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覆膜滴灌条件下氮肥运筹对玉米氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮含量的影响

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侯云鹏,
孔丽丽,
李前,
尹彩侠,
秦裕波,
于雷,
王立春,,
王蒙,
农业部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室/吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 长春 130033
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划2017YFD0300604
国际植物营养研究所(IPNI)项目NMBF-Jilin-2018

详细信息
作者简介:侯云鹏, 主要从事养分资源高效利用方面研究。E-mail:exceedfhvfha@163.com
通讯作者:王立春, 主要从事玉米栽培与土壤肥料研究, E-mail:wlc1960@163.com
王蒙, 主要从事高效施肥研究, E-mail:wangmeng0703@163.com
中图分类号:S513.062

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收稿日期:2018-01-22
录用日期:2018-04-28
刊出日期:2018-09-01

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on nitrogen absorption, utilization and soil inorganic nitrogen content under film mulch drip irrigation of maize

HOU Yunpeng,
KONG Lili,
LI Qian,
YIN Caixia,
QIN Yubo,
YU Lei,
WANG Lichun,,
WANG Meng,
Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture/Agricultural Resources and Environment Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFD0300604
the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) ProjectNMBF-Jilin-2018

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Corresponding author:WANG Lichun, E-mail: wlc1960@163.com;WANG Meng, E-mail: wangmeng0703@163.com


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摘要
摘要:为解决吉林省半干旱区覆膜滴灌条件下合理施氮问题,通过两年(2016-2017年)田间试验,研究了覆膜滴灌等氮量投入条件下,不同运筹模式(N1:100%基肥;N2:50%基肥+50%拔节肥;N3:30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥;N4:20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥)对春玉米产量、氮素利用效率、关键生长节点氮素积累特征以及生育期内土壤无机氮含量变化和氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,分次施氮各处理(N2、N3、N4)玉米产量显著高于100%基肥处理(N1),其中N4处理玉米产量最高,较N1处理分别提高22.44%(2016年)和35.31%(2017年)。与N1处理相比,N2、N3、N4显著提高了玉米氮素吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力,提高幅度依次为52.02%~83.21%、63.69%~120.78%、11.85%~22.46%(2016年)和92.44%~129.38%、127.23%~203.09%、22.10%~34.01%(2017年),且均以N4处理最高。施氮显著提高了玉米拔节期至成熟期氮积累量,其中开花期至成熟期氮积累量以N4处理最高。与N1处理相比,N2、N3、N4提高了玉米开花期至成熟期0~20 cm土壤无机氮含量,并降低成熟期40~100 cm土壤无机氮含量。土壤-作物系统氮素平衡中,N2、N3、N4处理较N1处理显著降低了氮素表观损失量,其中N4处理氮素表观损失量最低。综上所述,在本试验条件下,总施氮量210 kg·hm-2时,20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥为该区域覆膜滴灌条件下氮肥最佳运筹模式。
关键词:春玉米/
氮肥运筹/
氮素利用效率/
土壤无机氮含量/
氮素平衡
Abstract:For reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer under film mulch and drip irrigation in the semi-arid region of Jilin Province, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen doses on spring maize yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency, nitrogen accumulation characteristics, soil inorganic nitrogen content and nitrogen balance during the growth period. The drip-irrigated film mulch experiment was conducted in 2016-2017 for N1 (100% basal fertilizer), N2 (50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer), N3 (30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer) and N4 (20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer) nitrogen inputs. The results showed that grain yield under N2, N3 and N4 treatments were all significantly higher than that under N1 treatment. The highest maize yield was obtained under N4 treatment, increasing by 22.44% (2016) and 35.31% (2017) over that under N1 treatment. Absorption utilization efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen under N2, N3 and N4 treatments were all significantly higher than those under N1 treatment, respectively increasing in the ranges of 52.02%-83.21%, 63.69%-120.78%, 11.85%-22.46% (in 2016) and 92.44%-129.38%, 127.23%-203.09%, 22.10%-34.01% (in 2017). The highest increase was under N4 treatment. Nitrogen accumulation increased significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application from jointing stage to mature stage, with the highest value under N4 treatment after flowering stage. Compared with N1 treatment, soil inorganic nitrogen content improved at the 0-20 cm soil layer under N2, N3 and N4 treatments after flowering stage, but dropped at the 40-100 cm soil layer at maturity stage. Nitrogen loss significantly reduced under N2, N3 and N4 treatments compared with that under N1 treatment, and it was lowest under N4 treatment in terms of nitrogen balance of the soil-crop system. In conclusion, optimum management strategy was obtained for 20% nitrogen base fertilizer, 30% dose at jointing stage, 20% at belling stage, 20% at flowering stage and 10% at filling stage. This gave a total nitrogen fertilizer application of 210 kg·hm-2 under the experimental field conditions.
Key words:Spring maize/
Nitrogen management/
Nitrogen utilization efficiency/
Soil inorganic nitrogen content/
Nitrogen balance

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图12016-2017年试验区玉米生育期降雨量与平均气温
Figure1.Precipitation and average temperature during growing seasons of maize in 2016 and 2017 in the study area


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图2不同施氮处理下春玉米生长季0~20 cm土壤无机氮含量动态变化
N1: 100%基肥; N2: 50%基肥+50%拔节肥; N3: 30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥; N4: 20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥。
Figure2.Dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen contents in 0-20 cm soil during spring maize growing season under different nitrogen application treatments
N1: 100% basal fertilizer; N2: 50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer; N3: 30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer; N4: 20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer.


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图3不同施氮处理下春玉米收获后0~100 cm土壤无机氮含量
N1: 100%基肥; N2: 50%基肥+50%拔节肥; N3: 30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥; N4: 20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥。
Figure3.Soil inorganic nitrogen contents after spring maize harvest in 0-100 cm soil under different nitrogen application treatments
N1: 100% basal fertilizer; N2: 50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer; N3: 30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer; N4: 20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer.


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表1不同施氮处理下玉米产量及构成因素
Table1.Spring maize yields and yield components under different nitrogen application treatments
年份
Year
处理
Treatment
产量
Yield
(kg·hm-2)
穗数
Ear number
(plant·hm-2)
穗粒数
Grains per ear
千粒重
1 000-grain weight
(g)
收获指数
Harvest index
(%)
2016 N0 8 239.00±241.63d 72 333.33±577.35a 451.60±3.52d 274.80±3.40d 49.71±1.65c
N1 10 118.33±257.77c 72 222.22±1 575.27a 493.27±8.06c 303.50±5.53c 50.18±1.25bc
N2 11 316.33±233.69b 72 444.44±1 170.63a 514.80±6.72b 318.73±3.97b 51.92±0.66abc
N3 12 002.33±139.64a 72 889.89±1 575.27a 528.83±5.37a 332.37±3.03ab 52.59±1.47ab
N4 12 389.00±263.77a 72 667.67±811.92a 537.83±7.96a 339.80±4.16a 52.78±0.53a
2017 N0 8 063.00±166.96e 73 000.00±1 527.53a 442.53±6.86e 278.33±3.93e 48.51±0.56d
N1 9 760.00±211.63d 72 111.11±1 170.63a 471.40±4.30d 295.57±3.13d 49.43±0.95cd
N2 11 918.33±233.12c 72 556.56± 838.87a 530.37±3.26c 326.83±5.13c 51.07±0.89bc
N3 12 775.33±205.24b 73 111.11±1 895.41a 549.20±8.10b 339.43±3.37b 52.78±1.13ab
N4 13 206.00±122.01a 72 778.78±838.87a 565.57±3.10a 353.70±5.06a 53.47±1.03a
F Y 15.15** 0.02 8.45* 11.07** 1.25
F-value F 407.46** 1.92 293.20** 293.85** 13.93**
Y × F 8.53** 0.05 17.44** 5.98** 0.53
??N1: 100%基肥; N2: 50%基肥+50%拔节肥; N3: 30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥; N4: 20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥。同列数据后不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著。Y:年份; F:施肥处理; *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平差异显著。N1: 100% basal fertilizer; N2: 50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer; N3: 30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer; N4: 20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different at 5% level. Y: year; F: fertilization treatment. * and ** mean significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.


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表2不同施氮处理下玉米氮素积累动态变化和氮素利用效率
Table2.Nutrient uptakes and fertilizer apparent utilization rates of spring maize under different nitrogen application treatments
年份
Year
处理
Treatment
氮积累量N accumulation (kg·hm-2) 氮素吸收利用率
Nitrogen absorption utilization efficiency
(%)
氮素农学利用率
Nitrogen agronomic efficiency
(kg·kg-1)
氮素偏生产力
Nitrogen partial factor productivity
(kg·kg-1)
苗期
Seedling
拔节期
Jointing
大口期
Belling
开花期
Flowering
灌浆期
Filling
成熟期
Maturing
2016 N0 3.13±0.21a 32.04±3.00c 70.45±1.60d 102.01±3.08d 116.17±3.24d 118.35±3.39d - - -
N1 3.02±0.29a 50.96±3.15a 110.85±1.07a 133.18±3.51c 146.11±2.45c 165.14±3.19c 22.28±1.54c 8.95±1.00c 48.18±1.23c
N2 3.15±0.10a 47.29±4.37ab 105.66±2.27b 140.42±3.25b 164.46±3.81b 189.49±2.54b 33.87±2.41b 14.65±2.25b 53.89±1.11b
N3 3.18±0.14a 45.43±2.37ab 102.57±2.73bc 144.30±1.75ab 172.80±3.93a 198.88±1.64a 38.35±0.83a 17.92±0.49a 57.15±0.66a
N4 3.13±0.13a 43.82±2.33b 101.22±2.16c 146.76±2.37a 176.73±2.52a 204.08±3.71a 40.82±3.30a 19.76±2.27a 59.00±1.26a
2017 N0 3.49±0.05a 27.89±2.27c 75.04±2.91d 97.67±2.64d 112.47±3.31d 115.06±1.87d - - -
N1 3.72±0.11a 52.27±2.98a 113.75±3.12a 132.29±3.03c 143.11±2.39c 157.58±4.22c 20.25±1.12c 8.08±0.57c 46.48±1.01c
N2 3.75±0.06a 47.04±3.23ab 109.34±3.72ab 146.88±3.59b 173.05±1.35b 196.91±2.86b 38.97±1.76b 18.36±1.66b 56.75±1.11b
N3 3.72±0.09a 42.73±3.45b 104.72±4.21b 149.15±3.18ab 179.13±2.54a 208.05±3.40a 44.28±1.70a 22.44±1.20a 60.83±0.98a
N4 3.70±0.11a 42.08±2.35b 99.33±3.86c 152.40±2.51a 180.62±3.15a 212.60±2.18a 46.45±1.72a 24.49±1.29a 62.29±0.58a
F
F-value
Y 142.17** 2.08 5.52* 6.51* 5.98* 6.22* 32.72** 15.20** 17.16**
F 1.28 44.55** 242.07** 323.55** 575.22** 892.05** 247.65** 176.36** 173.91**
Y × F 1.40 0.80 1.40 4.77* 3.44* 9.15** 8.87** 10.91** 9.65**
??N1: 100%基肥; N2: 50%基肥+50%拔节肥; N3: 30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥; N4: 20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥。同列数据后不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著。Y:年份; F:施肥处理; *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平差异显著。N1: 100% basal fertilizer; N2: 50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer; N3: 30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer; N4: 20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different at 5% level. Y: year; F: fertilization treatment. * and ** mean significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.


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表3不同施氮处理下0~100 cm剖面土壤氮素表观平衡
Table3.Nitrogen balance of 0-100 cm soil profile under different nitrogen application treatments
kg·hm-2
年份
Year
处理
Treatment
氮素输入Nitrogen input 氮素输出Nitrogen output
施氮量
N fertilizer
起始无机氮
Initial inorganic N
净矿化
Mineralization
作物携出
Crop uptake
残留无机氮
Residual inorganic N
氮表观损失
Apparent N loss
2016 N0 0 119.30±2.31 67.24±3.86 118.35±3.39d 68.19±3.08c 0
N1 210.00 119.30±2.31 67.24±3.86 165.14±3.19c 112.99±4.41b 118.41±7.31a
N2 210.00 119.30±2.31 67.24±3.86 189.49±2.54b 116.78±3.62ab 90.27±4.95b
N3 210.00 119.30±2.31 67.24±3.86 198.88±1.64a 120.19±2.85ab 77.47±3.18c
N4 210.00 119.30±2.31 67.24±3.86 204.08±3.71a 123.87±4.63a 68.59±3.40d
2017 N0 0 116.06±1.92 57.57±3.20 115.06±1.87d 58.57±4.91c 0
N1 210.00 116.06±1.92 57.57±3.20 157.58±4.22c 101.63±4.58b 124.42±7.25a
N2 210.00 116.06±1.92 57.57±3.20 196.91±2.86b 109.16±2.84ab 77.56±4.57b
N3 210.00 116.06±1.92 57.57±3.20 208.05±3.40a 114.39±7.95a 61.19±2.24c
N4 210.00 116.06±1.92 57.57±3.20 212.60±2.18a 117.42±4.97a 53.61±3.13d
F
F-value
Y - - - 6.22* 22.13** 13.53*
F - - - 892.05** 145.62** 107.28**
Y × F - - - 9.15** 3.89* 4.09*
??N1: 100%基肥; N2: 50%基肥+50%拔节肥; N3: 30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥; N4: 20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥。同列数据后不同字母表示在5%水平上差异显著。Y:年份; F:施肥处理; *和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平差异显著。N1: 100% basal fertilizer; N2: 50% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer; N3: 30% basal fertilizer + 50% jointing fertilizer + 10% belling fertilizer + 10% flowering fertilizer; N4: 20% basal fertilizer + 30% jointing fertilizer + 20% belling fertilizer + 20% flowering fertilizer + 10% filling fertilizer. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different at 5% level. Y: year; F: fertilization treatment. * and ** mean significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.


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