.69e | 4 230.83±225.84d | 13 083.29±210.31d | 22 727.73±472.12d | 1.76±0.02c |
| RS1 | 2 407.44±91.92b | 7 529.31±679.24cd | 5 325.42±260.50b | 15 262.17±460.75c | 25 788.76±756.60c | 1.69±0.02d |
| RS2 | 2 792.53±88.81a | 8 396.25±311.15ab | 6 271.67±267.58a | 17 460.45±425.72a | 29 451.79±465.26a | 1.68±0.01d |
| T:平作无覆盖; R:垄作无覆盖; TS1:平作+秸秆半量覆盖; RS1:垄作+秸秆半量覆盖; TS2:平作+秸秆全量覆盖; RS2:垄作+秸秆全量覆盖。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。甘薯产量按照块根鲜重乘以1/5折算成粮食产量。T: traditional tillage without straw mulching; R: ridge tillage without straw mulching; TS1: traditional tillage with straw mulching at 3 750 kg·hm-2; RS1: ridge tillage with straw mulching at 3 750 kg·hm-2; TS2: traditional tillage with straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2; RS2: ridge tillage with straw mulching at 7 500 kg·hm-2. Different lowercase letters in the same column show significant differences among different treatments at 0.05 level. The yield of fresh tubes of sweet potato was converted into grain yield by multiplying 1/5. | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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