骆世明^,
华南农业大学 广州 510642

详细信息

通讯作者:骆世明, 主要研究方向为农学、农业生态学、生态农业、植物化感、诱导抗性等。E-mail: smluo@scau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S181

计量

文章访问数:1146
HTML全文浏览量:5
PDF下载量:968
被引次数:0

出版历程

收稿日期:2018-03-01
录用日期:2018-03-07
刊出日期:2018-05-01

Setting up policy system for eco-agriculture in China

LUO Shiming^,
South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

More Information

Corresponding author:LUO Shiming, E-mail: smluo@scau.edu.cn

摘要
HTML全文
图(4)表(3)
参考文献(12)
相关文章
施引文献
资源附件(0)
访问统计

摘要
摘要:中国生态农业的制度构建可以分为指导如何进行生态农业建设的农业绿色行动清单制度和指导如何认定生态农业的生态农业认证制度。生态农业认证制度主要考察农业表现出来的结果是否符合资源匹配、生态友好、环境保护和食品安全等关键判别标准。农业绿色行动清单则是指导开展生态农业建设时，对农业生态系统结构、功能、输入和输出实施有效调控的一系列可选择措施。生态农业制度的构建需要遵循原则清晰、指标简洁、因地制宜、操作容易、激励有效、核查方便的方法。文章论述了生态农业认证制度构建的指标体系、核查方法、信息公开、诚信记录、激励措施、认证程序等，还探讨了农业绿色行动清单制度的分类系统、内容表述、经济支持和运行程序等。
关键词:生态农业/
制度建设/
认证制度/
绿色行动清单/
农业绿色发展
Abstract:The setting up of policy system for eco-agriculture in China can be divided into two tasks with one on how to practice eco-agriculture by a recommended agricultural green action list, and another on how to recognize eco-agriculture with a certification system. Eco-agricultural certification mainly observes the final results of agriculture operation and judges whether they are complied with the principle of balancing with resources, friendly for nature, well protecting environment and producing safety food. On the other hand, the recommended agricultural green action list mainly concerns about a list of actions which can be chosen from, for the regulation and control of agroecosystem structure, function, input and output during the development of eco-agriculture. The setting up of policy system for eco-agriculture should follow the approaches of firm principles, simple indicators, adaptation for local situations, easy for operation, efficient to incentive, and convenient for verification. The detail design of eco-agriculture certification system including indicator system, verification method, information exposing system, credibility record system, incentive measures and certification process, are discussed. For the agriculture green action list, the categorization system, the action description, economic support measures and the operation procedure are introduced. The paper can provide a reference for the development of eco-agriculture in China.
Key words:Eco-agriculture/
Institution building/
Certification policy/
Green action list/
Green agriculture development

HTML全文


图1生态农业建设与生态农业认证的切入点差异
生态农业建设是对农业生态系统的结构、功能、输入和输出实施有效调控的过程。生态农业认证是对农业的外部性进行评价, 对其经济、社会与生态环境效益进行的综合评估。
Figure1.Differences in prospects between eco-agriculture construction and certifying eco-agriculture
Building eco-agriculture is the effective control process of structure, function, input and output of agro-ecosystem. Certifying eco-agriculture is the evaluation of externality of agriculture, and comprehensive evaluation of economic, social and ecological benefits of eco-agriculture.


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图2适度减少施氮量可以在不减产或少量减产的情况下有效减少水体污染^[8]
尽管图中两条曲线的形状和比例关系会因作物、土壤、灌溉、降水、肥料种类和使用方法有很大差异, 但是关系的总体趋势稳定。日本的“生态农家”认证中就规定化肥施用量要减少20%以上^[9]。
Figure2.Slightly reduce the amount of nitrogen input can effectively reduce water pollution without production reduction or only with marginal production reduction^[8]
In the figure, the tendency of relationship between two lines is stable though the shapes and proportion of two lines may change due to crop, soil, irrigation, rainfall, type and application method of fertilizer. The certification of "Ecological Farm" in Japan, it is required to reduce fertilizer at least 20%^[9].


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图3生态农业认证与“三品”认证的主要区别
Figure3.The difference between eco-agriculture certification and the certification for organic food, green food or pollution free food


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图4我国现行农业补贴政策结构及其绿色发展方向^[12]
Figure4.The structure of agriculture subsidy policy in China and its green development direction^[12]


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表1生态农业认证自查表
Table1.Self check list for eco-agriculture certification

目标 Goal	一级指标 First level index	二级指标 Second level index	种植 Crop production	圈养 Captive animal farm	放牧 Grazing animal farm	捕鱼 Fishing in open water	养鱼 Fish raising in pond
资源匹配 Resources compatible	水资源 Water	农区用水总量≤区域灌溉总量定额 Total water consumed in agriculture ≤ total quota for that region.	□	□			□
	耕地资源 Farmland	土壤有机质没有下降 Soil organic matter does not decrease.	□
		有机肥氮量占施用总氮量30%以上 Organic nitrogen is more than 30% of total nitrogen applied.	□
	渔业资源 Fish	遵守休渔期规定, 也没有在禁渔区捕鱼, 积极实施增值放流措施 Observe the no-fishing season, no-fishing zone regulation and actively involve in increasing fish resources.				□
		捕鱼网具符合规定, 没有使用违规捕鱼方法 Type of tool for fishing is legal.				□
	草地资源 Grassland	放牧量≤当地规定的最高载畜量 Number of animal ≤ the max carrying capacity of the grassland.			□
	其他生物资源 Other biology resources	没有发生破坏生态功能区、水源林、湿地、滩涂、半自然植被现象, 注意了自然物种、农家品种和农业生物野生资源保护 Eco-functional zones, water conservation forest, wetland, beach, semi-natural vegetation are protected. Natural species, local crop and animal varieties and their wild relatives are also conserved.	□	□	□	□	□
环境友好 Environment friendly	水体污染 Water pollution	作物氮肥施用量少于当地推荐施肥量的20% Nitrogen applied is 20% less than local recommended amount for high yield.	□
		养殖业排水系统有污水存储与处理设备, 且运行正常, 达标排放 There are storage and treatment facilities for sewage water in animal production farm. They are running normally. Drainage water reaches the required standard.		□			□
		湿润区农田有其中一种或多种排水处理体系:生态沟、人工湿地、氧化塘 In humid area, there are one or more drainage water treatment facility such as eco-ditch, artificial wetland, and oxidation pond.	□
		水土流失或沙化得到控制, 没有明显的面蚀、沟蚀、风蚀 Water and soil erosion get controlled. No obvious desertification, no surface erosion, galley erosion and wind erosion.	□	□	□
	气体污染 Air pollution	没有违反规定焚烧秸秆和其他杂物 No violation for regulation about burning straw in open field.	□
		养殖区与居住区有安全距离或采取有效措施避免臭气污染 The odor of animal farm gets controlled by separation or collection.		□
	固体污染 Solid pollution	秸秆和其他植物残体得到综合利用 Solid wastes from farm such as straw are reused.	□
		畜禽排泄物存储设备良好, 得到循环利用 Animal waste is well stored and recycled.		□
		农膜、农药和肥料包装得到回收 Plastic film, package for pesticide and fertilizer are well collected.	□
产品安全 Product safety	产品质量 Quality	产出的食品达到国家食品安全相关标准(涵盖:致病性微生物、农药残留、兽药残留、重金属、污染物质、食品添加剂等) Food product reaches all required national standards for food safety such as pathogen, residue of pesticide and veterinary drugs, heavy metal, pollutant, and food additives.	□	□	□	□	□
	农药使用 Pesticide	种植业农药使用量:积极使用病虫害综合防控措施, 农药使用量比当地平均使用量减少30%以上 Integrated pest management methods are adopted. Amount of pesticide used in crop production is 30% less than local average.	□
	疾病防控 Animal diseases	养殖业抗生素和化学药物使用:疾病防控积极采取预防为主方针, 半年的养殖期内使用抗生素与化学药物不超过1次 Pay great attention for prevention of diseases. The average frequency of using antibiotics and other chemical drugs is less than one time within 6 months.		□	□		□
	饲料标准 Animal feed	养殖业使用的饲料含有的激素、重金属、抗生素符合《饲料行业现行国家标准和行业标准》规定要求 The contents of hormone, heavy metal and antibiotics in animal feed meet the requirement of “National and Industrial Standard for Animal Feed”.		□			□
农场记录 Farm record	购销记录 Buy and sale record	各种生产资料购买记录(输入), 各种产品销售记录(输出) There are records of buying input materials and selling output products.	□	□	□	□	□
	生产记录 Production record	种植业或养殖业的关键操作时间与方法 There are records of important operations including time and method used for crop or animal production.	□	□	□	□	□
申请者按照实际经营的范畴, 分别就种植业、畜禽圈养、放牧业、捕鱼作业和养鱼作业在□中填写“是”(用√表示)或者“否”(用×表示), 没有经营的项目不用填写。申报者还要如实在每一个指标对应的支撑材料中尽量收集客观记录, 没有客观依据的情况下也应当填写达标的理由, 以供核查。Applicants fill the table in the cells with □ according to the business scopes, such as crop production, livestock production, pasture husbandry, fishing, aquaculture. The applicants should collect objective records of every index or give reasons if no objective records.

下载: 导出CSV
表2生态农业认证的不同阶段特点和内容
Table2.Characteristics and details of different stages of eco-agriculture certification

阶段 Stage	开始试点阶段 Beginning stage for try	迅速增加阶段 Rapidly increasing stage	开始普及阶段 Popularized stage	常态阶段 Normal stage
参加单位数量 Number of participants	少量试点单位 Small number for trying	数量在各地迅速增加 Number increases rapidly	生态农业与农业绿色行动的社会认可度高, 农业经营者普遍愿意参与 Eco-agriculture and agricultural green action are highly recognized by the society. Most of the farms willing to participate	大部分农业经营单位已经成为生态农场, 不符合生态农业标准被认为是违规操作 Most farms observe the standard of eco-agriculture. Those violate the eco-agriculture standard are considered illegal.
政府主管层次 Main level of government in charge	农业部主管生态农业部门 Department of eco-agriculture is the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA).	各省、市、自治区农业部门, 农业部主要起指导和监督职责 Agriculture bureau of provinces is in charge. The MOA is for direction and monitory.	各县级农业主管部门, 省级备案和抽查为主 Agriculture bureau of county is in charge. The bureau in provincial level is mainly for checking and record keeping.	各个县级农业主管部门, 省级备案和抽查为主 Agriculture bureau of county is in charge. The bureau in provincial level is mainly for checking and record keeping.
阶段主要任务 Main task	完善政策, 理顺流程, 建立信心 Formation of policy, and building up confidence	完善区域规范, 形成区域特色 Form regionalized policy, and regional characteristics	完善县级地方规范, 形成县一级特色 Form county level policy and characteristics	继续执行行之有效的一套成熟制度 Continue to implement the matured policies
政策主要取向 Policy direction	主要以激励为主 Incentive policy mainly	主要以激励为主 Incentive policy mainly	主要以激励为主 Incentive policy mainly	激励与处罚相结合 Incentive and punishment policy
补贴资金来源 Financial resources	每年的项目拨款 Annual project budget	纳入稳定的预算支付体系 Stable financial budget	纳入稳定的预算支付体系 Stable financial budget	纳入稳定的预算支付体系 Stable financial budget
政策法规体系 Policy and legislation system	依赖原有制度, 并积极探索新的法律体系 Rely on the previous system and explore the new system actively	积极制定生态农业相关的法律体系 Actively make legal system for eco-agriculture	生态农业政策转化成为稳定的生态农业法规 Eco-agriculture policy is changed into the stable eco-agriculture law.	执行成熟的生态农业法规 Implement mature eco-agriculture law

下载: 导出CSV
表3农业绿色行清单框架
Table3.Framework of agriculture green action list

行动名称 Name of the action			行动内容 Action description	措施效果 Result predicted	行动成本 Cost of action	激励措施 Incentive policy
资源匹配行动 Action for resources coupling	1 资源节约 Saving resources	节肥(因土配方施肥、控释肥、水肥一体化) Fertilizer saving (fertilization according to soil fertility, control release fertilizer, irrigation with fertilizer)
		节水(滴管、喷灌、覆膜、集水体系) Water saving (dripping, spraying, plastic cover, water collecting system)
		节能(节能灶、节能灯) Saving energy (energy saving stove, energy saving light)
		节药(无人机施药、新型喷雾器) Saving pesticides (new sprayer, small unmanned aerial vehicle
	2 资源替代 Replacing resources	有机肥替代化肥Organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer
		绿肥替代化肥Green manure replacing chemical fertilizer
		IPM替代农药(诱虫灯、黄板、性诱剂、陷阱植物、驱赶植物、抗性品种) Integrative Pest Management methods (trap lamp, yellow board, sexual hormone, trap plant, pushing plant, resistant variety)
		再生能源替代化石能(风能、太阳能、生物能) Renewable energy replacing non-renewable energy (wind, solar, biomass energy)
	3 资源增值 Replenishing resources	封山育林、植树造林Mountain enclosing for forestry, reforestation
		退耕还林、还湖、还湿地Grain for green, grain for water
		草原封育Enclosing grassland for protection
		鱼苗增殖放流、人工鱼礁Fishery production and releasing, artificial reef
		耕地休耕、修复措施Farmland follow and remediation
生物多样性利用 Biodiversity use	1 种植业 Plant production	轮间套作Rotation, intercropping, relay cropping
		立体种植(农林复合) Vertical multi-cropping (agroforestry)
		镶嵌种植Mosaic crop arrangement
		果园覆盖Ground mulch in orchard
		天敌利用Use of natural enemies
		微生物制剂Microbiology products
		农家作物品种保护Preservation of local varieties
	2 养殖业 Animal production	立体养殖Multi-animal raising
		套养制度Relay grazing system
		轮牧制度Rotation grazing system
		农家畜禽品种保护Conservation of local animal species and varieties
	3 种养共生 Plant animal co-culture	稻田养殖Paddy field rice animal co-culture
		林下养殖(果园、茶园、胶园) Forest breeding (in fruit, tea or rubber etc. gardens)
		其他Others
循环体系构建 Cycling system design	1 秸秆残菜果枝 Straw, waste leave and branch	直接回田Direct return to field
		堆肥还田Composting for return
		地表覆盖For mulch
		饲料利用Animal feed
		食用菌培养基Growth media for edible fungi
		沼气发酵Biogas fermentation
		生物炭制作Biochar production
		工业利用Industrial raw material
		其他Others
	2 畜禽排泄物 Animal waste	堆肥还田Composting
		食用菌培养基Growth media for edible fungi
		生产蚯蚓、蝇蛆For earth worm and fly maggot production
		沼气发酵Biogas generation
		有机无机复合肥生产Organic and inorganic compound fertilizer
		其他Others
	3 水Water	农用水循环利用体系(水处理、储水、提水) Water circulation system (water treatment, storage and lifting facilitates)
	4 农膜 Plastic film	回收再利用 Collecting and reusing system
区域景观布局 Landscape and regional planning	1 上游整治 Upstream management	水源林建设Development of water conservation forestry
		水土流失拦截体系(绿篱、拦截沟、拦砂坝) Checking system for water and soil erosion (Horizontal vegetation belt, ditch and dam)
	2 农田整治 Farmland configuration	农田防护林Shelter belt system
		有花蜜源植物带Flower plant for bee
		绿色半自然植被斑块Semi-natural vegetation
	3 村容整治 Village planning	村落绿化、美化Greening of village
		传统建筑与历史文化保护Protection of historical architecture and culture
污染防治行动 Action for pollution control	1 污水处理 Waste water treatment	生态沟Ecological drainage ditch
		人工湿地Artificial wetland
		氧化塘Oxidation pond
	2 药瓶包装 Packing material	单独回收处理Collection and treatment system
	3 生活垃圾 Garbage	外运处理Collection and transportation system
		堆肥还田Composting
		沼气发酵Biogas generation
每一行动内容可用表格、插图和文字描述, 控制在2~4页, 通俗易懂, 全部行动清单可以装订成农业绿色行动指南。The actions maybe described with table, figure or character in 2 to 4 pages, the description should be popular and easy to understand. All the action description is bounded to form the Handbook of Agriculture Green Action.

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(12)

[1]	中共中央办公厅, 国务院办公厅. 关于创新体制机制推进农业绿色发展的意见[N]. 人民日报, 2017-10-01(03) http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ncsj201712003&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ General Office of the CPC Central Committee, General Office of the State Council, China. Opinions on the innovation system and mechanism to promote the green development of agriculture[N]. People's Daily, 2017-10-01(03) http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ncsj201712003&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ
[2]	骆世明.构建我国农业生态转型的政策法规体系[J].生态学报, 2015, 35(6):2020-2027 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=stxb201506041 LUO S M. Policy and regulation framework for eco-transition of agricultural in China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(6):2020-2027 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=stxb201506041
[3]	骆世明.农业生态转型态势与中国生态农业建设路径[J].中国生态农业学报, 2017, 25(1):1-7 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20170101&flag=1 LUO S M. Agroecology transition and suitable pathway for eco-agricultural development in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017, 25(1):1-7 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20170101&flag=1
[4]	沈亨理.论农业生态系统与用地养地[J].铁岭农学院学报, 1975, (2):65-74 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYNY197502010.htm SHEN H L. On agroecosystem, land use and land nursing[J]. Journal of Tieling Agricultural College, 1975, (2):65-74 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYNY197502010.htm
[5]	叶谦吉.生态农业[J].农业经济问题, 1982, (11):3-10 YE Q J. Eco-agriculture[J]. Issues of Agricultural Economy, 1982, (11):3-10
[6]	骆世明.生态农业的景观规划、循环设计及生物关系重建[J].中国生态农业学报, 2008, 16(4):805-809 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=2008401&flag=1 LUO S M. Landscape, circulation system design and biodiversity reestablishment in eco-agriculture[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2008, 16(4):805-809 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=2008401&flag=1
[7]	骆世明.论生态农业的技术体系[J].中国生态农业学报, 2010, 18(3):453-457 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=10301&flag=1 LUO S M. On the technical package for eco-agriculture[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2010, 18(3):453-457 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=10301&flag=1
[8]	Minnesota Department of Agriculture. The Agricultural BMP Handbook for Minnesota[M]. St. Paul, Minnesota:Minnesota Department of Agriculture, 2012:1-186
[9]	秦炳涛.日本生态农业发展策略探析[J].农业经济问题, 2015, (6):104-109 http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=njwt201506014&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ QIN B T. Analyze of development strategy of eco-agriculture in Japan[J]. Issues of Agricultural Economy, 2015, (6):104-109 http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=njwt201506014&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ
[10]	Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. Explanatory Handbook for Cross Compliance Requirements[M]. Dublin:Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, 2016
[11]	伍振军. 中国农业价格支持政策须及早变革[EB/OL]. (2015-08-01). http://cnreform.caixin.com/2015/cr380 WU Z J. The price supporting policy for agricultural products in China should be reformed as soon as possible[EB/OL]. (2015-08-01). http://cnreform.caixin.com/2015/cr380
[12]	李登旺, 仇焕广, 吕亚荣, 等.欧美农业补贴政策改革的新动态及其对我国的启示[J].中国软科学, 2015, (8):12-21 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgrkx201508003 LI D W, QIU H G, LYU Y R, et al. Recent reforms of agricultural subsidy policies in EU and USA:Implications for China[J]. China Soft Science, 2015, (8):12-21 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgrkx201508003