刘世梁^1,,,
赵爽¹,
成方妍¹,
侯笑云¹,
贾克敬²,
祁帆²,
杨枫²
1.北京师范大学环境学院水环境模拟国家重点实验室 北京 100875
2.中国土地勘测规划院 北京 100875
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFC0502103
国家自然科学基金面上项目41571173

详细信息

作者简介:刘世梁, 主要研究方向为景观生态学。E-mail:shiliangliu@bnu.edu.cn

中图分类号:X321

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出版历程

收稿日期:2017-12-29
录用日期:2018-05-10
刊出日期:2018-09-01

Comparative study on two evaluating methods of ecosystem services at city-scale

LIU Shiliang^1,,,
ZHAO Shuang¹,
CHENG Fangyan¹,
HOU Xiaoyun¹,
JIA Kejing²,
QI Fan²,
YANG Feng²
1. State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2. China Land Surveying and Planning Institute, Beijing 100875, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFC0502103
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41571173

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Corresponding author:LIU Shiliang, E-mail: shiliangliu@bnu.edu.cn

摘要
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摘要
摘要:生态保护红线的划定对于规范人类活动、控制人类活动强度、维护生态安全和保护生态系统功能的可持续性具有重要意义，生态系统服务评价是其中重要的一环。由于我国地域面积广阔、地形地貌特征多样、区域自然状况复杂多变，因此环境保护部于2015年出台的《生态保护红线划定技术指南》中有两种生态系统服务评价的方法，即NPP定量指标法和模型评价法。本研究基于MODIS遥感影像，利用NPP定量指标法对鹤壁市生态系统服务进行评价，并与模型评价法进行比较，为选取更为适合该区域的评价方法，及较小尺度的生态保护红线的划定提供理论依据。结果表明在市域尺度上，NPP定量指标法和模型评价法的评价结果之间存在显著差异。模型评价法对鹤壁市生态系统服务（水土保持功能和生物多样性保护功能）的高评价区域与生态保护现状较好的区域更为一致（面积重叠比例分别为19%和85%），而NPP定量指标法的评价结果与保护现状并不一致。相对于NPP定量指标法，模型评价法更适合对该研究区域的生态系统服务进行评价。因此在以后的研究中，应结合研究区域的实际情况，选取适当的方法进行生态系统服务评价。本研究的对比分析可为市域尺度的生态系统服务评价及生态保护红线的划定提供参考。
关键词:生态系统服务/
模型评价法/
NPP定量指标法/
生态保护红线/
鹤壁市
Abstract:The red line of ecological protection is significance in controlling the intensity of human activity and in maintaining ecological security and sustainability. China has already carried out a demarcation work of red line for ecological protection at national scale and is now nearing completion at provincial scale. Also the demarcation of red line for ecological protection at municipal scale is underway. However, in the process of delineating the red line for ecological protection, problems such as difficulty in classification, diversification of indicators, determination of scale and selection of evaluation methods have been encountered. The evaluation of ecosystem services is one important step in delineating red lines. Ecosystem service refers to any benefit that mankind can obtain from the ecosystem and it is the basis of human survival and modern civilization. Human neglect of ecosystem services and their importance has caused serious damage to critical natural ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out an evaluation of ecosystem services. To standardize the evaluation of ecosystem services in China, the Technical Guidelines for the delineation of red lines for ecological protection issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment recommended the NPP quantitative index method and the model evaluation method to evaluate ecosystem services. As China has wide geographical extent with complex topographic features and natural conditions, it is important to evaluate the suitability of the two methods for application in demarcating red lines for ecological service evaluation. Based on MODIS remote sensing images, the evaluation of ecosystem services in Hebi City was carried out using the NPP quantitative index method and compared with the model evaluation method. The purpose of the paper was to select a more suitable evaluation method for the area and to provide theoretical basis for the demarcation of red line for ecological protection smaller-scale. In this study, we compared the results of the ecosystem service evaluation derived from the two different methods. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the NPP quantitative index method and the model evaluation method at prefectural city scale. In order to judge which method was more accurate, we compared the results of the two evaluation methods in terms of spatial distribution of the forest park. The model evaluation method was more consistent for high evaluation area of ecosystem services (soil and water conservation functions and biodiversity protection function) and the area with better ecological protection (area overlapping ratios of 19% and 85%, respectively) in Hebi City. The evaluation result of the NPP quantitative index method was not consistent with the protection status. The reason why the NPP quantitative index method was inaccurate was that the selected parameters and calculation formulas were not suitable for the study area. Therefore, the model evaluation method was more accurate for evaluating ecosystem services in the study area, compared with the NPP quantitative index method at prefectural city scale. Appropriate method should be selected according to actual local conditions in order to accurately evaluate ecosystem services in future studies. The comparative analysis in this study provided a reference point for evaluating ecosystem services and delineating red lines for ecological protection.
Key words:Ecosystem service/
Model evaluation method/
NPP quantitative index method/
Ecological protection red line/
Hebi City

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图1研究区鹤壁市土地利用图
Figure1.Land use map of the study area of Hebi City


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图2NPP定量指标法(A, C, E)和模型评价法(B, D, F)对2015年鹤壁市生态系统水源涵养功能(A, B)、水土保持功能(C, D)和生物多样性保护功能(E, F)的评价结果
Figure2.Evaluation results of functions of water conservation (A, B), soil and water conservation (C, D) and biodiversity conservation (E, F) of ecosystem in 2015 in Hebi City with NPP quantitative index method (A, C, E) and model evaluation method (B, D, F)


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图3鹤壁市森林公园分布图
Figure3.Distribution of forest parks in Hebi City


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表1评价指标体系的基础数据名称、内容及来源
Table1.Name, content and source of basic data of evaluation index system used in the study

数据名称 Name of the data	数据来源 Source of the data
NDVI	从美国地质调查局的数据存档中心(http://glovis.usgs.gov/)下载数据, 选用数据为 MODIS Terra 卫星的 NDVI 产品(MOD13Q1, 250 m 空间分辨率)。 Data was downloaded from the U.S. Geological survey data archiving center (http://glovis.usgs.gov/) and the selected data was MODIS Terra’s NDVI product (MOD13Q1, 250 m spatial resolution).
气象数据Meteorological data	来源于中国国家气象局, 时间范围涉及1982—2015年, 数据内容包括月降水量、月平均气温、月总日照时数、累年平均年降水量、累年年平均气温等。下载鹤壁市周围省市气象站点的数据, 通过克里金插值法获得研究区域所需数据。 Originated from the China National Meteorological Bureau, the time range covers from 1982 to 2015. The data includes monthly precipitation, monthly average temperature, monthly total sunshine hours, perennial average annual rainfall, and perennial average annual temperature. The data of the weather stations in the surrounding provinces and cities of Hebi City was downloaded and the data required for the study area was obtained by Kriging method.
影像数据Image data	采用2015年9月份无云的Landsat 8 TM影像(path: 133/row: 35), 30 m分辨率的遥感影像, 经过几何校正和辐射校正。 Using a cloudless Landsat 8 TM image (path: 133/row: 35) in September 2015, a 30 m resolution remote sensing image was subjected to geometric correction and radiation correction.

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表2不同生态系统服务评价方法的指标体系说明
Table2.Description of indicator system of different ecosystem service evaluation methods

方法 Method	评价指标 Index	公式 Formula	说明 Instruction
CASA模型 CASA model	净初级生产力(NPP) Net primary productivity	NPP(x, t)=APAR(x, t)×?(x, t)	APAR(x, t)为象元x在t月吸收的光合有效辐射[g(C)·m-2·month-1], ?(x, t)为象元x在t月的实际光能利用率[g(C)·MJ-1]。 APAR(x, t) represents the photosynthetically active radiation [g(C)·m-2·month-1] absorbed by pixel x in month t, and ?(x, t) represents the actuality light energy utilization [g(C)·MJ-1] of pixel x in month t.
NPP定量指标法NPP quantitative index method	生物多样性评价(Sbio) Biodiversity conservation assessment	Sbio=NPPmean×Fpre×Ftem×(1-Falt)	NPPmean为区域多年生态系统净初级生产力平均值; Fpre为降水参数, 由累年平均年降水量数据插值获得, 所得结果标准化至0~1; Ftem为气温参数, 由多年年平均气温数据插值获得, 所得结果标准化到0~1; Falt为海拔参数, 由区域海拔进行标准化获得。 NPPmean represents the average annual net primary productivity of the region. Fpre represents the precipitation parameter, is interpolated from the perennial average annual precipitation data, normalized to between 0-1. Ftem represents the temperature parameter, and is derived from years of annual average temperature data, normalized to between 0-1 after interpolation. Falt is an altitude parameter and is obtained by standardization of the area elevation.
	水源涵养评价(WR) Assessment of water conservation	WR=NPPmean×Fsic×Fpre×(1-Fslo)	Fsic为土壤渗流能力因子, 根据土壤质地类型在0~1均等赋值得到, 砂土为1; Fslo为坡度因子, 根据坡度分布图标准化到0~1得到。 Fsic is the soil percolation capacity factor, which is based on the equal assignment of soil texture type between 0-1, for sand it is 1. Fslo is the slope factor, which is obtained by normalizing slope distribution to 0-1.
	水土保持评价(Spro) Soil and water conservation assessment	Spro=NPPmean×(1-K)×(1-Fslo)	K为土壤可蚀性因子, 由于直接测定的要求条件较高, 通常采用诺莫公式推算。 K is the soil erodibility factor. Because the direct measurement requirements are higher, the Nomo formula is usually used to estimate the soil K value.
模型评价法Model evaluation method	生物多样性保护评价(Sbio) Biodiversity conservation assessment	Sbio=NPP×NDVI×SHDI×Hper	NPP和NDVI指数均采用的是2015年的数值; SHDI即香农多样性指数, 通过Fragstats软件中的移动窗口法计算得到; Hper即生境比例指数, 选取的是区域内自然生境(林地、草地等)所占的比例。 NPP and NDVI indices adopt the values of 2015. SHDI, Shannon’ diversity index are calculated by the moving window method in Fragstats software. Hper is the habitat proportion index, and the selected area is the natural habitats (land area, grassland, etc).
	水源涵养评价(WR) Assessment of water conservation	WR=P–ET	P为多年平均年降水量, ET为蒸散量。 P is the annual average rainfall, and ET is the evapotranspiration.
	水土保持评价(Spro) Soil and water conservation assessment	Spro=R×K×L×S×(1-C)	R为降水因子, K为土壤侵蚀因子, L、S为地形因子, C为植被覆盖因子。 R is the precipitation factor, K is the soil erosion factor, L and S are the terrain factors, and C is the vegetation coverage factor.

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表3两种评价方法的高评价区域与森林公园的重叠比例
Table3.Overlap ratio of high evaluation area of two evaluation methods and forest parks

%
	水源涵养功能 Water conservation	水土保持功能 Soil and water conservation	生物多样性保护功能 Biodiversity conservation
NPP定量指标法 NPP Quantitative index method	11	4	1
模型评价法 Model evaluation method	0	19	85

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