侯云鹏,
孔丽丽,
李前,
尹彩侠,
秦裕波,
于雷,
王立春^,,
王蒙^,
农业部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室/吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 长春 130033
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划2017YFD0300604
国际植物营养研究所（IPNI）项目NMBF-Jilin-2018

详细信息

作者简介:侯云鹏, 主要从事养分资源高效利用方面研究。E-mail:exceedfhvfha@163.com

通讯作者:王立春, 主要从事玉米栽培与土壤肥料研究, E-mail:wlc1960@163.com
王蒙, 主要从事高效施肥研究, E-mail:wangmeng0703@163.com

中图分类号:S513.062

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出版历程

收稿日期:2018-01-22
录用日期:2018-04-28
刊出日期:2018-09-01

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on nitrogen absorption, utilization and soil inorganic nitrogen content under film mulch drip irrigation of maize

HOU Yunpeng,
KONG Lili,
LI Qian,
YIN Caixia,
QIN Yubo,
YU Lei,
WANG Lichun^,,
WANG Meng^,
Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture/Agricultural Resources and Environment Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFD0300604
the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) ProjectNMBF-Jilin-2018

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Corresponding author:WANG Lichun, E-mail: wlc1960@163.com;WANG Meng, E-mail: wangmeng0703@163.com

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摘要
摘要:为解决吉林省半干旱区覆膜滴灌条件下合理施氮问题，通过两年（2016-2017年）田间试验，研究了覆膜滴灌等氮量投入条件下，不同运筹模式（N1：100%基肥；N2：50%基肥+50%拔节肥；N3：30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥；N4：20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥）对春玉米产量、氮素利用效率、关键生长节点氮素积累特征以及生育期内土壤无机氮含量变化和氮素平衡的影响。结果表明，分次施氮各处理（N2、N3、N4）玉米产量显著高于100%基肥处理（N1），其中N4处理玉米产量最高，较N1处理分别提高22.44%（2016年）和35.31%（2017年）。与N1处理相比，N2、N3、N4显著提高了玉米氮素吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力，提高幅度依次为52.02%~83.21%、63.69%~120.78%、11.85%~22.46%（2016年）和92.44%~129.38%、127.23%~203.09%、22.10%~34.01%（2017年），且均以N4处理最高。施氮显著提高了玉米拔节期至成熟期氮积累量，其中开花期至成熟期氮积累量以N4处理最高。与N1处理相比，N2、N3、N4提高了玉米开花期至成熟期0~20 cm土壤无机氮含量，并降低成熟期40~100 cm土壤无机氮含量。土壤-作物系统氮素平衡中，N2、N3、N4处理较N1处理显著降低了氮素表观损失量，其中N4处理氮素表观损失量最低。综上所述，在本试验条件下，总施氮量210 kg·hm^-2时，20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥为该区域覆膜滴灌条件下氮肥最佳运筹模式。
关键词:春玉米/
氮肥运筹/
氮素利用效率/
土壤无机氮含量/
氮素平衡
Abstract:For reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer under film mulch and drip irrigation in the semi-arid region of Jilin Province, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen doses on spring maize yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency, nitrogen accumulation characteristics, soil inorganic nitrogen content and nitrogen balance during the growth period. The drip-irrigated film mulch experiment was conducted in 2016-2017 for N1 (100% basal fertilizer), N2 (50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer), N3 (30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer) and N4 (20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer) nitrogen inputs. The results showed that grain yield under N2, N3 and N4 treatments were all significantly higher than that under N1 treatment. The highest maize yield was obtained under N4 treatment, increasing by 22.44% (2016) and 35.31% (2017) over that under N1 treatment. Absorption utilization efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen under N2, N3 and N4 treatments were all significantly higher than those under N1 treatment, respectively increasing in the ranges of 52.02%-83.21%, 63.69%-120.78%, 11.85%-22.46% (in 2016) and 92.44%-129.38%, 127.23%-203.09%, 22.10%-34.01% (in 2017). The highest increase was under N4 treatment. Nitrogen accumulation increased significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application from jointing stage to mature stage, with the highest value under N4 treatment after flowering stage. Compared with N1 treatment, soil inorganic nitrogen content improved at the 0-20 cm soil layer under N2, N3 and N4 treatments after flowering stage, but dropped at the 40-100 cm soil layer at maturity stage. Nitrogen loss significantly reduced under N2, N3 and N4 treatments compared with that under N1 treatment, and it was lowest under N4 treatment in terms of nitrogen balance of the soil-crop system. In conclusion, optimum management strategy was obtained for 20% nitrogen base fertilizer, 30% dose at jointing stage, 20% at belling stage, 20% at flowering stage and 10% at filling stage. This gave a total nitrogen fertilizer application of 210 kg·hm^-2 under the experimental field conditions.
Key words:Spring maize/
Nitrogen management/
Nitrogen utilization efficiency/
Soil inorganic nitrogen content/
Nitrogen balance

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图12016-2017年试验区玉米生育期降雨量与平均气温
Figure1.Precipitation and average temperature during growing seasons of maize in 2016 and 2017 in the study area


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图2不同施氮处理下春玉米生长季0~20 cm土壤无机氮含量动态变化
N1: 100%基肥; N2: 50%基肥+50%拔节肥; N3: 30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥; N4: 20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥。
Figure2.Dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen contents in 0-20 cm soil during spring maize growing season under different nitrogen application treatments
N1: 100% basal fertilizer; N2: 50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer; N3: 30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer; N4: 20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer.


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图3不同施氮处理下春玉米收获后0~100 cm土壤无机氮含量
N1: 100%基肥; N2: 50%基肥+50%拔节肥; N3: 30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥; N4: 20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥。
Figure3.Soil inorganic nitrogen contents after spring maize harvest in 0-100 cm soil under different nitrogen application treatments
N1: 100% basal fertilizer; N2: 50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer; N3: 30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer; N4: 20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer.


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表1不同施氮处理下玉米产量及构成因素
Table1.Spring maize yields and yield components under different nitrogen application treatments

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	穗数 Ear number (plant·hm-2)	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1 000-grain weight (g)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
2016	N0	8 239.00±241.63d	72 333.33±577.35a	451.60±3.52d	274.80±3.40d	49.71±1.65c
	N1	10 118.33±257.77c	72 222.22±1 575.27a	493.27±8.06c	303.50±5.53c	50.18±1.25bc
	N2	11 316.33±233.69b	72 444.44±1 170.63a	514.80±6.72b	318.73±3.97b	51.92±0.66abc
	N3	12 002.33±139.64a	72 889.89±1 575.27a	528.83±5.37a	332.37±3.03ab	52.59±1.47ab
	N4	12 389.00±263.77a	72 667.67±811.92a	537.83±7.96a	339.80±4.16a	52.78±0.53a
2017	N0	8 063.00±166.96e	73 000.00±1 527.53a	442.53±6.86e	278.33±3.93e	48.51±0.56d
	N1	9 760.00±211.63d	72 111.11±1 170.63a	471.40±4.30d	295.57±3.13d	49.43±0.95cd
	N2	11 918.33±233.12c	72 556.56± 838.87a	530.37±3.26c	326.83±5.13c	51.07±0.89bc
	N3	12 775.33±205.24b	73 111.11±1 895.41a	549.20±8.10b	339.43±3.37b	52.78±1.13ab
	N4	13 206.00±122.01a	72 778.78±838.87a	565.57±3.10a	353.70±5.06a	53.47±1.03a
F值	Y	15.15**	0.02	8.45*	11.07**	1.25
F-value	F	407.46**	1.92	293.20**	293.85**	13.93**
	Y × F	8.53**	0.05	17.44**	5.98**	0.53
??N1: 100%基肥; N2: 50%基肥+50%拔节肥; N3: 30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥; N4: 20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥。同列数据后不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著。Y:年份; F:施肥处理; *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平差异显著。N1: 100% basal fertilizer; N2: 50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer; N3: 30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer; N4: 20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different at 5% level. Y: year; F: fertilization treatment. * and ** mean significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表2不同施氮处理下玉米氮素积累动态变化和氮素利用效率
Table2.Nutrient uptakes and fertilizer apparent utilization rates of spring maize under different nitrogen application treatments

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮积累量N accumulation (kg·hm-2)						氮素吸收利用率 Nitrogen absorption utilization efficiency (%)	氮素农学利用率 Nitrogen agronomic efficiency (kg·kg-1)	氮素偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity (kg·kg-1)
		苗期 Seedling	拔节期 Jointing	大口期 Belling	开花期 Flowering	灌浆期 Filling	成熟期 Maturing
2016	N0	3.13±0.21a	32.04±3.00c	70.45±1.60d	102.01±3.08d	116.17±3.24d	118.35±3.39d	-	-	-
	N1	3.02±0.29a	50.96±3.15a	110.85±1.07a	133.18±3.51c	146.11±2.45c	165.14±3.19c	22.28±1.54c	8.95±1.00c	48.18±1.23c
	N2	3.15±0.10a	47.29±4.37ab	105.66±2.27b	140.42±3.25b	164.46±3.81b	189.49±2.54b	33.87±2.41b	14.65±2.25b	53.89±1.11b
	N3	3.18±0.14a	45.43±2.37ab	102.57±2.73bc	144.30±1.75ab	172.80±3.93a	198.88±1.64a	38.35±0.83a	17.92±0.49a	57.15±0.66a
	N4	3.13±0.13a	43.82±2.33b	101.22±2.16c	146.76±2.37a	176.73±2.52a	204.08±3.71a	40.82±3.30a	19.76±2.27a	59.00±1.26a
2017	N0	3.49±0.05a	27.89±2.27c	75.04±2.91d	97.67±2.64d	112.47±3.31d	115.06±1.87d	-	-	-
	N1	3.72±0.11a	52.27±2.98a	113.75±3.12a	132.29±3.03c	143.11±2.39c	157.58±4.22c	20.25±1.12c	8.08±0.57c	46.48±1.01c
	N2	3.75±0.06a	47.04±3.23ab	109.34±3.72ab	146.88±3.59b	173.05±1.35b	196.91±2.86b	38.97±1.76b	18.36±1.66b	56.75±1.11b
	N3	3.72±0.09a	42.73±3.45b	104.72±4.21b	149.15±3.18ab	179.13±2.54a	208.05±3.40a	44.28±1.70a	22.44±1.20a	60.83±0.98a
	N4	3.70±0.11a	42.08±2.35b	99.33±3.86c	152.40±2.51a	180.62±3.15a	212.60±2.18a	46.45±1.72a	24.49±1.29a	62.29±0.58a
F值 F-value	Y	142.17**	2.08	5.52*	6.51*	5.98*	6.22*	32.72**	15.20**	17.16**
	F	1.28	44.55**	242.07**	323.55**	575.22**	892.05**	247.65**	176.36**	173.91**
	Y × F	1.40	0.80	1.40	4.77*	3.44*	9.15**	8.87**	10.91**	9.65**
??N1: 100%基肥; N2: 50%基肥+50%拔节肥; N3: 30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥; N4: 20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥。同列数据后不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著。Y:年份; F:施肥处理; *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平差异显著。N1: 100% basal fertilizer; N2: 50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer; N3: 30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer; N4: 20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different at 5% level. Y: year; F: fertilization treatment. * and ** mean significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表3不同施氮处理下0~100 cm剖面土壤氮素表观平衡
Table3.Nitrogen balance of 0-100 cm soil profile under different nitrogen application treatments

kg·hm-2
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮素输入Nitrogen input				氮素输出Nitrogen output
		施氮量 N fertilizer	起始无机氮 Initial inorganic N	净矿化 Mineralization		作物携出 Crop uptake	残留无机氮 Residual inorganic N	氮表观损失 Apparent N loss
2016	N0	0	119.30±2.31	67.24±3.86		118.35±3.39d	68.19±3.08c	0
	N1	210.00	119.30±2.31	67.24±3.86		165.14±3.19c	112.99±4.41b	118.41±7.31a
	N2	210.00	119.30±2.31	67.24±3.86		189.49±2.54b	116.78±3.62ab	90.27±4.95b
	N3	210.00	119.30±2.31	67.24±3.86		198.88±1.64a	120.19±2.85ab	77.47±3.18c
	N4	210.00	119.30±2.31	67.24±3.86		204.08±3.71a	123.87±4.63a	68.59±3.40d
2017	N0	0	116.06±1.92	57.57±3.20		115.06±1.87d	58.57±4.91c	0
	N1	210.00	116.06±1.92	57.57±3.20		157.58±4.22c	101.63±4.58b	124.42±7.25a
	N2	210.00	116.06±1.92	57.57±3.20		196.91±2.86b	109.16±2.84ab	77.56±4.57b
	N3	210.00	116.06±1.92	57.57±3.20		208.05±3.40a	114.39±7.95a	61.19±2.24c
	N4	210.00	116.06±1.92	57.57±3.20		212.60±2.18a	117.42±4.97a	53.61±3.13d
F值 F-value	Y	-	-	-		6.22*	22.13**	13.53*
	F	-	-	-		892.05**	145.62**	107.28**
	Y × F	-	-	-		9.15**	3.89*	4.09*
??N1: 100%基肥; N2: 50%基肥+50%拔节肥; N3: 30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥; N4: 20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥。同列数据后不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著。Y:年份; F:施肥处理; *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平差异显著。N1: 100% basal fertilizer; N2: 50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer; N3: 30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer; N4: 20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different at 5% level. Y: year; F: fertilization treatment. * and ** mean significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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