郭耀东^1,,
程曼²,
赵秀峰²,
郝保平²,
张延芳³,
曹卫东⁴,
郑普山^2,,
1.山西省农业科学院玉米研究所 忻州 034000
2.山西省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究所 太原 030031
3.山西省农业科学院 太原 030031
4.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 北京 100081
基金项目: 公益性行业（农业）科研专项201103005
国家绿肥产业技术体系CARS-22
山西省农业科学院推广项目2015CGZH016

详细信息

作者简介:郭耀东, 主要从事农作物栽培和技术推广工作。E-mail:ymsgyd@163.com

通讯作者:郑普山, 主要从事土壤改良与绿肥利用研究。E-mail:18636854896@163.com

中图分类号:S142

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收稿日期:2017-10-21
录用日期:2018-02-15
刊出日期:2018-06-01

Effects of green manure rotation on soil properties and yield and quality of silage maize in saline-alkali soils

GUO Yaodong^1,,
CHENG Man²,
ZHAO Xiufeng²,
HAO Baoping²,
ZHANG Yanfang³,
CAO Weidong⁴,
ZHENG Pushan^2,,
1. Maize Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinzhou 034000, China
2. Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resource, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
3. Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
4. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Funds: the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201103005
China Agriculture Research System of Green Manure IndustryCARS-22
the Promotion Project of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences2015CGZH016

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Corresponding author:ZHENG Pushan, E-mail:18636854896@163.com

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摘要
摘要:为明确种植和翻压绿肥改良和培肥盐碱地的效果，采用田间试验研究了种植和翻压毛叶苕子（Vicia villosa Roth.）、田菁（Sesbania cannabina Poir.）、草木樨（Melilotus officinalis L.）、紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）、箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa L.）和黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）6种绿肥对中度苏打盐碱地土壤理化性质、返还土壤的N、P₂O₅和K₂O数量、后作青贮玉米（Zea mays L.）鲜草产量及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明：与对照（不种植绿肥）相比，绿肥生长后期可显著提高土壤含水量1.0%~6.2%，使pH降低0.03~0.43，EC降低0.12~1.50 mS·cm^-1；翻压绿肥可返还土壤N 15.6~195.4 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅5.3~58.8 kg·hm^-2和K₂O 34.5~127.9 kg·hm^-2，使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾分别提高0.42~1.86 g·kg^-1、0.05~0.34 g·kg^-1、0.5~32.3 mg·kg^-1、0.42~4.65 mg·kg^-1和3.8~26.1 mg·kg^-1；与对照相比，青贮玉米的鲜草产量和蛋白质含量分别增加1 294~19 391 kg·hm^-2和0.4~23.9 mg·g^-1。总体而言，种植和翻压豆科绿肥在保蓄土壤水分，降低土壤pH和EC，提升土壤有机质含量和N、P₂O₅、K₂O养分数量（特别是N素数量），提高青贮玉米鲜草产量与蛋白质等方面的效果均显著优于禾本科绿肥，其中以适应性强、生长快、生物量大的毛叶苕子处理的改良、培肥土壤，生产优质牧草的效果最好；其次是草木樨处理。种植和翻压豆科绿肥可有效改良中度苏打盐碱地，显著提高土壤肥力，提供无机养分替代部分化肥，提高优质牧草的生产，是适合大同盆地中度苏打盐碱地经济、有效和环保的改良模式，对稳定耕地面积、保证粮食安全具有重要意义。
Abstract:Saline-alkali lands are widespread in Datong Basin, Shanxi Province. For years, little manure has been used to improve the saline-alkali soils in the region. The barren soil and harsh ecological environment have resulted in a very low production efficiency of agriculture. Green manure has not only been an important part of modern agriculture, but also been traditionally used in agriculture in China for improvement of soil quality. In order to explore the effects of plantation and incorporation of green manure in saline-alkali soil management, a field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of green manure crops in middle level saline-alkali lands on soil physic-chemical properties, maize silage yield and protein content. Soil water content, pH, EC, nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were analyzed. Six types of green manure (Vicia villosa Roth., Sesbania cannabina Poir., Melilotus officinalis L., Medicago sativa L., Vicia sativa L. and Lolium perenne L.) were used in the study. Results showed that compared with the control (no green manure plantation), soil water content increased by 1.0%-6.2% during the middle and later growth periods of green manure, whereas soil pH and EC decreased by 0.03-0.43 mS·cm^-1 and 0.12-1.50 mS·cm^-1, respectively. Incorporation of green manure led to the return of 15.6-195.4 kg(N)·hm^-2, 5.3-58.8 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2 and 34.5-127.9 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2 to soil. With overturning of green manure, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium contents in the 0-20 cm soil layer increased by 0.42-1.86 g·kg^-1, 0.05-0.34 g·kg^-1, 0.5-32.3 mg·kg^-1, 0.42-4.65 mg·kg^-1 and 3.8-26.1 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The yield and protein content of silage maize increased by 1 294-19 391 kg·hm^-2 and 0.4-23.9 mg·g^-1, respectively. Compared with L. perenne, V. villosa and M. suaveolens increased soil water content respectively by 1.2%-5.2% and 1.0%-5.0% during the middle and later growth periods, whereas decreased soil pH by 0.06-1.30 and 0.06-1.27 and EC by 0.08-0.51 mS·cm^-1 and 0.08-0.47 mS·cm^-1, respectively. Overturning of V. villosa and M. suaveolens respectively returned 179.8 kg(N)·hm^-2 and 150.3 kg(N)·hm^-2, 40.9 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2 and 36.2 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2, and 65.0 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2 and 93.4 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2 to the soil. The yield of silage maize increased respectively by 18 097 kg·hm^-2 and 14 903 kg·hm^-2 with overturning of V. villosa and M. suaveolens, and protein content increased respectively by 23.5 mg·g^-1 and 19.2 mg·g^-1, compared with overturning of L. perenne. In general, the cultivation of legume green manures was better than graminaceous green manure (L. perenne) in decreasing soil pH, keeping soil water content, returning N, P₂O₅ and K₂O to soil and enhancing soil organic matter. Among the green manures used, V. villosa was the most effective, followed by M. suaveolens. In short, the approach of "planting and incorporating green manure and then rotation" was applicable in similar saline-alkali soil conditions. The planting and incorporation of green manure economically, effectively and environmentally improved medium saline lands, enhanced soil fertility and returned nutrient to soil.

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图1种植不同绿肥对绿肥生长期间0～20 cm土层土壤含水量的影响
Figure1.Effect of different green manure crops planting on water content in 0-20 cm soil layer during growth period of green manure corps


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图2种植不同绿肥对绿肥生长期间0～20 cm土壤pH的影响
Figure2.Effect of different green manure crops planting on soil pH in 0-20 cm soil layer during growth period of green manure corps


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图3不同绿肥生长对绿肥生长期间0～20 cm土层土壤EC的影响
Figure3.Effect of different green manure crops planting on soil EC in 0-20 cm soil layer during growth period of green manure corps


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图4翻压不同绿肥后的青贮玉米产量
Figure4.Yield of silage maize with the overturning of different green manure crops


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图5翻压不同绿肥的青贮玉米蛋白质含量
Figure5.Protein content of silage maize with the overturning of different green manure crops


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表1不同绿肥翻压期地上部生物量与返回土壤的养分量
Table1.Biomasses and returned nutrient amounts to soil after overturning of different green manure crops

绿肥植物 Green manure crop	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm-2)	返回土壤的养分量 Returning nutrient content for soil (kg·hm-2)
		N	P2O5	K2O
毛叶苕子Hairy vetch	35 521±376a	195.4±10.4a	46.2±4.4b	99.5±7.2a
田菁 Sesbania	17 882±153c	68.0±7.4c	12.5±2.3c	112.7±4.5c
草木樨 Sweet clover	34 569±384a	165.9±11.2a	41.5±3.9a	127.9±6.1b
紫花苜蓿 Purple alfalfa	24 022±261b	115.3±9.3b	43.2±2.6b	76.9±2.6b
箭筈豌豆 Common vetch	18 952±215c	98.6±8.0c	58.8±3.5a	72.4±3.2c
黑麦草 Ryegrass	8 221±195d	15.6±2.6d	5.3±1.2d	34.5±1.5d
同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences at 0.05 level.

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表2翻压不同绿肥对0～20cm土层土壤农化性状的影响
Table2.Chemical properties of 0-20 cm soil layer with the overturning of different green manure crops

绿肥植物 Green manure crop	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolysis N (mg·kg-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg-1)
对照Control	9.15±0.01a	3.30±0.22d	0.31±0.00d	3.4±0.16d	3.69±0.24d	101.8±0.82d
毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch	9.07±0.01d	5.16±0.37a	0.65±0.00a	35.7±1.13a	8.34±0.43a	122.3±1.53a
田菁 Sesbania	9.09±0.01c	4.14±0.22c	0.43±0.00c	15.3±0.32c	5.26±0.25c	117.4±1.12b
草木樨 Sweet clover	9.07±0.01d	4.83±0.36a	0.61±0.00a	31.3±0.54a	7.55±0.19a	127.9±0.89a
紫花苜蓿 Purple alfalfa	9.12±0.02c	4.35±0.25b	0.53±0.00b	22.8±0.31b	6.13±0.25b	112.7±0.76b
箭筈豌豆 Common vetch	9.10±0.01c	4.16±0.33c	0.47±0.00c	16.9±0.21c	7.26±0.14b	109.2±0.85c
黑麦草 Ryegrass	9.14±0.01ab	3.72±0.15c	0.36±0.00d	3.9±0.10d	4.11±0.12d	105.6±2.16c
同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences at 0.05 level.

下载: 导出CSV

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