吴贤忠^{1, 2,},
李毅^1,,,
高志永³,
董建国^{4, 5}
1.甘肃农业大学林学院 兰州 730070
2.甘肃民族师范学院物理与水电工程系 合作 747000
3.杨凌职业技术学院水利工程分院 杨凌 712100
4.中国科学院/教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心 杨凌 712100
5.西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院 杨凌 712100
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2017YFC0504703
甘肃省高等学校科研项目2015A-154

详细信息

作者简介:吴贤忠, 主要从事水土保持与水资源高效利用研究。E-mail:wxz315@163.com

通讯作者:李毅, 主要从事水土保持研究。E-mail:liyi@gsau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S152.8

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出版历程

收稿日期:2018-03-12
录用日期:2018-06-17
刊出日期:2018-11-01

Variations in soil moisture, heat and salt under year round mulching of white and black film

WU Xianzhong^{1, 2,},
LI Yi^1,,,
GAO Zhiyong³,
DONG Jianguo^{4, 5}
1. Forestry Institute, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. Department of Physics and Hydraulic Engineering, Gansu Normal University for Nationalities, Hezuo 747000, China
3. Department of Water Conservancy, Yangling Vocational & Technological College, Yangling 712100, China
4. Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Education, Yangling 712100, China
5. College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFC0504703
the Scientific Research Project of Gansu University2015A-154

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Corresponding author:LI Yi, E-mail:liyi@gsau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:地膜覆盖因能有效地增温保墒增产而在黄土丘陵区旱作农林生产中广泛应用。为明确不同薄膜覆盖的差异以及连续覆膜条件下的土壤水热盐变化特征，于2015年7月1日-2017年6月30日在陕北米脂进行野外连续覆膜定位观测，试验设裸地（CK）、白色薄膜（WF）与黑色薄膜（BF）3种处理，利用GS3仪器监测0~150 cm深度的土壤水分、温度和电导率。结果表明：1）连续覆盖两年后，两种覆膜处理平均土壤含水量为16.9%，CK为13.6%，土壤储水量分别达314.56 mm、204.44 mm，具体表现为土壤含水量BF在0~15 cm高于WF（P < 0.05），15~30 cm低于WF（P < 0.05）；0~150 cm，WF和BF总储水量差异不显著，与CK差异显著（P < 0.05）；在作物生育期覆膜平均较CK提高储水量60.8 mm。2）膜覆盖下近地面日温差WF大于BF，0~150 cm，两种覆膜周年土壤平均温度无显著差异，较CK高1.3℃（P < 0.05）；气温较高条件下WF比BF、CK缩短冻融时间分别达8 d和24 d，WF更有利于土壤解冻和早春土壤增温。3）周年土壤表层盐分高，其中0~30 cm土层电导率为BF > WF > CK，30~50 cm土层为WF > BF > CK，但土壤总体盐分较低，无土壤盐渍化趋势，50 cm以下3种处理盐分没有差异。综合而言，WF较BF更能提高表层土壤温度，BF较WF更能提高表层土壤水分，覆膜保墒增温，延长作物生长时间。研究成果可为黄土丘陵区旱作农业覆膜应用提供土壤水热盐调控依据，也为果园和林地常年连续覆膜提供参考。
关键词:薄膜覆盖/
水盐运移/
土壤温度/
连续覆膜/
水分恢复/
黄土丘陵区
Abstract:Plastic film mulching in agriculture is known as the "white revolution", which has played a decisive role in agriculture in semi-arid areas. With the wide application of black and white films in agro-forestry production, many scholars have focused on the studies of mechanisms and functions of film mulching. It was found that film mulching not only promote crop growth, but also accelerate soil moisture lose. However, previous studies were conducted on white mulch tests under condition of growing crops. In order to clarify the differences between black and white film mulching and the ecological benefits under continuous film mulching, the field experiment of continuous film mulching without crop were conducted in Mizhi, northern Shaanxi, from July 1^st, 2015 to June 30^th, 2017. The experiment included three treatments, white film mulching of ridge (WF), black film of ridge (BF) mulching and no mulching of ridge (CK). In the experiment, the ridge was 50 cm wide, 20 cm high with 20 cm wide furrow. Each treatment was repeated three times and soil moisture, temperature, and electrical conductivity were measured at depths of 5 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm, 75 cm, 100 cm, 125 cm and 150 cm using GS3 instrument. The results indicated that:1) after two consecutive years of film mulching, soil moisture contents under two film mulching treatments and CK were 16.9% in average and 13.6%, and soil water storage capacity were 314.56 mm and 204.44 mm. Soil moisture content under BF was higher at 0-15 cm (P < 0.05) and lower at 15-30 cm (P < 0.05) than that of WF. At 0-150 cm, the total water storage of WF and BF was not significantly different, but significantly different from that of CK (P < 0.05). During the crop growth period, the average soil water storage with film mulching was 60.8 mm higher than that of CK. The daily temperature difference near soil surface under WF was greater than that under BF. At 0-150 cm, there was no significant difference in the average soil temperature between WF and BF in two years, which was 1.3℃ higher than that of CK (P < 0.05). At higher temperatures, WF decreased the freeze-thaw time by 8 days and 24 days compared with BF and CK, respectively, which was more conducive for soil thawing and soil warming in early spring. Annual soil salt content was higher in shallow soil, and was in the order of BF > WF > CK at 0-30 cm soil layer, WF > BF > CK at 30-50 cm soil layer. The results also revealed that soil salt content was low and no difference among treatments below 50 cm depth. No salinization of soil was observed under CK, BF and WF treatments. Overall, WF was more beneficial for improving surface soil temperature than BF, but it was the opposite for soil water moisture. Film mulching may increase soil temperature and prolong crop growth time. The research results could provide a basis for reasonable soil water-heat-salt regulation by film mulching in semi-arid Loess Hilly Region, and also provide a reference for the continuous film mulching technique in orchard and woodland.
Key words:Film mulching/
Water-salt movement/
Soil temperature/
Continuous film mulching/
Water recovery/
Loess Hilly Region

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图1试验布设示意图
Figure1.Test arrangement
WF: white film mulching; BF: black film mulching; CK: bare land.


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图2不同覆膜处理下周年不同时段的土壤储水量变化
WF、BF、CK分别为白膜处理、黑膜处理和裸地对照。ΔW为时段初期与末期土壤储水量变化量, W_末为时段末土壤储水量。不同小写字母表示不同处理之间差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。
Figure2.Changes of soil water storage at different times under different film treatments
WF: white film mulching; BF: black film mulching; CK: bare land. ΔW: change in soil water storage from the beginning to the end of the period; W_末: soil water storage at the end of the period. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments (P < 0.05).


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图3不同覆膜处理下不同深度土壤含水率动态变化
WF、BF、CK分别为白膜处理、黑膜处理和裸地对照。
Figure3.Dynamics of soil moisture in different soil depths under different film treatments
WF: white film mulching; BF: black film mulching; CK: bare land.


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图4不同覆膜处理下土壤温度时空变化等值线图
WF、BF、CK分别为白膜处理、黑膜处理和裸地对照。a、c、e别为WF、BF、CK处理2015年7月—2016年6月期间土壤温度变化; b、d、f分别为WF、BF、CK处理2016年7月—2017年6月期间土壤温度变化。
Figure4.Temporal and spatial variation contours of soil temperature during the experiment period under different film treatments
WF: white film mulching; BF: black film mulching; CK: bare land. Figure a, c and e show soil temperature change from July 2015 to June 2016 under treatments of WF, BF and CK, respectively. Figure b, d and f show soil temperature change from July 2016 to June 2017 under treatments of WF, BF and CK, respectively.


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图5不同覆膜处理下0~15 cm土层土壤温度的昼夜变化动态
WF、BF、CK分别为白膜处理、黑膜处理和裸地对照。
Figure5.Dynamics of daily soil temperature of 0-15 cm layer under different treatments
WF: white film mulching; BF: black film mulching; CK: bare land.


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图6不同覆膜处理下不同深度土壤平均电导率动态变化
WF、BF、CK分别为白膜处理、黑膜处理和裸地对照。
Figure6.Dynamics of soil electrical conductivity in different soil depths under different treatments
WF: white film mulching; BF: black film mulching; CK: bare land.


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图7不同覆膜处理下不同深度土壤盐分变异特征
WF、BF、CK分别为白膜处理、黑膜处理和裸地对照。图a、b和c分别代表 7—10月、11月—翌年3月和4—6月。
Figure7.Variation coefficients of soil electrical conductivity in different soil depths under different treatments
WF: white film mulching; BF: black film mulching; CK: bare land. a: July to October; b: November to March of the next year; c: April to June.


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